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Buffaloes from intensive (farm 1 - Fm1; 438 normal, 115 short lactations) and pasture (farm 2 - Fm2; 330 + 58 lactations) system were assigned to study lactation curve via ANOVA (LSMLMW and MIXMDL) per each 10-day period (“tenday”), as well as overall (PI1) and post-peak (PIP) persistency. Greatest is the effect of parity and season, also of year on 2nd-12th tenday. Persistency is affected by parity, year and season of calving, and especially by peak month and DIM (P≤0.001). The curves showed peak averagely at 2nd tenday in both herds. Compared to the buffaloes on pasture, Fm1 has significantly lower milk in initial two and in 15th to 21st tendays, defining slower decline to mid-lactation and faster after that. These differences in the curves predetermine a non-significant difference in PI1 between Fm1 and Fm2 (0.932 and 0.940) and a significant but still small superiority in PIP of Fm2 (0.893) over Fm1 (0.880). The lactations below 210 days are 17.8%, persistency being 0.859 to 0.742, and peak by 17 to 32% worse than normal lactation. Long and very long lactations’ persistency is 0.923 and 0.950. Only very long lactations have а typical curve – 4th tenday peak, by 10% lower than normal lactation., Бяха включени биволици от интензивна (Fm1 – 438 нормални и 115 къси лактации) и пасищна (Fm2 - 330 + 58 лактации) технология на отглеждане, за проучване на лактационната крива чрез ANOVA (LSMLMW и MIXMDL) за всяка 10-дневка, както и на общото (PI1) и след-пиково (PIP) постоянство. Най-значим е ефектът на поредната лактация и сезона,, както и на годината за 2-ра–12-та десетдневка. Постоянството се влияе от поредната лактация, годината, сезона, и особено от пиковия месец и дойните дни (P≤0.001). Пикът е средно през 2-ра десетдневка в двете стада. В сравнение с биволиците на паша, Fm1 има достоверно по-ниска млечност в първите две и в 15та–21ва десетдневка, дефинирайки по-бавен спад до средата на лактацията и по-бърз след това. Тези разлики в кривите предопределят недостоверна разлика в PI1 между Fm1 и Fm2 (0.932 и 0.940) и и малко но достоверно превъзходство в PIP на Fm2 (0.893) спрямо Fm1 (0.880). Лактациите под 210 дни съставляват 17,8%, като постоянството е от 0,859 до 0,742, а пика е със 17 до 32% по-нисък от нормалната лактация. Постоянството на дългите и много дългите лактации е 0,923 и 0,950. Само много дългите лактации имат типична крива – пик в четвърто десетдневие, с 10% по-нисък от нормалната лактация.

The objective of this study was to estimate lactation curve parameters with Dijkstra mechanistic model and to evaluate genetic and phenotypic relationships between the parameters and the average somatic cell count in primiparous cows. The finding indicated that heritability estimates for partial milk yield (PMY1, PMY2 and PMY3), total 305-day milk yield (TMY305), decay parameter (λ2), age at first calving (AFC) and peak yield (PY) were moderate while the heritability of persistency (PS%), average somatic cell score (AVGSCS), time to peak yield (TP), initial milk production (λ0), specific rate of cell proliferation at parturition (λ1), and specific rate of cell death (λ3) were quite low. Genetic correlations between both AFC and PS% traits with average somatic cell scores was negative (-0.047 and -0.060) but low positive genetic correlation were between partial milk yields (PMY1 and PMY3) while negative genetic correlation (-0.06) was obtained between TMY305 and AVGSCS. Differences between TMY305 of cows with less than 100000 cells mL-1 and cows with >1,500,000 cells mL-1 was approximately 708 Kg and is equivalent to 8% loss of milk yield/cow during lactation period and also loss of persistency (11.1 %( was shown for the extreme classes of SCC in this study. The objective of this study was to estimate lactation curve parameters with Dijkstra mechanistic model and to evaluate genetic and phenotypic relationships between the parameters and the average somatic cell count in primiparous cows. The finding indicated that heritability estimates for partial milk yield (PMY1, PMY2 and PMY3), total 305-day milk yield (TMY305), decay parameter (λ2), age at first calving (AFC) and peak yield (PY) were moderate while the heritability of persistency (PS%), average somatic cell score (AVGSCS), time to peak yield (TP), initial milk production (λ0), specific rate of cell proliferation at parturition (λ1), and specific rate of cell death (λ3) were quite low. Genetic correlations between both AFC and PS% traits with average somatic cell scores was negative (-0.047 and -0.060) but low positive genetic correlation were between partial milk yields (PMY1 and PMY3) while negative genetic correlation (-0.06) was obtained between TMY305 and AVGSCS. Differences between TMY305 of cows with less than 100000 cells mL-1 and cows with >1,500,000 cells mL-1 was approximately 708 Kg and is equivalent to 8% loss of milk yield/cow during lactation period and also loss of persistency (11.1 %( was shown for the extreme classes of SCC in this study.

Highlights • Concentrate mixture containing palm oil was fed at graded levels to lactating goats • Total DMI increased with concentrate level and intake of hay was not compromised • Higher concentrate levels improved daily milk yield by 48% with higher persistency of production • Dam milk yield accounted for 61% variation in kids pre-weaning daily weight gain, Twenty pregnant Red Sokoto goats (liveweight, 28 ± 1.30 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of varying levels of concentrate on lactation performance. The concentrate, which contained 4% palm oil, was fed at levels of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% of body weight of the does in addition to a basal diet of Digitaria smutsii hay offered ad libitum. The corresponding dietary treatments were designated as 1.0%C, 1.5%C, 2.0%C and 2.5%C, respectively. The goats were balanced for parity and randomly allocated to give five animals per treatment, and stall-fed individually. The intake of dry matter and daily milk production linearly and quadratically increased (P

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with 305‐day milk yield and lactation curve parameters on primiparous (n = 9,910) and multiparous (n = 11,158) Holstein cows. The SNP solutions were estimated using a weighted single‐step genomic BLUP approach and imputed high‐density panel (777k) genotypes. The proportion of genetic variance explained by windows of 50 consecutive SNP (with an average of 165 Kb) was calculated, and regions that accounted for more than 0.50% of the variance were used to search for candidate genes. Estimated heritabilities were 0.37, 0.34, 0.17, 0.12, 0.30 and 0.19, respectively, for 305‐day milk yield, peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay for primiparous cows. Genetic correlations of 305‐day milk yield with peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay in primiparous cows were 0.99, 0.63, 0.20, 0.97 and −0.52, respectively. The results identified three windows on BTA14 associated with 305‐day milk yield and the parameters of lactation curve in primi‐ and multiparous cows. Previously proposed candidate genes for milk yield supported by this work include GRINA, CYHR1, FOXH1, TONSL, PPP1R16A, ARHGAP39, MAF1, OPLAH and MROH1, whereas newly identified candidate genes are MIR2308, ZNF7, ZNF34, SLURP1, MAFA and KIFC2 (BTA14). The protein lipidation biological process term, which plays a key role in controlling protein localization and function, was identified as the most important term enriched by the identified genes.

Background Random regression models (RRM) are widely used to analyze longitudinal data in genetic evaluation systems because they can better account for time-course changes in environmental effects and additive genetic values of animals by fitting the test-day (TD) specific effects. Our objective was to implement a random regression model for the evaluation of dairy production traits in French goats. Results The data consisted of milk TD records from 30,186 and 32,256 first lactations of Saanen and Alpine goats. Milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat content and protein content were considered. Splines were used to model the environmental factors. The genetic and permanent environmental effects were modeled by the same Legendre polynomials. The goodness-of-fit and the genetic parameters derived from functions of the polynomials of orders 0 to 4 were tested. Results were also compared to those from a lactation model with total milk yield calculated over 250 days and to those of a multiple-trait model that considers performance in six periods throughout lactation as different traits. Genetic parameters were consistent between models. Models with fourth-order Legendre polynomials led to the best fit of the data. In order to reduce complexity, computing time, and interpretation, a rank reduction of the variance covariance matrix was performed using eigenvalue decomposition. With a reduction to rank 2, the first two principal components correctly summarized the genetic variability of milk yield level and persistency, with a correlation close to 0 between them. Conclusions A random regression model was implemented in France to evaluate and select goats for yield traits and persistency, which are independent i.e. no genetic correlation between them, in first lactation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-019-0485-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Lactation curve shape can affect an animal's health, feed requirements, and milk production throughout the year. We implemented a random regression model for the genetic evaluation of lactation curve shapes of dairy traits in French Alpine goats for their first 3 parities. Milk, fat, and protein yields, fat and protein contents, somatic cell score, and fat/protein ratio were considered. The data consisted of test-day records from 49,849 first lactation Alpine goats during their first 3 lactations. The reference model used a Legendre polynomial of order 2 for each parity to describe the genetic and permanent environmental effects, and was compared with a model that combined the second and third parities. A rank reduction of the variance-covariance matrix was also performed using an eigenvalue decomposition for each parity from the 2 models. Genetic parameters were consistent between the models tested. With a reduction to rank 2 and combining the second and third parities, the first 2 principal components correctly summarized the genetic variability of milk yield level and persistency, with a near-nil correlation between the 2, and with a much shorter computation time than the reference model. A favorable correlation of +0.43 between milk yield persistency and fat/protein ratio persistency at the beginning of the lactation was found from buck estimated breeding values.

Functional traits, such as fertility and lactation persistency, are becoming relevant breeding goals for dairy cattle. Fertility is a key element for herd profitability and animal welfare; in particular, calving interval (CIN) is an indicator of female fertility that can be easily recorded. Lactation persistency (LPE; i.e., the ability of a cow to maintain a high milk yield after the lactation peak) is economically important and is related to several other traits, such as feed efficiency, health, and reproduction. The selection of these functional traits is constrained by their low heritability. In this study, variance components for CIN and LPE in the Italian Simmental cattle breed were estimated using genomic and pedigree information under the single-step genomic framework. A data set of 594,257 CIN records (from 275,399 cows) and 285,213 LPE records (from 1563,389 cows) was considered. Phenotypes were limited up to the third parity. The pedigree contained about 2 million animals, and 7,246 genotypes were available. Lactation persistency was estimated using principal component analysis on test day records, with higher values of the second extracted principal component (PC2) values associated with lower LPE, and lower PC2 values associated with higher LPE. Heritability of CIN and LPE were estimated using single-trait repeatability models. A multiple-trait analysis using CIN and production traits (milk, fat, and protein yields) was performed to estimate genetic correlations among these traits. Heritability for CIN in the single-trait model was low (0.06 ± 0.002). Unfavorable genetic correlations were found between CIN and production traits. A measure of LPE was derived using principal component analysis on test day records. The heritability and repeatability of LPE were 0.11 ± 0.004 and 0.20 ± 0.02, respectively. Genetic correlation between CIN and LPE was weak but had a favorable direction. Despite the low heritability estimates, results of the present work suggest the possibility of including these traits in the Italian Simmental breeding program. The use of a single-step approach may provide better results for young genotyped animals without their own phenotypes.

The transition period is the most critical period in the lactation cycle of dairy cows. Extended lactations reduce the frequency of transition periods, the number of calves and the related labour for farmers. This study aimed to assess the impact of 2 and 4 months extended lactations on milk yield and net partial cash flow (NPCF) at herd level, and on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM), using a stochastic simulation model. The model simulated individual lactations for 100 herds of 100 cows with a baseline lactation length (BL), and for 100 herds with lactations extended by 2 or 4 months for all cows (All+2 and All+4), or for heifers only (H+2 and H+4). Baseline lactation length herds produced 887 t (SD: 13) milk/year. The NPCF, based on revenues for milk, surplus calves and culled cows, and costs for feed, artificial insemination, calving management and rearing of youngstock, was kEuro174 (SD: 4)/BL herd per year. Extended lactations reduced milk yield of the herd by 4.1% for All+2, 6.9% for All+4, 1.1% for H+2 and 2.2% for H+4, and reduced the NPCF per herd per year by kEuro7 for All+2, kEuro12 for All+4, kEuro2 for H+2 and kEuro4 for H+4 compared with BL herds. Extended lactations increased GHG emissions in CO2-equivalents per t FPCM by 1.0% for All+2, by 1.7% for All+4, by 0.2% for H+2 and by 0.4% for H+4, but this could be compensated by an increase in lifespan of dairy cows. Subsequently, production level and lactation persistency were increased to assess the importance of these aspects for the impact of extended lactations. The increase in production level and lactation persistency increased milk production of BL herds by 30%. Moreover, reductions in milk yield for All+2 and All+4 compared with BL herds were only 0.7% and 1.1% per year, and milk yield in H+2 and H+4 herds was similar to BL herds. The resulting NPCF was equal to BL for All+2 and All+4 and increased by kEuro1 for H+2 and H+4 due to lower costs for insemination and calving management. Moreover, GHG emissions per t FPCM were equal to BL herds or reduced (0% to -0.3%) when lactations were extended. We concluded that, depending on lactation persistency, extending lactations of dairy cows can have a positive or negative impact on the NPCF and GHG emissions of milk production.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 Animal selection in dairy cattle can vary depending on the objectives of the breeding programs. The objective of this study was to explore the genetic curve pattern of EBVs for test day milk yields (TDMY) in Holstein cows using cluster analyses to identify the most suitable animals for selection based on their genetic curve for milk yield. A data set with 29,477 monthly TDMY records from 3543 first lactations of Brazilian Holstein cows were used to predict the breeding values for TDMY with random regression model. Hierarchical and non-hierarchical cluster analyses were performed based on the EBVs for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 305 days in milk (DIM) to explore the genetic curve patterns of milk production of animals within the population. At first moment, the population was divided into three groups based on animals' genetic curve pattern for milk yield using hierarchical cluster analysis. According to non-hierarchical cluster analysis, one of those groups had EBVs along the lactation curve above the population average. Further cluster analysis done only with those animals with genetic curve pattern above the population mean showed specific subgroups of animals with different genetic curves for milk yield despite of all of those animals had EBVs above the population average, along the lactation curve. It indicated that specific subgroup of animals with a specific genetic curve pattern for milk yield can be chosen depending on the objectives of the breeding program. It was concluded that the cluster analyzes could be used to select animals based on the shapes of the genetic curve for milk production together with the EBV for milk yield at 305 days in milk. Thus, it can be possible to select at the same time more productive animals with genetic curves that met the goals of breeding programs that take into account the milk production in other parts along the milk production curve. Departamento de Ciências Exatas Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista FCAV/UNESP Department of Animal Sciences University of Wisconsin CRV Lagoa Sertãozinho Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA Centro Leste/Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento (SAA) Departamento de Ciências Exatas Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista FCAV/UNESP

Aim of study: To estimate the heritability and genetic correlations for lactation curve traits in buffaloes.Area of study: The buffalo cows were raised on properties located in the states of São Paulo, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.Material and methods: The individual parameters of Wood’s model ( , , and ) were obtained using a non-linear mixed model. Peak yield (PY), peak time (PT) and lactation persistency (LP) were also calculated. These individual parameters were employed in multi-trait analysis with the milk yield (MY) using Bayesian inference.Main results: The heritability estimates were of low to moderate magnitudes, with values ranging from 0.156 ( ) to 0.299 (PY). The estimates for genetic correlation between the Wood’s parameters and MY were of low to high magnitude and ranged from -0.533 ( and MY) to 0.983 (PY and MY).Research highlights: The heritability estimates obtained indicate that the traits studied can be used in animal breeding programs.

Objective:To explore the persistency of Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS) and its prognostic factors in the general adult population. Knowledge of prognostic factors of MUS may indicate possible avenues for intervention development.Methods: Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2), a nationally representative face-to-face cohort study among the Dutch general population aged 18–64 years. We selected subjects with MUS at baseline and who participated at follow-up (N = 324) and reassessed those subjects for having MUS at 3 year follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine risk factors for persistency of MUS.Results:36.4% of the subjects had persistent MUS at follow-up. In logistic regression analyses adjusted for sex and age, persistency of MUS was predicted by the number of comorbid chronicmedical disorder(s), lower education, female sex, not having a paid job, parental psychopathology as well as lower functioning. In the logistic regression analysis in which all significant variables adjusted for sex and age were entered simultaneously, three variables predicted persistent MUS: parental psychopathology, the number of comorbid chronic medical disorder(s) and physical functioning, with odds ratios of 2.01 (1.20–3.38), 1.19 (1.01–1.40), and 0.99 (0.97–1.00), respectively.Conclusion:In the adult general population, MUS were persistent in over one third of the subjects with MUS at baseline. Persistency was significantly predicted by parental psychopathology, number of comorbid chronic medical disorders, and physical functioning. These findings warrant further research into early intervention and treatment options for persons with an increased risk of persistent MUS.

WOS: 000290875900004, The extent of the usefulness of a lactation model depends on how well it succeeds in imitating the biological lactation process and how well it adjust for environmental and other factors that could influence production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare five different lactation curve models (Wood, Cobby and Le Du, Wilmink, Exponential and Parabolic Exponential model), and to find the best model that provided a good description of the lactation curve of Jersey cattle herd. Data used in this study were the first to seventh lactation official milk yield records from monthly recording of 3 630 lactations between 1984 and 2008 in the farm. The results showed that Wood model which has minimum residual standard deviation (3.562), maximum adjusted R(2) value (91.6%) and maximum persistency value (93.3%) performed the best fit to the data and allowed a suitable description of the lactation curve. It was concluded that the Wood model provided accurate estimates of milk yield for all lactation numbers because this model was found to be more superior to the other models. Consequently, the usage of Wood model would provide some useful information on genetic improvement of the Jersey breed under pasture-based dry seasonal production systems., Tubitak [TOVAG-107 O 338], This study was supported by TOVAG-107 O 338 Project of Tubitak. The authors wish to thank the staff of Karakoy State Farm for technical assistance and the Dr. N Ocak for his critical editing of the manuscript.

Background Violence is a major concern and is prevalent across several mental disorders. The use of substances has been associated with an exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms as well as with violence. Compared to other substances such as alcohol and cocaine, existing literature on the cannabis–violence relationship has been more limited, with most studies being conducted in the general population, and has shown controversial results. Evidence has suggested a stronger relationship when examining the effects of the persistency of cannabis use on future violent behaviors. Though, while cannabis use is highly prevalent amid psychiatric patients, far less literature on the subject has been conducted in this population. Hence, the present prospective study aims to investigate the persistency of cannabis use in psychiatric patients. Method The sample comprised of 1,136 recently discharged psychiatric patients provided by the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study. A multi-wave (five-assessment) follow-up design was employed to allow temporal sequencing between substance use and violent behaviors. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine the effect of persistency of cannabis use on violence, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Potential bidirectional association was also investigated using the same statistical approach. Results Our results suggest a unidirectional association between cannabis use and violence. GEE model revealed that the continuity of cannabis use across more than one time wave was associated with increased risks of future violent behavior. Patients who reported having used cannabis at each follow-up periods were 2.44 times more likely to display violent behaviors (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.06–5.63, p

Aims/Introduction: Previous research showed the association between health-related quality of life and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present study aimed to examine the impact of persistence of MetS on health-related quality of life in non-diabetic Iranian adults. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A representative sample of 643 non-diabetic individuals (67% female), aged ≥20 years, who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study in 2005–2007 were recruited for the study, and categorized into four groups, those without, with transient, with intermittent and with persistent MetS. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Iranian version of the Short Form Health Survey. MetS was diagnosed using the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Results: Women with transient, intermittent and persistent MetS scored lower on the Physical Component Summary than those without the syndrome (51.03 – 1.41, 48.16 – 1.46 and 46.58 – 1.29 vs 52.18 – 1.20) after adjusting for potential confounders (P = 0.04). In women, there was also a significant decreasing trend in the scores of bodily pain (P for trend = 0.006) and general health (P for trend = 0.005) across the study groups. Compared with women without MetS, the odds ratio of reporting poor healthrelated quality of life for women with intermittent MetS was 2.75 (95% confidence interval 1.19–6.37, P = 0.01). Among men, however, no significant difference was observed in any of the health-related quality of life domains. Conclusions: Compared with women without, with transient and with persistent MetS, those with intermittent MetS reported poorer physical health-related quality of life.

Background In the US, the approved multiple sclerosis (MS) oral disease-modifying therapies (ODMTs) are fingolimod (FTY), teriflunomide (TFN), and dimethyl fumarate (DMF). FTY and TFN are recommended with once-daily doses with no up-titration, whereas DMF treatment is recommended twice-daily (BID) and is initiated with a 7-day starter dose of 120 mg BID before up-titration to the maintenance dose of 240 mg BID. Limited information exists regarding real-world ODMT prescribing patterns to aid physician/patient decision-making. Methods Eligible patients for this retrospective medical record review were ≥18 years, had one visit related to ODMT initiation (index visit), and ≥1 visit within 12 months before and after the index visit. Primary objectives were to assess post-index ODMT persistency (i.e., discontinuation), prescribing patterns (medication switching, dose up-titrations, dose reduction, re-starts, and add-ons) and medical resource utilization (office-visits, MRI procedures, and mobility indicators) at distinct time windows of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Chi-square or Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used for 3-way ODMT group comparisons. Results Medical records of 293 MS-diagnosed patients using ODMTs were abstracted from 19 US-based neurology clinics between December 31, 2010 and June 30, 2014 (FTY: 101; DMF: 133; TFN: 59). Persistency rates among ODMT groups were similar. MS-related medication switching, dose reduction, re-starts, and add-ons were infrequently observed and were similar across ODMT groups. Of DMF patients with a confirmed starting dose of 120 mg BID with ≥12 months follow-up (n = 26), the percentage who were prescribed dose up-titrations to the recommended maintenance DMF dose was 23.1 % at 1–3 months, 26.9 % at 4–6 months, 42.3 % at 7–9 months, and 0 % at 10–12 months. There were no significant differences at any time window among the ODMT groups in the number of office visits or percent of patients receiving MRIs. Mobility indicator patterns (proportion of patients with abnormal gait, wheelchair use, etc.) were consistent over time. Conclusions There was no difference in persistency, prescribing patterns (medication switching, dose reduction, re-starts, and add-ons) or medical resource utilization (office-visits, MRI procedures, and mobility indicators) among the ODMTs. However, in a small sub-group of patients, delays of up to 9 months in DMF dose-up titration to the recommended maintenance dose were observed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0698-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Extending lactation by voluntarily delaying rebreeding aims to improve fertility and milk production in the modern dairy cow. Previous studies have shown that increased energy concentrations in the ration induced greater total milk yield and lactation persistency defined by the duration and the shape of the lactation curve. In this paper, we hypothesized that increasing the supply of energy during the early lactation mobilization period would have a positive carryover effect on milk production during extended lactation. A total of 53 Holstein cows completed a 16-mo lactation, including 30% primiparous cows. The cows were divided into 2 feeding strategies: half of the cows received a high-energy density diet (HD) in early lactation followed by a lower-energy density diet (LD; strategy HD-LD). The change in diet was defined individually after 42d of lactation, and when the live weight (LW) gain of the cow was ≥0 based on a 5-d average. The other half of the cows were fed the LD diet during the entire lactation (strategy LD-LD). Both groups received 3kg of concentrates per day during milking. Weekly milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, and somatic cells), daily milk production, daily feed intake, daily LW, and body condition score every second week were recorded. The fda package of R was used to model the curves of these different variables for the 53 cows that had a lactation over 400d. The fitted values of these curves and the associated slopes were then compared for parity and treatment effects using a linear mixed-effects model. The HD-LD and LD-LD cows had a similar length of lactation (461±7 d). The HD diet reduced the intensity of the mobilization period and increased the milk production of the multiparous cows in early lactation compared with the cows fed the LD diet. The primiparous cows used the extra energy to grow and gain weight, but not to produce more milk. After the shift in diet, the treatment had little short-term carryover effect on milk yield or LW, but it affected the slopes of some curves. From 0 to 50d from shift, milk fat content of the LD-LD cows decreased faster than that of the HD-LD cows whereas milk lactose increased. From 250 to 350d from shift, the energy-corrected milk decreased faster for the HD-LD cows than for the LD-LD cows. The lactose content in milk decreased faster for the LD-LD cows than for the HD-LD cows, and the fat content in milk was significantly higher for the primiparous HD-LD than for the primiparous LD-LD cows. In conclusion, the supply of extra energy during the mobilization period had a 300-d negative carryover effect on lactation persistency.

We first sought to clarify the effects of discounted rate, survival rate, and lactation persistency as a component trait of the selection index on net merit, defined as the first five lactation milks and herd life (HL) weighted by 1 and 0.389 (currently used in Japan), respectively, in units of genetic standard deviation. Survival rate increased the relative economic importance of later lactation traits and the first five lactation milk yields during the first 120 months from the start of the breeding scheme. In contrast, reliabilities of the estimated breeding value (EBV) in later lactation traits are lower than those of earlier lactation traits. We then sought to clarify the effects of applying single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on net merit to improve the reliability of EBV of later lactation traits to maximize their increased economic importance due to increase in survival rate. Net merit, selection accuracy, and HL increased by adding lactation persistency to the selection index whose component traits were only milk yields. Lactation persistency of the second and (especially) third parities contributed to increasing HL while maintaining the first five lactation milk yields compared with the selection index whose only component traits were milk yields. A selection index comprising the first three lactation milk yields and persistency accounted for 99.4% of net merit derived from a selection index whose components were identical to those for net merit. We consider that the selection index comprising the first three lactation milk yields and persistency is a practical method for increasing lifetime milk yield in the absence of data regarding HL. Applying SNP to the second- and third-lactation traits and HL increased net merit and HL by maximizing the increased economic importance of later lactation traits, reducing the effect of first-lactation milk yield on HL (genetic correlation (rG) = -0.006), and by augmenting the effects of the second- and third-lactation milk yields on HL (rG = 0.118 and 0.257, respectively). (Key Words: Economic Weights, Milk Yield, Persistency, Herd Life, Selection Index)

Targeted therapies of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have profoundly changed the natural history of the disease with a major impact on survival. Molecular monitoring with BCR-ABL quantification shows that a status of undetectable molecular residual disease (UMRD) is obtained in a significant minority of patients. However, it remains unclear whether these patients are definitively cured of their leukemia. Imatinib mesylate withdrawal trials have demonstrated the rapid appearance of the malignant clone in the majority of the patients whereas some patients remain in a state of UMRD. It has clearly been demonstrated that the most primitive stem cells are refractory to all TKIs used in clinical practice. In addition, long-term dormancy is one of the most fundamental characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells. In this context, we have recently undertaken a systematic analysis of the bone marrow stem cell compartment in several patients in durable UMRD. We have demonstrated the long-term persistence of a considerable amount of BCR-ABL-expressing stem cells, even in the absence of relapse. The phenomenon of long-term leukemic stem cell dormancy is of major importance in CML and one of the key questions in cancer biology in general. We discuss, here, the potential mechanisms, including intrinsic and microenvironmental factors, that control the response of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) to targeted therapies and potential novel strategies currently in progress with a curative intent. Moreover, we propose a molecular evaluation of the residual LSC compartment in selected patients in order to develop rational TKI-cessation strategies in CML.

In this paper, we show the results of investigating the presence of organochlorine pesticides in honey and pollen samples from managed colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. and of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin. Three colonies of each species were moved into each of two sites. Three samples of pollen and three samples of honey were collected from each colony: the first collection occurred at the beginning of the study and the following ones at every six months during a year. Thus the total number of samples collected was 36 for honey (18 for A. mellifera and 18 for S. mexicana) and 36 for pollen (18 for A. mellifera and 18 for S. mexicana). We found that 88.44% and 93.33% of honey samples, and 22.22% and 100% of pollen samples of S. mexicana and A. mellifera, respectively, resulted positive to at least one organochlorine. The most abundant pesticides were Heptaclor (44% of the samples), γ-HCH (36%), DDT (19%), Endrin (18%) and DDE (11%). Despite the short foraging range of S. mexicana, the number of pesticides quantified in the honey samples was similar to that of A. mellifera. Paradoxically we found a small number of organochlorines in pollen samples of S. mexicana in comparison to A. mellifera, perhaps indicating a low abundance of pollen sources within the foraging range of this species.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T16:17:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-11-01 The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters for a measure of persistency of milk yield and to evaluate its association with 305-d cumulative milk yield and lactation length. 12 346 records from 8202 dairy Gyr cows including lactations up to fifth calving were used. The measure of persistency was obtained from one of the parameters of a quadratic model that describes the cumulative yield across lactation as a function of days in milk. A three-trait multivariate analysis was done. Heritability and repeatability for persistency were 008 and 021, respectively. Deviance Information Criterion provided evidence that the additive genetic covariance between the measure of persistency studied and 305-d cumulative yield is zero. Genetic correlations between persistency and lactation length were 050 and 027 for first or all lactations, respectively. Milk yield persistency as measured in this study has low heritability. Selection for persistency can increase lactation length. The measure of milk yield persistency studied here is genetically independent of total milk yield and can be included in routine genetic evaluations of dairy cattle. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Zootecnia, BR-14870000 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Inst Ciencias Agr & Tecnol, Grp Melhoramento Anim Mato Grosso GMAT, BR-78735001 Cuiaba, MT, Brazil Inst Zootecnia, BR-14160900 Sertaozinho, SP, Brazil Embrapa Gado Leite, BR-36038330 Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Zootecnia, BR-14870000 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

Records of Holstein cows from March 1992 to April 2008 from 194 large herds and comprising from 402,716 records for productive traits to 178,344 records of somatic cell count were used to study the effect of calf sex in different parities and calving season on the subsequent productive, reproductive and health traits in Holstein cows. T-test procedure of SAS software was used to investigate the effect of calf sex and season of calving on aforementioned traits. Cows with female calves had higher milk and fat yield, persistency of milk and fat yield and longer lactation length, while cows that gave birth to male calves had shorter calving interval and longer productive life. Also, cows with female calves had higher milk yield per day of lactation in the first two parities, but there was no difference in milk yield per day of lactation for parities ≥ 3. There was no relationship among mean somatic cell count and sex of born calf. Fall calves had the highest adjusted milk yield and milk yield per day of lactation, however, winter calves had the longest lactation lengthand productive life and the highest somatic cell count. Results from this study demonstrate that it seems necessary to consider the effect of calf sex on aforementioned traits when making decision to use sexed semen or conventional semen.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982002000800017.pdf: 79600 bytes, checksum: a9489987417fcb1c6d7a17bc5bfeb0f1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982002000800017.pdf: 79600 bytes, checksum: a9489987417fcb1c6d7a17bc5bfeb0f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:02:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982002000800017.pdf: 79600 bytes, checksum: a9489987417fcb1c6d7a17bc5bfeb0f1 (MD5) S1516-35982002000800017.pdf.txt: 48332 bytes, checksum: 7258987a15cc51c4f9d428e83379d620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:19:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982002000800017.pdf: 79600 bytes, checksum: a9489987417fcb1c6d7a17bc5bfeb0f1 (MD5) S1516-35982002000800017.pdf.txt: 48332 bytes, checksum: 7258987a15cc51c4f9d428e83379d620 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:19:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982002000800017.pdf: 79600 bytes, checksum: a9489987417fcb1c6d7a17bc5bfeb0f1 (MD5) S1516-35982002000800017.pdf.txt: 48332 bytes, checksum: 7258987a15cc51c4f9d428e83379d620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-09-01 O experimento desenvolveu-se no Setor de Caprinocultura da FMVZ - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, com o objetivo de estudar a influência da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST - nome comercial: Boostin 250 mg) na produção de leite, nos constituintes do leite, peso e escore de condição corporal de cabras durante o ciclo lactacional. Foram usadas 21 cabras da raça Parda Alpina, com idade entre 1 ½ e 4 anos, distribuídas aleatoriamente entre três tratamentos de sete animais cada: controle (T1 - sem rbST); completo, safra e entressafra (T2 - rbST após 45 dias de lactação); e apenas entressafra (T3 - rbST após 154 dias de lactação). Os animais dos três tratamentos receberam a mesma alimentação, que diferiu apenas na quantidade de concentrado, ajustada de acordo com a produção de leite dos animais. Não se observou aumento na produção de leite dos animais tratados, mas a persistência da lactação foi maior nestes animais. Não se observou diferença entre animais controles e tratados quanto aos constituintes do leite (densidade, gordura, EST, lactose e proteína). O peso e o índice de condição corporal também não apresentaram diferença significativa entre animais tratados e controle. The experiment was conducted at the Goat Husbandry Sector of FMVZ - UNESP - Botucatu Campus, with the purpose of studying the influence of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST - commercial name: Boostin 250 mg) on the lactation curve, milk production, milk constituents, body weight and body score of goats during the lactation cycle. Twenty-one Alpine Brown goats between 1½ and 4 years old were used, randomly allotted to three treatments with seven animals each: control (T1 - no rbST), complete (T2 - rbST after the milk production peak) and low production season (T3 - rbST during the low production season). All animals received the same diet, excepting the amount of concentrate, which was adjusted according to milk yield. No increase in milk yield was observed in the treated animals, but lactation persistency was greater in these goats. The body weight and the body score also did not show significant difference between treatment and control animals. UNESP FMVZ UNESP FMVZ Dep. de Prod. e Expl. Animal UNESP FCAVJ Dep. de Zootecnia UNESP IB Dep. de Fisiologia UNESP FMVZ UNESP FMVZ Dep. de Prod. e Expl. Animal UNESP FCAVJ Dep. de Zootecnia UNESP IB Dep. de Fisiologia

The objectives of our study were to propose a new, simple, and easy-to-understand definition for persistency of lactation yield and to develop a new mathematical model to describe a lactation curve, one that includes a measure for persistency of lactation yield according to the proposed definition. Our definition of persistency is the number of days during which the level of constant yield is maintained. No lactation model exists that includes a measure of persistency in terms of duration of time or that allows this measure of persistency to be derived from model parameters. It was necessary, therefore, to develop a new model to describe the lactation curve: [formula: see text] where yt = yield at time t, t1 = time at transition from increased yield to constant yield, yP = level of constant yield, b3 = rate of decline in yield from the end of constant yield to the end of lactation, and P = persistency of constant yield. These four parameters measured directly the important biological characteristics of a lactation curve. Two test day data sets, one for individual records from a high-producing cow and one for average records from 17,607 cows, were used to illustrate the model and to estimate persistency. The proposed measure of persistency should be important for genetic selection because it might be desirable to select for increased persistency (e.g., for extended lactations) without increasing peak yield and, hence, subjecting the cow to undesirable stress.

Impaksi gigi terjadi karena gigi gagal untuk erupsi secara sempurna pada posisinya akibat terhalang oleh gigi lain maupun jaringan lunak atau padat di sekitarnya. Gigi yang sering mengalami impaksi adalah gigi geraham ketiga rahang bawah, gigi kaninus rahang atas, dan gigi premolar kedua. Impaksi premolar sering terjadi karena pencabutan prematur dari gig geraham desidui. Gigi premolar pertama jarang terjadi impaksi dibandingkan premolar kedua. Tujuan laporan kasus adalah untuk memaparkan penatalaksanaan perawatan untuk mengkoreksi impaksi gigi premolar pertama mandibula menggunakan alat cekat teknik Begg tanpa prosedur bedah. Pria 21 tahun mengeluhkan gigi yang berjejal pada rahang atas dan rahang bawah. Gigi kaninus desidui kiri rahang atas dan rahang bawah belum tanggal. Diagnosis pasien adalah Maloklusi Angle Klas II divisi 2 bimaksiler protrusif dengan hubungan skeletal klas II, gigi anterior maksila retrusif, disertai impaksi gigi premolar pertama mandibula kiri. Perawatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat cekat teknik Begg dan pencabutan gigi desidui, Kesimpulan, impaksi gigi premolar pertama mandibula dapat tercapai pada tahap pertama teknik Begg tanpa pendekatan tindakan bedah, tahap selanjutnya yang akan dicapai adalah tahap memperbaiki inklinasi aksial gigi.Treatment Of Class II Division 2 Angle Malocclusion With Mandibular Premolar Tooth Impaction Using Begg Technique. Tooth impaction is a tooth that fails to erupt perfectly to its position because of the other tooth, surrounding soft or hard tissue that blocks its eruption. Premolar often fails to erupt due to a premature extraction of deciduous molar. This case study aims to illustrate the treatment of mandibular first premolar impaction using Begg technique for fixed appliance. The experiment was conducted to a 21 year-old male patient who complained about his crowding of upper and lower teeth, also the persistence of his upper and lower left deciduous canine. The case was diagnosed as class II division 2 angle malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion with class II skeletal relation, and maxillary anterior teeth retrusion. The left mandibular of first premolar teeth was impacted. The treatment using Begg technique has helped to fix the appliance with the extraction of the deciduous teeth. From the evaluation, it can be concluded that the treatment of impacted mandibular first premolar is achieved on the first stage of Begg technique without surgical approach. The next objective of the treatment is to correct the teeth axis.

Variance components for test-day milk yield were estimated for primiparous animals in a seasonal calving system where 80% of calvings occur within a 5-mo period in the spring. The objective was to investigate if the variance components of milk production were affected by seasonality via month in milk and test month (TM). These effects were, therefore, fitted for both the permanent environment effect and additive genetic effect. Estimates of heritability (0.14-0.27) were found to be lowest during early and late lactation for all calving months. The peak in heritability (0.22-0.27) occurred later in lactation for animals that calved toward the end of the spring calving season. Genetic variance of test day milk yield for all calving months was found to be highest at the beginning of the lactation (2.23-3.36 kg(2)), with a plateau toward the middle of the lactation. Genetic variance was found to be highest (2.98-3.36 kg(2)) for animals calving early in the season. Genetic correlations between corresponding stages of lactation were strongest (0.99-1.00) between consecutive calving months. Genetic correlations were slightly weaker when intervals between calving months increased; however, they remained above 0.96 in all cases. Akaike's information criterion values from models both inclusive and exclusive of TM, suggest that the model exclusive of TM is the preferred model. Estimated breeding values of lactation milk yield from bulls with 20 or more daughters, predicted for a full 305-d lactation, were used to compare the model with the standard test-day model (i.e., exclusive of TM), based on DIM. Correlations were higher than 0.995 for milk yield (and higher than 0.930 for persistency) between models inclusive and exclusive of TM, suggesting that given the straightforward approach taken in the current study, an apparent benefit for including seasonality in the evaluation of test-day milk yield was not found; however, there may be benefits of including it in the estimation of persistency.

Procurou-se avaliar a precisão de cinco modelos não-lineares em descrever a forma da curva de produção de leite de vacas Nelore e o efeito do consumo voluntário (CV) da vaca e do bezerro sobre a produção de leite (PL). Foram testados os modelos de Sikka, Nelder, Wood, Jenkins & Ferrell, e Jenkins & Ferrell com um parâmetro de ajustamento. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas primíparas com peso corporal médio de 359 kg (± 8) e seus respectivos bezerros. A produção de leite foi estimada pela pesagem do bezerro antes e após a mamada, do nascimento aos 180 dias de idade. As pesagens foram efetuadas duas vezes ao dia, semanalmente, após 6 horas de jejum de líquido e sólidos. Os modelos não-lineares de Sikka, Jenkins & Ferrell, Nelder e Wood não descreveram a curva de lactação apropriada devido ao excesso ou subestimação d o pico da produção de leite. O melhor ajustamento foi encontrado para o modelo de Jenkins & Ferrell com um parâmetro de ajustamento. O efeito do consumo voluntário da vaca e do bezerro, avaliado separadamente, não se correlacionou com a produção de leite. Entretanto, ao avaliar o consumo da vaca e do bezerro conjuntamente, foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e negativa com a produção de leite, respectivamente. A produção de leite está intimamente correlacionada com o consumo da vaca e do bezerro, e a capacidade de ingerir sólidos não lácteos reulta na redução da necessidade de leite da mãe. This research was carried out to evaluate five non-linear mathematical models to describe lactation curves of Nelore cows and effect of the cow and calf intake on milk yield. In this study we compared the models of Sikka (1950), Nelder (1966), Wood (1967), Jenkins & Ferrell (1984) and Jenkins & Ferrell (1984) with a fit parameter. Data of production were collected from 12 primiparous cows with a mean live weight of 359 kg (± 8) and its offspring. The milk production was estimated weighing the calf before and after suckling, from birth to 180 days of age. Measurements were made twice a day in a weekly period after 6 hour fasting of liquid and solids. The mathematical models of Sikka, Jenkins & Ferrell, Nelder and Wood failed to describe lactation curve appropriated due to over or underestimation of milk yield peak. Better adjustement was found for the model of Jenkins & Ferrell with a fitting parameter. Cow and calf intake evaluated separately was no correlated with milk yield. Conversely at evaluating both cow and calf together, it was found a positive and a negative correlation with milk yield, respectively. Milk yield is is closely correlated wiht cow and calf intake, and the capacity of the calf to ingest non-dairy solids results in reduction of milk needs from dam.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do composto corporal sobre a produção de leite de vacas da raça Holandesa de primeira, segunda e terceira lactação. Para avaliação, foram usadas 133 vacas, selecionadas de um rebanho de 280 animais em lactação, classificadas como pequenas, médias e grandes, com base no composto corporal (estatura x 10 + força x 5 + profundidade x 3 + largura de garupa x 2)/20. Os dados foram coletados, entre janeiro de 2007 e outubro de 2009, de um rebanho comercial com sistema intensivo de produção de leite, localizado em Salto do Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Todas as vacas foram submetidas às mesmas condições de instalações e ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. Os dados foram obtidos com auxílio do software AFIMILK® - SAE AFIKIM. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (tamanho corporal). Não foi verificada interação entre a produção de leite e composto corporal. Foi observada baixa correlação entre composto corporal e produção de leite. Vacas de porte médio e grande apresentaram produção de leite similar e superior (P

International audience; This experiment described the variability among cows with the aim of studying the ability of dairy cows to tolerate once-daily milking (ODM) in terms of milk losses and milk recoveries observed when cows are switched from twice- to once-daily milking and then back to twice-daily milking (TDM). It also aimed to investigate whether or not lactose in blood plasma, which indicates the mammary epithelium permeability, is correlated with milk losses and recoveries and, consequently, a potential candidate assessor of dairy cow tolerance to ODM. The study used 86 crossbred dairy cows (Holstein × Normande) split into 5 groups over 2 yr. The trial consisted of 3 successive periods: a 1-wk control period of TDM, then 3 wk of ODM, followed by 2 wk of TDM. Blood samples were collected 1 to 1.5 h before the morning milking and 5 to 6 h after milking on d −3, 0, 1, 3, 7, 21, 23, and 28, where d 0 is the last d of the control period. Milk losses measured as kilograms per day were higher in cows with highest control-period milk yields (r = −0.66). When expressed in relative terms (%), milk losses were weakly correlated with the control-period milk yield (r = −0.22). When switched back to TDM, cows recovered only 47% of the milk lost. Milk recovery (kg/d) was weakly correlated with control milk yield (r = 0.34) and not correlated with ODM milk yield. Milk recovery was correlated with milk yield losses: the higher the milk yield losses (kg/d or %), the higher the milk recovery (kg/d; r = −0.59 and −0.52, respectively). Rate of milk recovery expressed as the quantity of milk recovered per kilogram of milk lost, was not correlated with milk loss expressed as a percentage. This means that to be considered well-adapted to ODM scheduling, a cow must be well adapted to milk loss, and be well adapted to milk recovery. Blood plasma lactose concentration (log10-transformed data) was not correlated with milk production levels in either control, ODM, or back-to-TDM periods. It was poorly correlated with milk loss but was positively correlated with milk recovery (kg/d) and rate of milk recovery. We conclude that blood plasma lactose needs to be coupled with other indicators for evaluating dairy cow tolerance to ODM.

A broken-line regression model with three straight lines and two breakpoints was used to estimate the sustained peak yield of the lactation curve. A sample of 1548 lactation records of 425 Holstein-Friesian cows was provided by the Research and Application Farm of the Agriculture Faculty of Çukurova University in Adana, Turkey. A total of 13463 test-day milk yields (kg/day), recorded once a month with electronic identification and automatic milking recording systems, between November 1994 and January 2006, were used. The data was classified as first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh parity, and included 4105, 3238, 2495, 1800, 1113, 641 and 71 test-day records, respectively. Times (days) at the beginning and end of sustained peak yield per parity were 73.9 - 160.2, 70.6 - 131.9, 70.8 - 130.7, 71.0 - 130.3, 71.3 - 130.4, 71.2 - 128.2 and 71.1 - 129.8, respectively. The peak yields of lactation curves were 19.1 kg/d, 21.8 kg/d, 23.8 kg/d, 24.2 kg/d, 24.2 kg/d 24.4 kg/d and 21.3 kg/d, and days in milk (DIM) at peak yields of lactation curves per parity were 126, 103, 102, 104, 106, 103 and 104, respectively. Persistency values (days) and total lactation milk yields (kg/lactation) per parity were 86.4, 61.3, 59.9, 59.3, 59.1, 57.0, 58.7 and 4852.2, 5105.7, 5503.5, 5503.7, 5449.3, 5416.3, 4802.4, respectively. Results showed that the first parity had a lactation curve with the lowest milk yield at peak that reached the peak point at the latest time (DIM) after parturition, but the largest interval between the beginning and end of the sustained peak yield among all parities. This means that the cows in the first lactation were more persistent than those in the later lactations.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35981999000500012.pdf: 33483 bytes, checksum: 2058583ce62005f565fd825ee2931574 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35981999000500012.pdf: 33483 bytes, checksum: 2058583ce62005f565fd825ee2931574 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35981999000500012.pdf: 33483 bytes, checksum: 2058583ce62005f565fd825ee2931574 (MD5) S1516-35981999000500012.pdf.txt: 25080 bytes, checksum: c675e22f7246b56f5bac8caa290523bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35981999000500012.pdf: 33483 bytes, checksum: 2058583ce62005f565fd825ee2931574 (MD5) S1516-35981999000500012.pdf.txt: 25080 bytes, checksum: c675e22f7246b56f5bac8caa290523bb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35981999000500012.pdf: 33483 bytes, checksum: 2058583ce62005f565fd825ee2931574 (MD5) S1516-35981999000500012.pdf.txt: 25080 bytes, checksum: c675e22f7246b56f5bac8caa290523bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) No presente estudo foi estimada a curva de lactação média de 7239 lactações de vacas da raça Caracu, com base em 299.949 controles semanais. As funções ajustadas aos dados médios da curva de lactação foram Linear Hiperbólica e Quadrática Logarítmica, como lineares, e Gama Incompleta e Polinomial Inversa, como não-lineares. Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de processos iterativos, método de Gauss-Newton. O Coeficiente de Determinação ajustado (R²A), o Teste de Durbin-Watson (DW) e os desvios (%) entre as produções totais (PTL) observadas e estimadas foram usados como medida da qualidade do ajuste. Os resíduos estimados, apesar de pequenos, apresentaram correlação serial positiva, pois o teste DW foi significativo para as quatro funções estudadas, indicando violação da pressuposição de independência entre estes resíduos. Os R²A foram superiores a 97% e os desvios entre as PTL observadas e estimadas, mínimos, indicando que, de acordo com estes critérios, qualquer função poderia ser usada para ajustar a curva de lactação média desse rebanho. Quanto aos componentes da curva, a melhor aproximação foi obtida pela função Polinomial Inversa, para produção inicial, tempo e produção no pico. As funções Gama Incompleta e Quadrática Logarítmica apresentaram ajustes semelhantes, porém a primeira apresentou melhor definição dos parâmetros e componentes da curva de lactação. The present study was carried out to estimate the average lactation curve of 7239 lactations of Caracu cows based on 299,949 weekly records. The functions fitted to the mean data of the lactation curve were: Linear Hyperbolic and Logarithmic Quadratic as linear and Incomplete Gamma and Inverse Polynomial function as non-linear. The parameters were estimated by iterative methods, Gauss-Newton method. The adjusted Coefficient of Determination (R²A), the Durbin-Watson test (DW) and the deviations (%) from actual and predicted total milk yield were used as measurement of goodness of fit. The estimated residues, even though small, presented a positive serially correlation because the DW test was significant for the four studied functions, indicating violation of the assumption of the independence among the residues. The R²A were higher than 97%, and the deviations between actual and predicted milk yields were small, indicating that, in accordance with this criterion, any function could be used to fit the average lactation curve of the herd. Regarding to the components of the lactation curve the best approach was obtained by the Inverse Polynomial function for initial production, time and production on peak. The Incomplete Gamma and Logarithmic Quadratic functions presented similar adjustment, however, the first one presented better definition of parameters and components of the lactation curve. Instituto de Zootecnia UNESP FCAV CNPq FAPESP Gensys Consultores Associados UNESP FCAV

Leon Dupclay,1 Michael Eaddy,2 James Jackson,2 Aditya Raju,2 Andrew Shim11Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, 2Xcenda, Palm Harbor, FL, USABackground: Patient medication adherence is multidimensional and poses significant concerns to health care professionals. One aspect of adherence is a patient forgetting to take their prescribed medication, which may be improved with reminder packaging (RP). The objective of this analysis was to assess the impact of RP on patient adherence to antihypertensive therapy.Methods: This retrospective, propensity score-matched study evaluated patients switching to a single-pill combination of valsartan-hydrochlorothiazide in RP compared with patients remaining on the combination without reminder packaging (non-RP). Patients receiving combination therapy between April 1, 2009 and July 31, 2010 were eligible for inclusion. Patients were propensity score-matched on baseline adherence and background demographic variables, including comorbidities. Medication possession ratio, proportion of days covered, time to refill, and time to discontinuation were evaluated as primary measures of subsequent adherence and persistence.Results: In a total of 9266 matched patients (4633 participants in both cohorts), adherence was significantly higher in the RP cohort compared with patients in the non-RP cohort (medication possession ratio, RP 80% versus non-RP 73%; proportion of days covered, RP 76% versus non-RP 63%; both P < 0.001). Refill timing was 10 days for RP patients versus 16 days for non-RP patients (P < 0.001). Similar trends were observed with respect to time to discontinuation (RP 196 days, non-RP 174 days; P < 0.001). A higher proportion of RP patients remained on therapy compared with non-RP patients, with patients in the RP group being 17% less likely to discontinue therapy compared with patients in the non-RP group (hazards ratio 0.833; 95% confidence interval 0.793–0.875).Conclusion: This real-world assessment of differences in adherence and persistence rates demonstrated that patients receiving RP were more adherent and persistent with their treatment regimens.Keywords: hypertension, reminder packaging, adherence, persistencyCorrigendum for this paper has been published