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Background: Surgery has deep historical roots. Rhazes (865-925 CE), a Persian physician, made a significant contribution to the development of medical sciences in the medieval era. Liber Almansoris is one of his significant works on medicine. This book is a medical textbook for medical students. It covers every aspect of the medical sciences. This article discusses Rhazes' contribution to surgery, based on Liber Almansoris ., Method: This study examines Rhazes' contribution to surgery, based on his book, Liber Almansoris ., Results: Rhazes's Liber Almansoris contains a chapter (seventh chapter) on orthopedics, which includes surgical approaches. This chapter also describes surgical procedures for traumas and skull fractures. In other chapters, he also recommends surgical options for treating certain complications when discussing different treatment methods., Discussion: Although Rhazes mentioned surgical procedures as a medical treatment method, he did not include a separate chapter on surgery. This strategy can be found in his other medical works, such as Liber Continens or Al-Hawi . It appears that Rhazes adheres to the Galenic (Greek) perspective on surgery. In this context, surgery is not an independent major but a method that a physician can employ as needed. It differs from an alternative approach in that era that adheres to ancient Persian perspectives, which identified surgery as a major like other medical sciences disciplines.

Eating disorders are debilitating, life-threatening, and costly mental disorders that significantly impair physical health and adversely affect psychosocial functioning. Nowadays, six main feeding and eating disorders are identified in diagnostic systems, and Bulimia nervosa is one of them. The aim of this paper is twofold: First, it seeks to shed light on the concept of bulimia as understood by the Persian school of medicine. This study has attempted to consider the roots of this disease within this tradition. It will compare the concept of bulimia nervosa in conventional medicine with that of Canine appetite disease in Persian medicine in the Islamic Golden Era (9th-12th centuries). Secondly, it will analyze and show the evolution of the term bulimia throughout history. For this purpose, Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, primary PM resources, and important databases were reviewed using the related keywords. Although these diseases are in the category of emerging mental illness, evidence suggests that its roots can be found in Persian medicine. The comparison made between the definition of Canine appetite in this school and modern definitions of Bulimia nervosa shows striking similarities between the two diseases, suggesting that both are the same disease.

The culture of practicing massage therapy in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) dates back more than a thousand years. In this article, the authors have tried to evaluate sports massage as a culture while reviewing massage in TPM texts. The types of massage, their functions, and their effects are presented in this study. There is also a brief comparison of the effects of sports massage in current studies. Today, massage has become a widely popular complementary medicine approach. Every year, 18 million Americans receive massages. There are different types of massage in various complementary medicine schools, such as Tuina massage (in Traditional Chinese Medicine) and abhyanga (in Ayurveda), which are related to Chinese and Indian medicine, respectively. In addition, modern therapeutic methods, such as chiropractic and Osteopathy, have their roots in massage.Massage is used in Traditional Persian Medicine under the titles of Dalk (to rub) and Ghamz (to squeeze). In Traditional Persian Medicine, massage serves as both a preventive and therapeutic measure for a variety of health conditions.

According to ancient times, Iranians were among the first people to recognize mental abnormalities as diseases. They explained the causes of mental diseases using various scientific methods based on observation and experience and suggested practical ways for treatment. The main treatment methods they proposed included the use of medicine and other physical treatments. In some cases, psychotherapy methods were also used to treat mental patients. This study was conducted using the analytical-documentary method, with authentic traditional medical texts, literary and historical works, and other narrative texts that documented the treatment of mental patients as sources. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the Iranian culture, and particularly Iranian medical culture, has had a rational approach to mental disorders for a long time. Iranian doctors have avoided superstitious beliefs and instead sought scientific and experimental methods for treatment. The findings of this study suggest that, in comparison to approaches of Western medicine to mental disorders in the pre-modern era, which often involved rejecting such patients and not treating mental patients, Iranian doctors focused on the underlying causes of mental disorders. They treated patients using scientific methods while also maintaining a human and compassionate approach.

Decreased libido and anorgasmia are common problems for women after menopause that reduce the quality of life of couples. This study examined the effect of topical Qust oil on sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women. In this double-blind, randomized, clinical trial, 110 postmenopausal women with decreased sexual desire visiting a Traditional Medicine Center and Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital (affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences) were selected by convenience consecutive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received qust oil, while the control group was given a placebo (liquid paraffin); they were instructed to massage the product topically on their pubic area and perineum daily. The sexual function of both groups was assessed and compared before the intervention and four weeks after the intervention using the Female Sexual Function Index. The mean and standard deviation of the improvement of sexual function post-intervention were 37.66±32.52% and 11.96±11.18% in the experimental and control groups, respectively (p

OBJECTIVE: To elicit symptoms, risk factors, and habits existing before or right after blood pressure elevation in newly diagnosed patients with hypertension from the traditional Persian medicine perspective. METHODOLOGY: This was a concurrent nested mixed-method study conducted in 2018. We included newly diagnosed cases of hypertension (BP≥140/90 mmHg in two consecutive screenings) in the study. In contrast, those who had a history of hypertension or used anti-hypertension medication were excluded. The participants were surveyed and interviewed to identify their temperament and extract their recent experiences with hypertension. The sampling followed the criterion-based purposive technique, and the sample size was defined based on qualitative data saturation. The recorded interviews were transcribed and coded according to Persian medicine until no new code emerged. RESULTS: Twenty participants were interviewed, and two themes were extracted: (i) primary or predisposing factors, such as warm temperament, change of residence, improper eating habits, abrupt cessation of exercise, psychological factors, and irregular sleep patterns, and (ii) early symptoms that occur at the first sign of rising blood pressure, including digestive complaints and changes in body excretion, psychological manifestations, and unclassifiable general symptoms. CONCLUSION: Physicians are advised to pay attention to these items when taking a history from patients to prevent hypertension and treat it at its early stages.

Phlebotomy, a therapeutic method of bloodletting typically performed using a needle, has a traditional technique known as “Fasd.” In this method, blood is extracted by creating a longitudinal incision on a vein (3-5 mm) with a surgical scalpel blade, usually blade No. 11. Due to the incision in the vessel wall, establishing hemostasis is more challenging compared to conventional methods. Hemostasis is usually achieved within minutes after Fasd. We present a case highlighting an uncommon yet significant complication of traditional phlebotomy. A 55-year-old man with no prior medical conditions underwent traditional phlebotomy at an academic traditional medicine clinic. Senior MD-PhD students in Iranian Traditional Medicine, under professor supervision, performed Fasd. A sterile scalpel blade No. 11 was used to create a longitudinal incision of approximately 4 mm on the patient’s median basilic vein in the right hand. After removing 400 cc of blood, a pressure dressing was applied to the incision site. Despite attempts such as hand elevation, ice pack application, prolonged direct pressure, and tight elastic bandaging, bleeding from the incision persisted. After an hour of supportive therapy, hemostasis was eventually achieved within a few minutes using burnt cotton dressing (a traditional method for blood hemostasis). Following intravenous hydration, the patient was discharged in stable condition and reported no issues during the one-month follow-up. The traditional phlebotomy (Fasd) carries the risk of serious complications, including uncontrolled and prolonged bleeding. Further research on the efficacy and safety of burnt cotton dressing for controlling hemostasis is recommended.

Veterinary toxicology is one of the subspecialties of veterinary medicine. On the other hand, traditional medical sources also contain veterinary knowledge, entailing human medical information. In this study, we aimed to extract and present relevant information on the part of the history of veterinary medicine, especially veterinary toxicology, through research on Al-Razi’s book Al-Hawi fi Al-Tib. We queried keywords of poison, poisoning, animal, and related terms in Al-Hawi fi Al-Tib. Also, we searched international and domestic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and IranDoc, to obtain relevant data. Our results showed that Al-Razi directly mentioned the toxicity of ten toxic plants in the animals. It is suggested that Al-Razi has contributed to the knowledge of veterinary medicine and the subspecialty of veterinary toxicology in particular. Future studies recommended to vet other historical medical sources, including traditional medicine textbooks, to find relevant information about veterinary medicine and veterinary toxicology.

Background: Kidney stones are one of the most common urological diseases. Renal colic is a medical emergency due to severe pain, and the repetition of its periods greatly impacts the patient's life quality. Providing different treatments while increasing the patient's life expectancy causes changes in their lifestyle, health status, and life quality. This study aimed to evaluate the life quality of patients with kidney stones in Mashhad in 2019 with a review of Persian medicine.Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was performed on 96 patients. Data were collected by SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, researcher-made demographic questionnaire, and the Salmannejad temperament determination questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-16 software.Results: The mean age of patients was 45.6 years; the mean number of stones was 18.1± 84.1 and the mean size of stones was 12.32 ± 8.53 mm. The mean and standard deviation of patients' life quality was 369.26±98.32. The highest mean was related to the physical function dimension (82.68 ± 21.8) and the lowest mean was related to the pain dimension (52.23 ± 25.47). There was a statistically significant relationship between some dimensions of life quality with blood pressure and temperament (Mizaj) variables (p

Rhazes, or Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (854-925 CE), was an Iranian physician, philosopher and chemist. He learned medicine more through the hospital and so-called clinical observations and, therefore, spent more time on his studies; this can be seen in his works and writings. He used the writings of medical predecessors and cited them in his writings. He followed and completed their works and sometimes wrote critiques on their works. In his written medical works, Rhazes has paid special attention to various diseases, notably tumors and cancer. It is noteworthy that over a thousand years ago, a skilled physician presented his explanation and treatment strategies for nasal cancer and tumor status.

Research on Persian medical literature has revealed a long history of moral excellence and devotion to the medical field. Ali Ibn Rabban Tabari also emphasized the importance of these qualities, as Islamic culture highly values the traits of physicians. In our discussion, we will explore the qualities of physicians and medical students from the perspective presented by Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari in his widely read book, Firdous al-Hikma. One section of this work focuses on the professional, ethical, and physical qualities that define a doctor and a medical student. The book stands out as one of Iran’s medical encyclopedias.Among them is Ali ibn Rabban Tabari, a prominent figure in the history of Persian Medicine, who made significant contributions to the establishment of ethical principles in the field of medicine. His perspectives and insights hold considerable value as one of the earliest endeavors in this area, exerting a substantial influence on the advancement of medical ethics.

Background: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a challenging disorder that severely impacts the quality of life. The current study objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of jujube oxymel (JO) for treating CSU. Materials and Methods: In this randomized double-blind controlled trial, 92 patients (aged 12–65) with CSU were randomly allocated to JO or placebo groups. They received 30cc of each syrup three times daily with 10 mg cetirizine for 28 days, subsequently taking 10 mg cetirizine alone for the next 4 weeks. Outcomes were evaluated using the weekly urticaria activity score (UAS-7) and Chronic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CU-Q2oL). Results: After four weeks, the UAS-7 score mean and standard deviation in the JO group significantly decreased to 10.89 ± 4.87 compared to the placebo group at 15.06 ± 7.55 (P: 0.002). In the follow-up period, JO group participants achieved a score of 10.28 (4.67), while a significant increase occurred in the control group (18.33 ± 6.29) (P = 0.001). On day 28, there was a notable improvement in the quality of life within the JO group (P < 0.05). By the eighth week, both groups experienced an increase in CU-Q2oL score, but the changes in the control group were statistically significant (18.09 (5.96) vs 41.31 (10.34) (P: 0.001). Conclusion: JO, as part of integrated therapy, exhibited potentially longer-lasting efficacy than cetirizine alone, contributing to enhanced quality of life and increased patient satisfaction due to minimal side effects.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects women of child-bearing age, with a worldwide prevalence ranging from 6 to 20%. Considering the potential side effects of chemical medications and the need for long-term drug administration, complementary treatments such as acupuncture, auriculotherapy, and herbal medicine have been considered. Hence, this study was designed to compare the effects of auriculotherapy, a herbal component (Aslagh capsule), and metformin on the clinical symptoms of PCOS. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial study, which allocated 24 women, aged 18–43 years old, with oligomenorrhea in PCOs, in a 1:1:1 ratio, to three groups. Result: A decreasing pattern in the duration of the menstrual cycle was observed in all three groups, but this was significant only in the auriculotherapy group. There were no significant differences between the three groups in acne and hirsutism scores. However, there was a significant reduction in excess hair growth and density of hair in the auriculotherapy group compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). Besides, in the auriculotherapy group, the reduction in thickness of excess hair at the end of the second and third months of treatment were marginally significant compared to the two other groups. Conclusions: Auriculotherapy and Aslagh capsule can be effective in reducing PCOS symptoms, similar to metformin. However, auriculotherapy is more effective than the other treatments in reducing the duration of the menstrual cycle, excess hair growth, and hair density.

Among the historical traditional medical texts, there are several hand-written manuscripts with the same structure and format on one topic. Two versions of these hand written manuscripts are under the titles of Al-Kafi Fi Al-Teb and Al-Kefaye Fi Elm Al-Teb, or briefly Al-Kefayeh which in the early sources is also referred to as Al-Qanon al-Saghir, attributed to Ibn Mandevaih. On the other hand, other versions of the Al-Qanon al- Saghir were attributed to Avicenna. Since it seems unlikely that these quite similar versions belong to two authors, it is necessary to figure out the actual writer of the work. This paper is a descriptive analysis of the existing evidence about Al-Qanon al-Saghirh and written scripts, comparing their structure and contents to similar works of Ibn Mandevaih, and Avicenna, to determine whether the author is the former or the latter, or both. After investigating historical documents, the investigators found that Al-Qanon al-Saghir was attributed to Ibn Mandevaih in early works and to Ibn-Sina in later works. The he similarities found in the structure and content of the two versions make it difficult to convince the researchers to consider each text as a separate book written by different authors. Moreover, contradictory findings presented in Al-Qanon al-Saghir to Avicenna’s famous works indicated that this book belongs to Ibn Mandevaih. The brief and comprehensive al-Qanon al-Saghir is not the summary of the extensive al-Qanon Fi Teb medical textbook by Avicenna but rather an entirely different book written by Ibn Mandevaih.

Objectives: The present study was designed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of herbal medicines as add-on therapy on lung function in asthmatic patients.Methods: A comprehensive search of online databases was performed up to December 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials that used orally herbal preparations for asthma as add-on therapy. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool. The main outcome was percent predicted value of forced expiratory volume (% predicted FEV1). Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) estimate with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using inversevariance weights method while random effects meta-analysis was used, taking into account clinical and conceptual heterogeneity.Results: As a result, 1,525 studies were identified. 169 studies were reviewed in-depth and 23 studies met our systematic review inclusion criteria. Finally, nine randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. Findings indicated that use of herbal medicines in patients with asthma significantly improved % predicted FEV1 (WMD: 3.73, 95% CI: 1.76-5.70), with no evidence for significant heterogeneity (p = 0.56 [Q statistic], I2 = 0.0%). In subgroup analysis by age, improvement in % predicted FEV1 was higher and significant in adults (WMD: 5.16; 95% CI: 2.68-7.63) compared to children (WMD = 1.27; 95% CI: −1.98-4.51). Sensitivity analysis showed the significant effect of herbal medicine consumption on improving FEV1 was consistently (range of summary WMDs: 3.27-4.59), indicating that the meta-analysis model was robust. There was no evidence of publication bias both visually and statistically.Conclusion: Findings support, the complementary use of herbal medicines resulted in significant improvement in the lung function compared to standard treatment in asthmatic patients with no considerable adverse events. This improvement is more likely to be observed amongst adults.

Background: Mizaj is an individualized viewpoint in Persian Medicine (PM) that is used for the prevetion of diseases and also treatment. Evaluating Mizaj in the two domains of hotness-coldness, and wetness-dryness, 10 criteria have been introduced, most of them are qualitative. To achieve valid and reliable questionnaires, the weight of these criteria must be determined in assessing the Mizaj. Methods: In a cross-sectional study with Delphi method, 10 indices were extracted from PM references and sent to PM experts via e-mail. They were asked to score the weight of each index in determining the Mizaj from 0 to 10. The scores ranked and comparing previous preliminary studies, criteria of major and minor were proposed. Results: Out of 147 invited PM experts, 122 completed the tables. Based on scores, physical functions, physique, and responsiveness of organs obtained the highest scores in the field of hotness-coldness. In wetness-dryness muscle/fat mass and sleep/wakefulness received the highest scores from the viewpoint of experts. Conclusion: Physical functions, physique (Anthropometry), responsiveness of organs and psychic function can be used as major criteria in Mizaj assessment methods in the hotness-coldness field. In the field of wetness-dryness, muscle/fat mass, sleep/wakefulness, tactile condition and physique (anthropometry) can be considered as major criteria.

Jundishapur is one of the most important centers for transferring medical knowledge from Persian civilization to Islamic civilization. The studies of this hospital-university center in recent decades have gone through at least three different periods. The third round of Jundishapur studies focuses on new findings and lesser-known reports. The book Adab al-Tabib and its author reports on the ninth century AD about Jundishapur provides new information to researchers in this field that has not been reported so far. The author’s description of this book provides a new picture of the relationship between the Jundishapur Hospital-Training Center and Baghdad, which can be a good reflection of its management, and the transfer of physicians and researchers from Iran to the Center of Islamic Civilization. This information shows how, with the strengthening of Baghdad as a scientific center, Jundishapur slowly lost its importance, and doctors and researchers preferred to migrate to Baghdad for more income. This migration can be considered the second great scientific migration of Iranians in history.

Background and purpose: Mizaj (temperament) is an important concept in Persian medicine that has many applications in the diagnosis, prevention, care, and treatment of many diseases. This study aimed to determine the relationship between placenta accreta and the state of the general and uterine temperament and Apgar score of newborns in mothers candidates for cesarean section. Materials and methods: A case-control study was performed in mothers who were candidates for caesarean section. The subjects included expectant mothers with placenta accreta (n= 33) and a control group (n= 66). Current general and uterine temperament were measured using Mojahedi and Tansas questionnaire. Demographic variables and Apgar score of newborns was measured using the Apgar International Standard Checklist Score. T-test and Chi-square were used to compare the data. Results: Demographic characteristics were similar between the two groups. In pregnant mothers with placenta accreta the mean scores for total warm-cold and wet-dry temperaments were 14.81±1.55 and 3.72±1.23, respectively. In the control group, these scores were 16.81±4.38 and 3.39±0.65, respectively (P

Abstract Background and Objective Obesity has historically been seen as a sign of wealth and social privilege, as can be inferred from studying the ancient works. We aimed to report the causes, diagnostic approaches, and treatment among the authentic books of traditional Iranian medicine. Methods We searched the original versions of historical books and used a narrative approach to report the history of obesity. Results Obesity was often seen as an indicator of complete health. Obesity in healthy women was a requirement for beauty, based on descriptions of women from the Zoroaster period and from antiquity to the late Qajar period. This point of view existed during various ages. However, after the constitutional period, the view of obesity changed into that of an illness, due to modern ideas and offshore role models, especially during the Pahlavi era. This change led to serious attempts to treat obesity. Obesity is a critical problem that needs immediate attention to prevent substantial health consequences. Different medical paradigms have presented their criteria and foundations throughout history. The emphasis of Iranian alternative medicine was on prevention and the maintenance of health, with the next step being treatment. Prevention, treatment, consuming medicinal plants, and recovery have often been written about in the traditional books of medicine. Conclusions Throughout the traditional Iranian medical texts, physicians have made recommendations about maintaining an appropriate body weight. The best treatment was prevention and a healthy lifestyle. The treatments for controlling and restricting obesity included paying attention to nourishment, mobility, and even the habitat.

Background & Objective: Cisplatin as a chemotherapy drug causes liver damage by increasing inflammation. Hepatoprotective agents with antioxidant properties can be useful for preventing this complication. Capparis spinosa, as a natural antioxidant source, can help to eliminate these productions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Capparis seed on cisplatin-induced liver damages in rats. Materials & Methods: Forty male rats were divided into five groups (the control group, Cis (cisplatin) group, 200 C/S (Capparis spinosa), Cis + 50 C/S, and Cis + 100 C/S). Biochemical and histopathological evaluations were made. At the end of the study, all animals were euthanized with a CO2 gradient. Statistical analyses were performed through Graph Pad Prism Statistics software 9.1.2. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Liver function tests, antioxidant and inflammatory markers and histopathological changes were evaluated. Significant changes in the pathology results were noticeable. Central vein, portal vein and bile duct diameter, thickness of the hepatic artery wall, and hepatic sinusoids were significantly increased in the Cis and 200 C/S-fed groups, compared to the controls, and also changes in favor of improvement were evident in the treatment groups, especially in the Cis + 100 C/S group compared to the Cis and 200 C/S groups. Conclusion: Based on pathology results, treatment with C. spinosa seed extract may be helpful in preventing cisplatin hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mizaj is an individualized viewpoint in Persian Medicine (PM) that is used for the prevetion of diseases and also treatment. Evaluating Mizaj in the two domains of hotness-coldness, and wetness-dryness, 10 criteria have been introduced, most of them are qualitative. To achieve valid and reliable questionnaires, the weight of these criteria must be determined in assessing the Mizaj. Methods: In a cross-sectional study with Delphi method, 10 indices were extracted from PM references and sent to PM experts via e-mail. They were asked to score the weight of each index in determining the Mizaj from 0 to 10. The scores ranked and comparing previous preliminary studies, criteria of major and minor were proposed. Results: Out of 147 invited PM experts, 122 completed the tables. Based on scores, physical functions, physique, and responsiveness of organs obtained the highest scores in the field of hotness-coldness. In wetness-dryness muscle/fat mass and sleep/wakefulness received the highest scores from the viewpoint of experts. Conclusion: Physical functions, physique (Anthropometry), responsiveness of organs and psychic function can be used as major criteria in Mizaj assessment methods in the hotnesscoldness field. In the field of wetness-dryness, muscle/fat mass, sleep/wakefulness, tactile condition and physique (anthropometry) can be considered as major criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hakim Mohammad, a military physician, and surgeon of the Safavid Era (1501 to 1736) and the author of Dhakhira-Yi-Kamilah book, served as a young man in the Ottoman Empire Officer as a surgeon physician. In this study, the method of suturing by Hakim Mohammad has been introduced. Suturing with ant was a wound healing method that was carried out by Hakim Muhammad to treat the wounds of certain areas of the body, by a special species of ants called fire ants, and by the lower jaw of these ants. Also, Hakim Mohammed suggested specific food and drug in order to take care of the wound and control infection and pain followed by this type of suture. Study of the treatment methods of predecessors shows us developments and the path to the progress of surgical affairs and can be used in the direction of further advances.

Objectives: According to Persian medicine (PM), the uterus is an important organ in women, responsible for purifying the blood and nourishing the fetus. Each organ has a specific temperament distinct from the whole-body temperament based on PM. Dystemperament occurs when body or organ Mizaj (Persian word for temperament) deviates from what is considered normal, resulting in malfunction. Many gynecological disorders described in PM and conventional medicine, including infertility, recurrent miscarriage, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, vaginitis, cervicitis, urinary incontinence, and pelvic pain, are considered to be associated with uterine dystemperaments. Hence, proper management of such disorders requires precise diagnosis and treatment of uterine dystemperaments. Accordingly, this review study aimed to collect and categorize these symptoms from PM texts and other relevant articles. Methods: In this study, we reviewed 10 well-known PM references, including Canon in Medicine (Al-Qanun Fi al-Teb), the Great Panacea (Exir-e A’zam), the Treasure of Kharazmshah (Zakhireh Kharazmshahi), the Perfect Book of the Art of Medicine (Kamel alSana’a al-Tebbiya), Akbari’s Medicine (Tebb-E-Akbari), Gharshi’s Commentary on Canon of Medicine (Sharh-e Qarshi bar Qanun), Commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms (Sharh-e Fosul-e Boqraat), Summary of Experiences (Kholasa-tut Tajarob), Description of Signs and Symptoms (Sharh-e Asbab va Alamat), and Aghili’s Treatments (Mo’alejat-e Aghili). Moreover, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, SienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were queried with the keywords ‘mizaj’, ‘temperament’, ‘uterus’, ‘uterine’, ‘cold/hot or warm’, and ‘dry/wet’, while Persian databases of Magiran, Iran Medex, and SID were searched using keywords ‘mizaj’, ‘rahem’, ‘garm’, ‘sard’, ‘tar’, and ‘khoshk’ to extract signs and symptoms associated with uterine temperament and dystemperament. Results: Five indicators were specified in the articles and PM sources for determining the temperament and dystemperament of the uterus as follows: 1) Menstrual blood characteristics (including amount, temperature, color, odor, flow rate, and consistency); 2) Uterine discharge characteristics (including amount, consistency, color, odor, and accompanied symptoms, especially burning and itching); 3) Fertility and pregnancy status (including infertility, abortion, etc.); 4. Other characteristics of the female reproductive system (including pubic hair, menarche age, sexual desire and quality of intercourse, and vaginal and cervical condition on vaginal examination); and 5) General symptoms (including the ten PM indicators of whole-body Mizaj). Conclusions: PM sources have described the characteristics of uterine temperament and dystemperament in detail. These indices can be used for more effective diagnosis, treatment, and even prevention of gynecological diseases, as well as designing and validation of standard tools for determining uterine temperament and dystemperament.

Objectives: The semiology of liver dystemperament can help in predicting susceptibility to some diseases and improving the treatment process of the liver or general disease such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the wet liver dystemperament concept in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) based on a hybrid concept analysis. Materials and Methods: The literature review of this qualitative study focused on evaluating 11 major academic textbooks from the 3rd to 19th century and some databases. In-depth, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 16 ITM experts with a minimum of five years of clinical experience and maximum variations in terms of gender, age, and clinical experiences for empirical data gathering. Data were analyzed with MAXQAD10 and conventional content analysis. Results: In this study, wet liver dystemperament was classified into three main themes of systemic, local, and Para-clinical symptoms and 10 categories. Conclusions: This manuscript explains wet liver dystemperament as a disorder in general temperament and determines more important diagnostic criteria.

The avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femur head due to the death of the osteocytes of the bone marrow occurs because the organ is not supplied with sufficient blood. The prevalence of the problem is 10%-50% in adults. The etiology of the disease includes various factors such as trauma, cigarette smoking, drinking spirits, taking corticosteroids, genetics, metabolic disorders, human immunodeficiency virus, pregnancy, and the like. The treatment of necrosis can be conducted regarding the degree of the problem. In the present paper, a case was reported whose femur head necrosis was treated by applying Iranian Medicine without using common drugs in modem Medicine. The patient was a 46-year-old man who had felt severe pain in his left hip since a month before referring. The pain had gradually increased and the AVN of the femur head was diagnosed after magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, the surgery and arthroplasty of the femur head were recommended in this regard. In general, surgery and arthroplasty were recommended regarding the hard medicinal and complicated treatment of the AVN of the femur head. However, it is noteworthy that applying Iranian medicine capacities is possible for curing the disease.

Objective: Viola odorata has been used since ancient times. According to Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) sources, it has a cool and moist temperament and is used for treatment of different diseases. Due to the low side effects and numerous beneficial effects of this plant, this study aims to review its therapeutic effects from the perspective of TIM and modern medicine. Methods: In this review study, a search was conducted for the materials in many TIM books such as Canon of Medicine, Tuhfat al-Momenin, al-Jami’ li-Mufradat al-Adwiya wa’l-Aghdhiya, Al-shamel fi al-Sanaat Al-Tabiat, Makhzan al-Adawiyah, Firdaws al-Hikmah fi al-Tibb, Al-Hawi fi al-Tibb, Khulasat al-Hikmah, as well as the book “PDR for Herbal Medicines”, and for the related studies in online databases such as PubMed and Scopus using the keywords sweet violet, common viola, garden violet, herbal medicine, traditional Iranian medicine. Results: The medicinal forms of Viola odorata in TIM are various and are used for skin, digestive, respiratory, and urinary system diseases. Numerous studies have confirmed the various therapeutic effects of the plant. According to studies in modern medicine, its constituents include volatile oils, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, mucilage, gallates, phenols, vitamin C, coumarin, and Sitosterol. Conclusion: Studies in modern medicine have proven the traditional uses of Viola odorata. However, due to the strong potential of this plant for making various medicinal products from it, more research is needed.

Introduction: In Persian medicine (PM) references, the bathroom is not only important for body cleanliness. In this study, the applications and therapeutic effects of taking a bath are investigated. Materials and Methods: This is a library study that searched the keywords of bath, taking a bath, and washing in the comprehensive traditional medicine library of Noor research center, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SID databases as well as other domestic and foreign articles. Results: From the PM’s point of view, taking a bath has many privileges and it is recommended for maintaining the health of normal people and the treatment of diseases in patients. The sages of Persian Medicine have written many papers about the benefits of bathing and therapeutic solutions in bath such as bathtubs, oil therapy, massage, and use of hot, cold, and mild types of baths. They have referred to various types of water in this treatment. In general, they have discussed the preventive and therapeutic uses of bathing such as relieving pain, anxiety, DM, enhancing sleep quality, and promoting the quality of life in cancer patients. Bath is not only a place for body cleansing, which is predominant in modern baths. In addition to the role of their architecture based on temperament, these are prescribed to prevent the disease and due to their therapeutic effects. Conclusion: From the point of view of PM, baths with different and appropriate conditions can have many applications for maintaining the health status of normal people or the patient's treatment and recovery.

Objectives: Routine therapies cannot control refractory stable angina, leading to a high economic burden and an impaired quality of life. Persian medicine incorporates exceptional attention to lifestyle and nutrition to prevent and treat various diseases. Previous studies have reported the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of wet cupping. The present study aims to determine the effects of nutrition and cupping on refractory stable angina patients.Methods : Forty male patients with refractory stable angina were randomly allocated to four groups, including nutrition modification based on Persian medicine, wet cupping, nutrition modification along with wet cupping, and control. The primary outcomes were the changes in pain score using a visual analog scale and quality of life using the Seattle angina questionnaire. The secondary outcomes were changes in the exercise test and blood pressure.Results : The results of the present study revealed that 30 days of treatment with nutrition modification based on Persian medicine, cupping, and modified nutrition and cupping along with standard treatment for stable angina significantly increased the patient’s quality of life and exercise test results while reducing pain, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Conclusion : Applying complementary Persian medicine methods such as nutrition modification and cupping along with the classical medical treatments may improve outcomes for refractory stable angina patients.

Objectives: Asthma is a chronic disease, and the demand for herbal medicines in this field has increased in recent years. The new findings highlight the role of the gut-lung axis in the pathophysiology of asthma. Hence, this study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of Glasthma syrup, an herbal formula based on Persian medicine, in improving asthma and regulating intestinal permeability. The formula consists of five herbal ingredients that have anti-inflammatory effects on the respiratory tract, also known as gut tonics.Methods : The study will be conducted as a placebo-controlled, triple-blind, randomized trial. It will consist of a 4-week intervention followed by a 4-week follow-up period. The target sample size is 20 patients with moderate asthma aged 18 to 60 years. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group in equal numbers. Patients in the experimental group will take Glasthma syrup (7.5 mL, twice a day), while patients in the control group will take a matching placebo. Both groups will receive a 4-week combination of a long-acting beta2 agonist and a leukotriene modulator as standard of care. Inhaled corticosteroids can be used as rescue medication as needed.Results : The primary outcomes are asthma symptom scale, lung function, and intestinal permeability. Secondary outcomes include quality of life, symptom recurrence rates, and blood tests. A safety assessment will also be conducted during the trial.Conclusion : In this trial, the effects of Glasthma syrup in patients with moderate asthma will be examined. The study will also assess the effects of the formulation on the gut-lung axis by simultaneously monitoring the gut permeability index, asthma symptoms, and lung function.

Abstract Background and Aims Infantile colic is one of the most common disorders in the first months of infants' lives. This condition hurts parents' moods. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the topical use of olive oil on infantile colic symptoms. Methods The study was carried out on 80 infants 1–3 months old, randomly allocated into two groups, receiving abdominal massage with olive oil thrice a day in the intervention group (n = 40) and the same procedure with liquid paraffin in the placebo group (n = 40), for 14 successive days. During this period, the parents recorded the episodes of colic, duration of colic, crying intensity, and episodes of defecation. These variables were assessed and compared at the beginning and on the 7th and 14th days. Results The mean crying duration changed from 4.05 ± 2.44 to 1.41 ± 1.03 h/day (65% decrease) in the olive oil group and from 3.85 ± 1.37 to 1.60 ± 1.32 h/day (58% decrease) in the paraffin group (p = 0.38). The episodes of crying were reduced from 5.79 ± 4.56 to 2.51 ± 4.93 episodes/day (↓57%) in the olive group and from 6.01 ± 3.40 to 3.01 ± 2.40 episodes/day (↓50%) in the paraffin oil group (p = 0.14). Furthermore, the intensity of crying was decreased from 9.04 ± 1.54 to 4.48 ± 2.17 (p

In Persian Medicine (PM) literature, a crisis is the culmination of the body's response to illness, which necessitates fundamental dietary modification to improve prognosis. In this narrative review, authentic PM textbooks as well as articles on diets for critically-ill patients (CIPs) obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar databases, were reviewed, and after gathering data, they were classified, coded, analyzed, and compared. In the acute phase, both PM and conventional medicine agree on relative food restriction, but PM lays a special focus on the use of meat in cases of weakness. There are both similarities and differences between PM and conventional medicine regarding nutritional recommendations in critical illness. For example, recommendations for food restriction and protein intake are similar in both schools, but recommendations for carbohydrate intake are different. The variables addressed and emphasized in PM require further evaluation in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persian Medicine (PM) is a holistic medical system with a unique theoretical base and practical knowledge. Considering its different paradigm and background philosophy compared to conventional medicine, understanding its fundamental principles is necessary for more accurate and efficient clinical practice. One of its fundamental theories is the concept of “Takhalkhol (porosity) and Takasof (condensity)” which has a significant impact on medical practice. This critical issue has been investigated in recent studies to evaluate the density of the body organs as a diagnostic tool. Despite its importance, no distinct section of the leading Persian Medicine sources has been dedicated to elaborating this basic concept. In this study, we have presented this crucial concept based on PM sources and current literature to reveal its clinical relevance in the realm of its clinical relevance in diagnosis and disease management. The relation between porosity and condensity and other issues such as body composition, Mizaj (temperament), and nutrition has been discussed.

As a comprehensive and dynamic school, traditional Persian medicine is a collection of theoretical and practical sciences that Iranian scholars have used in different centuries to prevent and treat diseases and maintain health.Persian medical books refer to the benefits of Khadab and its preventive and therapeutic recommendations. One of the leading physicians is the Hakim Seyyed Isma’il Jurjani, who has discussed the effective combination of products in making Khadab and talks about the effects of Khadab on the beauty, health and strong hair. The use of Khadab is an ancient form of treatment in Iran. In fact, the employment of Khadab is a perfectly natural process used to improve skin and hair health and heal ailments. This study examines the prescriptions and combinations related to the types of Khadab and Hakim Seyyed Isma’il Jurjani’s recommendation on Khadab in Persian medicine. According to Hakim Jurjani, Khadabs are classified into several categories: those that turn hair into black, those that turn hair into red, tan or gold, and those that whiten hair.

Introduction: According to the Basic principles of Persian medicine, there are 4 digestions in the human body, which are gastric, liver, vascular and organ digestion, and each of these digestions plays an important role in the health of the body, soul and strength of the body. The importance of digestion in the body is that it makes the food eaten into a part of the body. Materials and Methods: This study is a library review that has been conducted using 40 authoritative scientific books and articles in the field of Persian Medicine as well as through search engines SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Keywords that were searched: Persian medicine, four digestions, gastric digestion, liver digestion, vascular digestion and organ digestion. In this research, taking notes was performed by studying the mentioned sources about four digestions (gastric, liver, vascular and organ digestions) from the perspective of Persian medicine, and the results are presented in this article after classifying and summarizing the contents. Results: According to the schools of Persian medicine, food is eaten until it becomes part of all organs of the body, has transformed (quantitative and qualitative changes) in four parts of the body, each of these four parts is called a type of digestion. These four parts are the gastric (Meadi), liver (Kabedi), vascular (Oroghi) and organs (Ozvi); respectively, and therefore they are called the first digestion (gastric), the second digestion (liver), the third digestion (vascular) and the fourth digestion (organ). In each digestion, a series of useful and waste (unuseful) materials are produced, which are separated from each other. The useful material is preserved in the body for nutrition, The waste material is excreted from the body.I through feces in first digestion, through urine in the second digestion and the third and fourth digestion, are through various methods including sweat, pus. Conclusion: Persian medicine is one of the holistic medical schools which have a special perspective on digestion. Since digestion plays a very important role in the health of the body, so Persian medicine’s scientists have fully addressed both the role of nutrition in health and the factors affecting digestion. Therefore, the health of the digestive faculty is one of the basic necessities and principles of the health of the whole body.

Objectives: Some dermatological diseases can be life-threatening. Urticaria and angioedema are common reasons for patients to seek treatment at an emergency department. Severe, generalized urticaria and angioedema can endanger patients’ lives by involving the airways and causing anaphylactic shock. The humor-based Persian Medicine (PM) concepts of Shara andMaShara, referring to two kinds of skin lesions, have similarities to urticaria and angioedema, respectively. This article aims to provide scientific evidence regarding the application of PM as an early intervention strategy in the emergency management of urticaria and angioedema. Methods: This was a narrative review of PM studies identified by searching medical databases using search terms related to these diseases, as well as risk-associated keywords such as “fatal”, “death”, “life-threatening”, “emergency”, “cupping”, and “bloodletting”. Data were then compared, interpreted, and analyzed. Results: PM scholars consider the human body as a unified whole and believe in an inner power (Nature) which stems from the body. When the presence of excessive hot substances cause an imbalance of bodily humors, Nature directs their heated vapors sharply toward the skin, thus causing Shara andMaShara. If there is a high risk of inflammation spreading to vital organs under severe conditions, urgent manual interventions are crucial. Conclusion: In serious conditions of urticaria and angioedema, Fasd or bloodletting and Hijama can be effective in speeding up the control of lesions and reducing morbidity and mortality. Consequently, the development of integrated Persian and conventional medicines may provide new therapeutic pathways for skin emergencies.

Psoriasis is a chronic disease that has no definitive cure. In this review study, the main sources of Persian Medicine (PM) such as the Canon of Medicine (by Avicenna) and Al-Havi (by Rhazes) were assessed to identify non-pharmacological treatments for psoriasis. Several treatments that are recommended for this disease include nutritional advice, lifestyle modifications, and manipulation therapy such as wet cupping (Hijamah), leech therapy, and phlebotomy (Fasd). These recommendations may help to prevent recurrence and be useful in improving psoriasis. The efficacy of PM recommendations to improve psoriasis should be evaluated in future studies.

Background and Objective: The nature of Narrative version of Islamic medicine (NIM) is based on Quran and hadith, exclusive attention to Islamic narrative references and rejection of the strategies of other medical schools. This study was conducted to criticize NIM. Methods: In this qualitative study of content analysis, after collecting the opinions of 6 prominent scholars of NIM, the criticisms of these opinions were presented and categorized by three doctors specialized in Persian medicine, a cleric in the field of Islamic jurisprudence and a methodologist by holding expert panel meetings. Findings: Criticisms were raised based on three points of view. The intra-religious area including the routine of Ahl al-Bayt (The holy family of the Prophet Muhammad) in illness and the role of physicians, the place of reason and experience in Islamic sciences, differences in geographical areas, not mentioning the full history of patients and newly occurring diseases was brought up. From a medical point of view, the important points include lack of a research method to check the effectiveness of a medical narrative, lack of diagnostic aspects and an approach to screening. From the viewpoint of religious and social consequences, religious trauma resulting from lack of response to treatment attributed to Ahl al-Bayt, approach to other manifestations of Western civilization, ethical issue of producing, prescribing and selling drugs by a group and loss of life and money due to waste of time in cases with definitive or relative treatment was raised in other medical schools. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, the introduction of this theory to society without sufficient investigations in the seminaries and universities of medical sciences may cause physical, mental and religious trauma at the individual and social level.

Background and purpose: Urticaria is one of the most widespread skin inflammatory diseases that reduce the quality of life, especially in chronic cases. Considering the very close compatibility of urticaria and angioedema with Shara and Mashara in Persian Medicine, this paper aimed at comparing their signs, symptoms, and etiology and suggests a more comprehensive diagnostic perspective and paves the way for further researches. Materials and methods: This narrative review was conducted using the main manuscripts of Persian medicine and international medical databases using relevant keywords such as urticaria, angioedema, Shara, Mashara, etc. Data were then compared, interpreted, and analyzed. Results: The symptoms of urticaria and angioedema such as sudden nocturnal pruritus and the causes of increased heat in the body were found to be similar to those of Shara and Mashara. The cascade of inflammatory factors, dilation, and increased permeability of blood vessels can be comparable to sudden movement of the vapor of warm blood to narrowed pores of the skin. Conclusion: Persian and conventional medicine share similar perspectives on urticaria and angioedema. The food digestion process and function of the body's major organs in production of healthy blood are too important. Therefore, integrating Persian and conventional medicine could be effective in diagnosis and treatment of these inflammatory diseases.

The Academy of Jundishapur was the world's first university established during the Sassanid Empire in old Persia. Some of the important features of this scientific center of the ancient world include a policy of tolerance, conducting annual international congresses, compiling the first comprehensive medical textbook, doing the hospital rounds, physician licensure exam, special attention to the ethics, and using an educational curriculum. Moreover, its unique style of education made Jundishapur a brilliant school in the history of science. This outstanding academy maintained its impact on the scientific movement of that era for four centuries. It finally declined after transmission to Baghdad medical school. In this study, we have discussed the features of the Jundishapur school which made it a successful model for medical education.

The journal of research on history of medicine (RHM) starts to be published from Feb. 2012. It passed its first decade of life by publishing current issue. By analyzing these 10 volumes, it shows that there are 284 articles that are written by 342 authors from 18 countries. These authors are affiliated to 90 institutions, that Shiraz University of medical sciences has the most contribution among them. In addition, the share of Iranian authors is more than other countries significantly. The journal is indexed in 14 indexing and abstracting databases. It needs to set a program for improving the quality of international cooperation, indexing of the journal and published papers for next decade.

Objectives: Cardiovascular disorders are the most common causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Complementary medicine reduces the complications related to cardiovascular disorders while improving the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to review the effects of aromatherapy on cardiovascular disorders from the perspectives of Persian and modern medicine. Methods: In this review article, information related to Persian medicine was collected by searching through "Comprehensive Library of Traditional and Islamic Medicine" software (Noor Digital Library) using keywords such as "smelling", "sham", "lakhlakheh", "bakhoor", "heart", and "dill". Additionally, to find clinical trials (1994-2019) related to the effect of aromatherapy on cardiovascular disorders, electronic databases such as ISI, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched using several keywords including "cardiovascular disorder", "heart," "coronary", "cardiovascular disease", "cardiac", "aroma", and "aromatherapy". Results: According to Persian medicine references, the heart is the most important organ and gives life to the whole body. Aromatherapy using odorous herbs such as rose, apple, quince, and saffron helps balance the heart temperament and improve cardiovascular disorders through their cardiotonic, anti-syncope, anti-depressant, and anti-arrhythmic properties. Conclusions: Based on Persian medicine references and recent findings in modern medicine, aromatherapy is an effective approach for relieving cardiovascular disorders. Considering these findings, it is suggested to include aromatherapy as a palliative measure for cardiovascular patients. It is also recommended that more clinical trials derived from Persian medicine references be conducted to value the effectiveness of aromatherapy for treating various cardiovascular ailments.

Letter to the Editor

Objectives: Atherosclerosis is the basic pathology of most cardiovascular diseases which are the most common non-communicable diseases in the world. Recently, inflammation in the arterial wall has been proposed for the initiation of atherosclerosis although there is no specific anti-inflammatory treatment for atherosclerosis. Persian medicine (PM) with at least 7000 years of practice background may help in atherosclerosis management. The aim of this study was to describe atherosclerosis according to the teachings of PM to find better methods for its management. Materials and Methods: To this end, several data were searched, including current medical literature and published articles on PM, as well as Avicenna’s main medical textbook, the Canon of medicine for creating the hypothesis of the mechanism of atherosclerosis in PM. Results: Avicenna has implied Waram in the arterial wall. The features of Waram in PM accommodate inflammation, and Waram in the artery is compatible with atherosclerosis. The natural history of atherosclerosis is highly similar to humoral evolutions in Waram. PM has a wide range of therapeutic drugs and treatment plans for warm, and many of the applied drugs in this regard have documented anti-inflammatory effects in the current medicine. New risk factors for prevention and new treatment modalities are recommended based on this hypothesis. Conclusions: The new hypothesis that emerged from PM for atherosclerosis is compatible with the newest hypothesis of the mechanism of atherosclerosis in current medicine. Moreover, PM introduces new preventive and treatment modalities for atherosclerosis which is unknown in current medicine and their application may reduce disease burden and mortality of atherosclerosis-related diseases.

Introduction. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common chronic kidney disorder during childhood. The most important characteristic of this disease is proteinuria. The Persian medicine (PM) has important dietary recommendations for strengthening the kidney function and treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a diet including PM recommendations and general principles of Western medicine. Materials and Methods. Twenty children with nephrotic syndrome were randomly divided into intervention and control groups and monitored for one month. The control group received a diet based on the general principles of Western medicine. In the intervention group, in addition to the Western medicine diet, dietary recommendations of PM were also prescribed including the pomegranate (Cydonia oblonga mill.), quince (Cydonia oblonga mill.), and whole grains (wheat and barley). A 24-hour dietary questionnaire was applied and anthropometric and biochemical indices including spot urine protein (proteinuria), albumin (Alb), urea, creatinine (Cr), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were measured before and after the study. Results. The amount of protein intake reduced significantly in the diet of both groups but the differences between the two groups were not significant. Proteinuria reduced significantly in both the Western and PM groups; however, proteinuria was significantly lower in the Persian medicine group compared to the control group. TC and Cr levels reduced significantly in the intervention group, although the changes were not significant compared to the control group. Conclusion. The results of this study showed that adding dietary recommendations of the Persian medicine to the general rules of the Western medicine diet reduced proteinuria and improved the combat against nephrotic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), is a plant with nutritional and medicinal properties which has been used in all over the world and study about it is rare. In Persian Medicine parsnip is named as zardak and has many uses such as laxative, libido enhancer, kidney stone crusher and diuretic. Because the wide traditional usage of parsnip, in this review the composition and pharmacological properties of this plant are discussed.Methods : : Some data base such as Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed were searched up to 2018 for studies about Pastinaca sativa. In this review study after consider to exclusion criteria, all of the English review and clinical trial were included.Results : : Finally, 46 articles were selected for extraction data about the parsnip. Data extraction based on these studies the most important active ingredients of parsnip include coumarins, furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, essential oils and flavonoids. Different studies determined that Pastinaca sativa has pharmacological effects in CNS, respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, skin, cardiovascular and urogenital diseases.Conclusion : : The most important active ingredients in Pastinaca sativa are furanocoumarins, flavonoids and polyacetylenes, and it has many pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, vasodilator, antifungal, antimicrobial and antidepressant. A main mentioned side effect of parsnip is phototoxicity that was usually reported in direct skin contact. However, family and Some properties and compounds of Pastinaca sativa and Daucus carota are similar but carrots are very popular nowadays. Due to abundant active components and few clinical studies of parsnip, more Studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of it.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and quickly became a global pandemic. According to studies, traditional medicine interventions along with conventional medicine protocols have been reported to be effective in prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to summarize the recommendations of Persian medicine based on evidence in the prevention and treatment of symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome. METHODS: In this review article, keywords related to the symptoms of COVID-19 in Persian medicine sources, review and items related to the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory syndrome were extracted. Individual items with the keywords "Influenza" or "SARS" or "MERS" or "COVID-19" or "Coronavirus" or "Antiviral" or "Anti-inflammatory" or "Immune system" or "Antioxidant" were searched in the databases SID, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of science, Science direct, and Google scholar, and finally those with scientific evidence were presented in the form of auxiliary instructions for prevention and treatment. FINDINGS: A significant part of the recommendations of Persian medicine to prevent or control the symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome has practical clinical evidence. These include social distance, avoiding heavy meals, and using herbal remedies according to the specific conditions of the patients. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the use of simple strategies of Persian medicine in preventing and improving the symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 along with common medicine protocols, can help control the epidemic conditions. Also, many of these recommendations can be evaluated as useful research ideas in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Premature ovarian failure, with a prevalence of 1% in women under the age of 40, leads to serious health problems for women of childbearing age. Since the causes are not fully understood and the available treatments are associated with side effects, complementary medicine, including Persian medicine, can be helpful. The aim of this study was to report a case of pregnancy following successful treatment of premature ovarian failure. CASE REPORT: The patient was a 38-year-old woman with a history of 16 months of amenorrhea who had atrophic ovaries on ultrasound. Due to increased gonadotropins, decreased estradiol and anti-mullerian hormone, the gynecologist diagnosed premature ovarian failure. After referring to the Persian Medicine Clinic and after getting a history and examination, her treatment started which included lifestyle modification and medication (2 Raha capsules every 12 hours, 2 tablespoons of Sekanjabin-e-Bazoori [oxymel] a day, decoction of Chamomile and Pennyroyal 200 cc per day and Abzan [a human-sized container filled with hot water] with four plants of Hollyhocks, Chamomile, Rose, and Mallow twice a week). The patient was followed for 18 months. Menstruation occurred after 3 months and the ovaries were normal size after 8 months on the second ultrasound and 10 months after starting treatment, the patient became pregnant and the result was a healthy male baby. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, Persian medicine can be effective in treating infertility caused by premature ovarian failure.

Objectives: Mizaj (temperament) refers to a concept in Persian medicine and is the basis for defining health and disease. Brain, as the most important organ of the body (Aza-e-raeiseh), controls vital functions. So far, no standardized questionnaire has been designed for distinguishing temperament in Persian medicine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a reliable objective self-report questionnaire and a standardized diagnostic checklist for Mizaj identification via determining their reliability and validity in Persian medicine. Materials and Methods: This was an exploratory sequential study in which we designed a 121-item questionnaire, and a 20-item checklist as an item pool using Mizaj-related indices searched in Persian medicine references. The number of items for questionnaire and checklist finally reached 35 and 12 after qualitative and quantitative assessments (e.g., content and face validities). The test-retest reliability of each question of the questionnaire and checklist and their consistency were evaluated by participation based on the weighted and Fleiss’ kappa statistics, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The final version of the questionnaire and checklist were divided into two subscales (i.e., warm/cold and wet/dry), and the minimum and maximum scores were determined. Results: Significant findings of our data showed that the weighted and Fleiss’ kappa coefficients of the 35-item questionnaire (between 0.4 and 0.9) and 12-item checklist (between 0.4 and 0.8) were found in the study based on their reliability. The degree of reliability in the self-report questionnaire was assessed using weighted kappa (WK), where 6 items of the questionnaire were omitted due to a WK less than 0.6 and the number of items reached 35. While 2 items of the checklist with Fleiss’ kappa (FK)

Alternative medicine, has become popular in asthmatic patients. We evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of SINA 1.2 therapy protocol derived from Persian medicine in an asthmatic mice model. Forty-two male BALB/c mice divided into six groups: one control (sham) and five sensitized groups (by parenteral injection of 20 μg ovalbumin in 100 μL normal saline plus 50 μL alum on days 1 and 14). Sensitized groups were as: untreated, budesonide (1 mg nebulized budesonide: 200 μg/puff every 5 min for 25 min), dry sauna (30 min, 37°C), oral oxymel (gavaged: 0.2 mL of the syrup plus 0.8 mL of water), and SINA protocol No.1.2 (oxymel followed by sauna) groups. Treatments were given for 10 days from day 23 to 33 then sacrificed. Significant gene expression reduction of interleukin(IL)-4, IL-5, and MUC5AC and increase of interferon(IFN)-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio and decreased perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and subsequent mucus hypersecretion in SINA group were seen compared to untreated group. SINA lowered IL-5 and MUC5AC gene expression levels similar to the budesonide and acted better than budesonide in increasing IFN-γ gene expression up to normal level. Compared with the asthma group, sauna alone only affected MUC5AC and IFN-γ gene expressions and oxymel alone, only reduced IL-4 gene expression, perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. It seems that SINA therapy alleviates asthma via immune modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improvement of pathological changes in ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice, supporting the notion of innate healing power mentioned in Persian medicine literature.