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Dengue surveillance is an important activity to prevent dengue outbreaks. This activity becomes a significant challenge for the region with limited logistic capabilities. Developing a simple mathematical model to predict the possibility of dengue incidence provides a reliable early warning system. This study compared the correlation between vector (adult female Aedes aegypti) and arbovirus detection on a vector to dengue incidence, which generalized linear mixed models tested. The incidence of adult female Aedes aegypti and dengue fever cases were interpolated through third-power inverse distance weighting (IDW). A spatial correlation between female Aedes aegypti incidence and dengue incidence was obtained from polynomial regression. Collection sites were 16 villages in Bandung city, one of the significant dengue endemic areas in January–December 2017. A total of 8,402 mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex sp., with 17% belonging to Aedes aegypti as the subject of the dengue virus (DENV) infection test. Data analysis only showed a weak correlation between the numbers of adult female Aedes aegypti and dengue incidence. On the other hand, there is no correlation between positive dengue infection of vector and dengue incidence. This study highlights the importance of constant arbovirus surveillance and integrated surveillance methods on all possible dengue vectors to develop an early warning system for dengue incidence.

Background: Giardiasis is a protozoa infection caused by Giardia intestinalis, which commonly infects children, impairing children’s growth, development, and cognitive function. Standard diagnosis is carried out by microscopic examination of stool. This study aimed to evaluate coproantigen examination in stunted children compared to microscopic examination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on stools collected from a survey among stunted children in Bandung in 2019. Stools were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and kept at -20oC until used. Direct microscopy examination with 2% lugol solution and coproantigen ELISA test using Giardia Cryptosporidium (combo test) coproantigen test kit were performed in Parasitology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Result: A total of 99 stools originated from stunted children aged 2-6 years. with boys predominant (52.5%). Microscopic examination showed that 12.1% (12/99) of the children were harboring intestinal parasites, such as the protozoa Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis spp, and Entamoeba coli (E. coli). Giardia was the primary infection (9.1%), of which single Giardia infection (n = 8) and mixed infection of Giardia and Blastocystis spp (n = 1). Interestingly, coproantigen examination resulted in 6 positive samples, and 4 samples agreed with the microscopy result. With a sensitivity of 44.4% and a specificity of 97.7%. The positive and negative predictive values were 66.7% and 94.7%, respectively. Conclusion: A moderate prevalence of Giardia in stunted children in Bandung regency has been observed. The combo coproantigen test method has high specificity and is suitable for use as a confirmation test to exclude Giardia infection.

Background: Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been detected in urban wastewater, indicating that the virus can reach the sewer and, eventually, other water environments. This study aimed to develop a semi-quantitative assay for HPV DNA detection from environmental specimens using the PCR gel electrophoresis method. Method: This was an experimental descriptive qualitative study conducted from July to November 2019 in a standard molecular laboratory and non-laboratory administration room without air conditioner. Three brands of PCR reagents and different annealing temperatures were compared to identify the best condition for conventional PCR of plasmid DNA containing the HPV L1 gene. The semi-quantitative data were obtained from densitometry digital analysis using an imaging software. The optimized protocol was then applied on DNA serial dilutions to seek for the lower limit of detection (LLOD) value and the linear range of the assay. To evaluate the robustness of the assay, the protocol was further applied to spiked specimens of wastewater. Finally, several wastewater samples were tested for the presence of HPV DNA using this protocol. Results: A broad linear range and HPV L1 gene detection ability were observed with an LLOD of less than 2pg plasmid DNA in field condition. Although the assay successfully detected HPV DNA from several spiked wastewater samples, certain wastewater could interfere with the assay and gave false negative result. Conclusion: A semi-quantitative conventional PCR method to detect HPVDNA from environmental samples has been established and proven to be robust in field condition with non-optimum cold chain.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types suffered by women in the world. In 2018, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated number of cancer cases in Indonesia was 42.1 per 100000 females, while the death rate was 17 per 100000 females. These conditions are worrisome and call for serious handling. For this purpose, the effectiveness of patient treatment and life quality must be improved. Therefore, this study aims to improve the knowledge and skills of breast cancer early detection. The method used is health training through audio-visual devices and demonstration. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out using paired t-test. The sampling data was acquired by purposive sampling method using a questionnaire. The result showed that first, majority of health cadres (97%) had less knowledge about BSE, before the training was carrying out. Second, lack of knowledge about BSE apparently did not prevent health cadres from doing BSE (28%). Third, BSE training improves the skills of health cadres with an average increase of 31%. Fourth, the training has also increased the knowledge of all cadres about BSE with an average increase of 29%. In addition, all cadres stated that they would disseminate their BSE knowledge and skills to their families and others. Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu jenis kanker yang paling banyak di derita oleh wanita di dunia. International Agency for Reseach on Cancer (IARC) pada tahun 2018 memperkirakan insiden kanker payudara di Indonesia sebesar 42.1 per 100 ribu wanita, sedangkan angka kematiannya sebesar 17 per 100 ribu penduduk. Situasi seperti ini sangat mengkhawatirkan dan perlu penanganan serius dari berbagai pihak. Dengan demikian penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan kader kesehatan dalam melakukan pemeriksaan payudara sendiri (SADARI). Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pelatihan melalui perangkat audio visual dan alat peraga. Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan uji t-test berpasangan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling dengan cara penetapan besar sampel berdasarkan jumlah kebutuhan minimal dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertama, mayoritas kader kesehatan memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang SADARI (97%). Kedua, pengetahuan yang kurang tentang SADARI rupanya tidak menghalangi kader kesehatan untuk melakukan SADARI (28%). Ketiga, pelatihan SADARI meningkatkan keterampilan kader kesehatan dengan rata-rata peningkatan 31%. Keempat, pelatihan SADARI juga meningkatkan pengetahuan kader dengan rata-rata peningkatan 29%. Disamping itu, semua kader menyatakan bahwa mereka akan menyebarkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan SADARI yang mereka miliki kepada keluarga dan orang lain

Despite many efforts to prevent dengue, vector control still promising specially through integrated vector management. This effort requires community participation. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that are associated with the willingness of communities in high prevalence areas to participate in mosquito breeding eradication program. This study explored factors associated with the willingness of community members in Bandung to participate in the mosquito breeding eradication program initiated by Indonesian's government, called One House One Larvae Monitor. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried randomly at sub-district level in Bandung from January-November 2018. Interviews using a set of validated questionnaires were conducted to collect data on demography, socioeconomic status, knowledge, attitude and practice regarding implementation of the program. Among 210 participants, the proportion of low-to-middle knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) index is more prevalent. Yet, for attaining high-score on KAP, there are three main predictors observed; by being female, at least had attend undergraduate level of education, and being an entrepreneur. A good score in the attitude section does not necessarily translate to good score in the practice section. The results reflect the need for better tools for changing the behavior of society, and it should not be limited to enhancement of society’s knowledge.

Masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia yang umum terjadi dalam beberapa tahun terakhir adalah penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes spp. Salah satu daerah endemis DBD adalah Kecamatan Jatinangor, kasus DBD tertinggi terjadi di Desa Cibeusi dan kasus terendah di Desa Cikeruh pada tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan potong lintang (cross sectional) dilaksanakan dari bulan September hingga November 2016. Teknik pengambilan sampel diambil secara sengaja (purposive sampling) dari dalam rumah di Desa Cibeusi dan Cikeruh. Setiap desa dipasang 10 perangkap nyamuk untuk 10 rumah meliputi luas wilayah 100×100 m2. Evaluasi hasil tangkapan dilakukan setiap 3 hari untuk setiap minggu selama 3 bulan. Data yang dicari adalah perbedaan jumlah nyamuk rata-rata dan upaya pengendalian Aedes aegypti di kedua desa. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji t tidak berpasangan. Pada equal variance assumed, Sig. (2-tailed) sebesar 0,711 (p

Abstract Sumedang regency reported being one of dengue endemic areas in West Java. The number of dengue fever patients in Sumedang District General Hospital increased in the last quarter of 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) is one of most significant areas in Jatinangor Sumedang where many people are doing their activity day and night. The purpose of the study was to identify what types of mosquito genera exist in Unpad campus according to the time and location. A field survey was conducted at 22 locations in Unpad campus using modified electric light trap placed indoor and outdoor at each site from September to November 2016. The modified electrical trap was turned on for 24 hours, and samples collected every 12 hours. Mosquitoes trapped were put into the plastic cup, labeled according to time collected, and brought to Parasitology Laboratory of Unpad for identification. The study result identified four types of mosquito genera which were Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), and Anopheles spp. (10). Prevention toward potential breeding sites and protection using window net should be considered to reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases. In conclusion, Aedes spp. is the most active mosquito during the day while Culex spp. and Armigeres spp. are the most active mosquito during the night. Abstrak Kabupaten Sumedang dilaporkan sebagai salah satu daerah endemik demam berdarah di Jawa Barat. Jumlah pasien demam berdarah yang datang ke Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sumedang meningkat dalam tiga bulan terakhir pada tahun 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) merupakan salah satu wilayah yang terluas di Jatinangor Sumedang sebagai tempat banyak orang melakukan aktivitas pada siang dan malam hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis genera nyamuk yang ada di kampus Unpad Jatinangor berdasar atas waktu dan lokasi. Survei lapangan dilakukan pada 22 lokasi di kampus Unpad Jatinangor pada bulan September–November 2016 menggunakan perangkap nyamuk cahaya yang dimodifikasi. Perangkap nyamuk ditempatkan di dalam dan luar ruangan untuk setiap lokasi. Perangkap nyamuk dipasang selama 24 jam, kemudian nyamuk dikumpulkan setiap 12 jam. Nyamuk yang terperangkap dikumpulkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam cangkir plastik, diberi label sesuai dengan waktu pengambilan, kemudian dibawa ke Laboratorium Parasitologi Unpad untuk diidentifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 genera nyamuk ditemukan di kampus Unpad Jatinangor, yaitu Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), dan Anopheles spp. (10). Pencegahan pada tempat yang berpotensi menjadi sarang nyamuk dan perlindungan menggunakan kawat nyamuk pada jendela harus dipertimbangkan untuk menurunkan risiko penyakit tular vektor. Simpulan penelitian ini, Aedes spp. merupakan nyamuk yang paling aktif pada siang hari serta Culex spp. dan Armigeres spp. yang paling aktif pada malam hari.

The vector-borne disease is a disease caused by an organism that can transmit disease between human or animal to human. In Indonesia, several vector-borne diseases are a burden of the government including dengue fever, chikungunya, filariasis, and malaria. The attractive baited lethal ovitrap (ALOT) is a novel strategy to alleviate mosquito populations in three main actions: attraction, an adulticide, and larvacide. Research using plant infusion can attract mosquitoes to lay their eggs is needed. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the mosquito repellent solution using materials from organic waste in Bandung. This study was a quantitative analytic study with a quasi-experimental design conducted in the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran area in October 2016–July 2017. Research subjects are mosquito eggs in a solution which placed at 25 different places for every solution. The analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn test. The result of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicates the difference of effectiveness of each solution (p

Background: The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthes infection in Indonesia is still high, especially in children aged 3 to 8 years old. Helminthes infection cause loss of nutrition, delay physical development, intelligence, and labor productivity and decrease immunity. Mothers’ characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice are some of the factors that influence the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. This study was aimed to find the association between mothers’ characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice and the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. Methods: The study was conducted at Jatinangor Cohort’s research center from August to September 2014 using cross sectional analysis. One hundred and forty five secondary data were collected using validated questionnaire that filled by mothers and results of feces on children were tested. The amount of data excluded due to incomplete was 8, the data utilized was then analyzed by Chi Square evaluation. Results: Mothers’ characteristics such as age (P = 0.611), education (P = 0.952), occupation (P = 0.876), income (P = 0.199), and knowledge (P = 0.424; OR = 1.333), attitude (P = 0.236; OR = 0.808), practice (P = 0.333; OR = 4.625) did not have a significant association with the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. Conclusions: Characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice of the mothers towards the intestinal helminthes infection do not associate with the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children.

Background: Ascariasis is one of the most frequent helminthias is that occurred in school-age children. Commonly, severe intensity of infection will seriously affect the nutritional and anemic status of the students. The aim of this study was to determine the association of ascariasis with nutritional and anemic status in early school-age students. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary data from Jatinangor Cohort. The secondary data of 74 students who met the criteria were included in this study. Data collection was conducted in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics from August to September 2014. The data obtained was analyzed based on the characteristics of the students regarding gender, age, class, parents’ education, ascariasis, nutritional and anemic status. Then, the data were further analyzed to determine the association of ascariasis with nutritional and anemic status of the students using the chi square test or Fisher test if the requirement was not fulfilled. Results: Sixteen (22%) students were having Ascaris lumbricoides infection, six (8.1%) students were thin and seventeen (23%) students were anemic. There was no statistically significant association found of Ascaris lumbricoides infection with nutritional and anemic status in early school-age students (P value

Background: Diarrhea is one of the main public health problems occurring in West Java. One of the affected areas is Subdistrict Jatinangor. Inappropriate management of sanitation facilities around Jatinangor area causes contamination of water. Cikeruh River is one of the water sources in Jatinangor Area, from which people obtain water for daily activities. Water borne illness due to poor sanitation condition can lead to parasitic infection such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum which can cause a prolonged diarrhea. There has not been any study done regarding the presence of parasitical infection causing diarrhea around Jatinangor. Methods: In order to identify the parasitic infection, a descriptive study was carried out on 16 fecal samples collected from diarrheal patient who visited Puskesmas Jatinangor from September–November 2012. The parasites were checked by using wet mount method Results: The parasites found were Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, but none of Giardia lamblia. There were also other findings such as Iodamoeba butschlii and Entamoeba coli. Conclusion: Positive findings of Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhea patients is most probably due to contaminated water and food. Measures need to be done to improve sanitary condition in Cikeruh River to prevent diarrhea.