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BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of meralgia paresthetica (MP) is usually based on clinical symptoms and physical examination. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) sonographic features in MP patients. METHODS: A total of 86 clinically suspected MP patients and 40 asymptomatic volunteers were prospectively recruited in the study. The sonographic features of the LFCN were observed by 18 MHz high-frequency ultrasound. At the level of the anterior superior iliac spine, the cross-sectional area of the LFCN was measured. RESULTS: Of the 86 clinically suspected MP patients, 82 (95.3%) had sonographic findings positive for MP. There were 54, 63, and 44 cases of abrupt caliber change, indistinct perineurium, and abnormal intraneural vascularity. The average value of the cross-sectional area of the LFCN at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine was 4.47±2.64 mm(2), and the cut-off value was 2.65 mm(2). CONCLUSIONS: The sonographic diagnosis of MP may be achieved based on the following signs: nerve abrupt caliber change, indistinct perineurium of the nerve, intraneural vascularity, or increased cross-sectional area.

We review the ultrasound (US) findings in patients who present with meralgia paresthetica (MP). The anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve at the level where the nerve exits the pelvis and potential entrapment sites that can lead to MP are discussed. A wide range of pathological cases are presented to help in recognizing the US patterns of MP. Finally, our experience with US-guided treatment is discussed.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of pararectus and ilioinguinal approach in the treatment of acetabular fractures. Methods A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 60 patients with acetabular fractures treated by the pararectus approach or the ilioinguinal approach from January 2016 to January 2019 was performed to record all data by comparing the length of the surgical incision, the time to expose the fracture and the amount of blood loss during the operation. Patients were routinely followed up at 1, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The function of the hip joint after the operation (Improved Merle d' Aubigne and Postel scores) and the complications postoperation were recorded. Results There was a significant difference (mean ± SD) in the length of surgical incision [(11.2 ± 1.5) cm vs.(23.8 ± 2.1) cm], and in surgical exposure time [(10.8 ± 1.7) min vs.(19.9 ± 1.9) min] (P 0.05). In the pararectus approach group, there was one patient (3.3%) with postoperative wound fat liquefaction, and the wound completely improved by secretion culture, enhanced dressing and effective antibiotics, one patient (3.3%) developed lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury; One case (3.3%) of postoperative myositis ossificans occurred in the ilioinguinal approach group, and there were no obvious symptoms. Conclusions These data suggest that for patients with acetabular fractures, both the pararectus approach and the ilioinguinal approach can achieve satisfactory surgical results, but the former has relatively simple operation and small incision length, which is in line with the modern concept of the minimally invasive pelvis., Landmarks and the skin incision of the pararectus approach.The incision starts at the middle and outer 1/3 of the line connecting the umbilical cord with the ASIS, and stops at the middle and inner 1/3 of the line connecting the ASIS with pubic symphysis.

BACKGROUND The lateral thigh perforator flap, based on the tissue of the upper lateral thigh, is an excellent option for autologous breast reconstruction. The aim of this study was to introduce the technique to perform a nerve coaptation in lateral thigh perforator flap breast reconstruction and to analyze the results by comparing the sensory recovery of the reconstructed breast and donor site between innervated and noninnervated lateral thigh perforator flaps. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted of patients who underwent an innervated or noninnervated lateral thigh perforator flap breast reconstruction between December of 2014 and August of 2018. Direct nerve coaptation was performed between a branch of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and the anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve. Sensory testing was performed with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments to assess the sensation of the native skin, flap skin, and donor site during follow-up. RESULTS In total, 24 patients with 37 innervated lateral thigh perforator flaps and 18 patients with 26 noninnervated lateral thigh perforator flaps were analyzed (median follow-up, 17 and 15 months, respectively). Significantly lower mean monofilament values were found for the native skin (adjusted difference, -0.83; p = 0.011) and flap skin (adjusted difference, -1.11; p < 0.001) of the reconstructed breast in innervated compared to noninnervated flaps. For the donor site, no statistically significant differences were found between both groups. CONCLUSIONS Nerve coaptation in lateral thigh perforator flap breast reconstruction resulted in a significantly better sensory recovery of the reconstructed breast compared to noninnervated flaps. The data also suggest that harvesting a sensory nerve branch does not compromise the sensory recovery of the upper lateral thigh.

Background: Although the direct anterior approach (DAA) has become a standard for primary and revision total hip arthroplasty, it involves a high risk of injuring the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). The aim of this study is to examine the course of the LFCN in relation to various skin incisions and approach extensions used for the DAA. Methods: We obtained 44 limbs and hemipelves from 22 formalin-preserved cadavers, in which LFCN was identified. All nerve branches of the LFCN were carefully traced. The branching pattern and the distribution in the thigh were described in relation to the standard approach for primary total hip arthroplasty, the skin crease bikini incision, the longitudinal extension, and the lazy S extension of the DAA. Results: We found 31 (70.5%) Sartorius-type, 6 (13.6%) posterior-type, and 7 (15.9%) fan-type branching patterns of the LFCN. We observed 2.02 branches per hemipelvis. All fan-type LFCNs had 3 or more than 3 branches. We found that the main branch of the LFCN was medial to the primary DAA approach as well as to the lazy S extended DAA approach. The bikini incision and the incision for the longitudinal extension of the DAA crosses the main branch of the LFCN in 100% of cases. Conclusion: The fan-type pattern of the LFCN might be harmed by all skin incisions. Chances are high that LFCN branches could be jeopardized with a bikini-type incision and the longitudinal extension of the DAA. The risk of jeopardizing the LFCN with a lazy S-type distal extension is reduced. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction: Entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) of thigh results in meralgia paresthetica (MP). Standard electrophysiological tests for MP are technically demanding and unreliable. We aimed to study the role of pain-related evoked potentials (PREP) in the diagnosis of MP. Methods: Patients with MP and normal volunteers were included. PREP was recorded by stimulating the skin over the lateral thigh 20 cm below the anterior-superior iliac spine and recording from the cortex at Cz. Results: A total of 28 subjects and 56 LFCNs were studied. 36 nerves had MP and 20 were normal. The mean PREP latency was 118 (8) ms among normal controls and 164 (10.8) ms in MP. The optimal cut-off point for the diagnosis of MP was 134 ms. Area under receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.97; sensitivity was 91.7% and specificity was 100%. Conclusion: PREP is reliable and easy to use electrophysiological test in establishing the diagnosis of MP.

Proximal rectus femoris avulsion (PRFA) is an uncommon injury that is poorly reported in the literature. Historically, these injuries have been treated nonoperatively or with open techniques. This is the first study showing endoscopic treatment of this injury. We present a systematic review of PRFA treatment and a case report of a patient whose injury was treated endoscopically. Sixty-four injuries were reported across several sports. Patients underwent nonoperative management, suture repair, suture anchor repair, or excision of the tendon stump. Surgical complications included lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury and wound complications. The patient who underwent arthroscopic treatment had a good outcome. [ Orthopedics . 2022;45(1):e1–e6.]

In the formation of nerves, variations are very common. They might be either pre- or post-fixed. The presence of neural roots with varying thicknesses or the absence of neural roots is also common. The main objective of the study was to observe the prefixed and postfixed pelvic nerves and their clinical sigbificance. Except for the obturator nerve, the pelvic nerves run along the posterior pelvic wall. The obturator nerve is located on the lateral side of the pelvic wall. Extraperitoneally, against the posterolateral walls of the pelvis, are located the pelvic nerves. The Lateral Femoral Cutaneous nerve, Femoral nerve, Genitofemoral nerve, Obturator nerve, and the Lumbosacral trunk are all somatic nerves in the pelvis. Variations in the level of these nerves' roots are relatively common, and these variations are significant for surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, and neurosurgeons during various surgeries. The formation and level of division of parietal pelvic nerves showed a variety of variances, which are detailed in the study.

Angiomyomas are benign tumors derived from smooth muscle cells of vessels. They are principally a pathology of the peripheral nervous system where they involve cutaneous nerves, causing pain and paresthesia. We present a case of a lateral femoral cutaneous nerve angiomyoma and its surgical treatment. A 24-year-old female presented to clinic with right thigh pain in the distribution of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, which had been ongoing and progressive for seven months. There was associated numbness and tingling. A lesion was noted in the anterior subcutaneous tissues of the thigh on contrasted CT and MRI. The patient was taken to the operating room where a pearly white lesion was found within the subcutaneous tissue. No effect was seen with stimulation of the lesion. The lesion was removed en bloc, and pathological analysis revealed an angiomyoma. Post-operatively, the patient reported complete resolution of all symptoms, namely, pain and paresthesia. No similar reports were identified within the literature. Together, angiomyomas have been described within the lower extremities to cause pain and paresthesia. This is the first reported case of an angiomyoma involvement within the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Complete surgical resection, in this case, was curative and diagnostic.

Case A 51-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of pain in the right thigh. Radiography and computed tomography of the pelvis showed cortical hyperostosis of the right ilium. She was diagnosed with meralgia paresthetica (MP) caused by melorheostosis involving the right ilium. After 6 weeks of conservative management, an operation was performed for the persisting pain. At the 1-year follow-up, no findings of recurrence were observed clinically and radiographically. Conclusion MP, caused by proximal irritation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, can occur because of melorheostosis, which is a rare condition.

Aims Injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is one of the known complications after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) performed using the anterior approach, reported to occur in between 1.5% and 65% of cases. In this study, we performed a prospective study on the incidence of LFCN injury as well as its clinical outcomes based on the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), and Japanese Orthopaedic Association Hip Disease Evaluation Questionnaire (JHEQ). Methods The study included 42 consecutive hips in 42 patients (three male and 39 female) who underwent PAO from May 2016 to July 2018. We prospectively evaluated the incidence of LFCN injury at ten days, three months, six months, and one year postoperatively. We also evaluated the clinical scores, including the HHS, SF-36, and JHEQ scores, at one year postoperatively. Results LFCN injury was observed in 31 of 42 (74%) patients at ten days, of which 11 resolved completely by one year. Incidence decreased gradually, to 25 of 42 (60%) patients at three months, 24 of 42 patients (57%) at six months, and 20 of 42 (48%) patients at one year postoperatively. There was no significant difference in the HHS between patients with and without LFCN injury at one year postoperatively. Regarding the SF-36 and JHEQ, a significant difference in the mental score was recognized between patients with and without LFCN injury, but there were no significant differences in the other clinical scores. Conclusion The incidence of LFCN injury was 74% at ten days after PAO, and subsequently decreased to 48% at one year. LFCN injury did not influence the hip function as assessed by the HHS, but had a negative impact on mental health at one year. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(4):659–664.

Mechanical compression at any point along the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) may result in meralgia paresthetica (MP). A 54-year-old male patient presented with pain and tingling on the anterolateral side of thigh. After excluding other causes of pain radiating to legs, he was diagnosed with MP. Inguinal lymphadenopathy which caused the compression of LFCN was found on ultrasonographic examination. Tinea pedis infection was also identified during the detailed investigation for lymphadenopathy. Associated MP symptoms partially resolved immediately after ultrasound-guided LFCN block and a complete recovery was achieved after the treatment of tinea pedis.

The lumbar area is limited by the bone structures (superiorly by the 12th rib and inferiorly by the iliac crest); furthermore, several important nerves including the genitofemoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves are all exposed in this area after retroperitoneal dissection during lumbar hernia repair [1, 2], which render the risk and challenge for lumbar hernia repair and mesh fixation. In addition, the superior and inferior lumbar hernias, although had the same name of lumbar hernia, are quite different according to the anatomical location and there is no standard and preferred method for lumbar hernia repair. However, strangulated primary lumbar hernia, although rare, may occur in about 9% of cases, especially in elderly patients [3, 4].

Periacetabular osteotomies (PAOs) are used to treat acetabular dysplasia in younger patients, but are not without morbidity. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) injuries are commonly associated with the approach for PAOs, but the true incidence and rate of resolution is not known. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the incidence of LFCN injuries after PAO using an innovative nerve conduction study (NCS) and to report the patient-reported outcomes. We prospectively enrolled 23 patients (24 hips) undergoing PAOs to have pre- and post-operative NCSs at a mean of 12 weeks post-operative. Patients were followed prospectively. Patients were contacted 3 years post-operatively via phone to determine the presence and severity of symptoms. Patient-reported outcome scores were also correlated with patient symptoms. Patients (91%) reported one or more LFCN symptoms post-operatively. The most common symptoms were numbness (91%), tingling (36%), pain (18%) and burning (9%). Patients (67%) had evidence of LFCN injury based on NCSs. Symptoms (40%) resolved 4 months post-operatively. Two-thirds of patients had continued symptoms at 3 years. Only 1 patient required treatment. The incidence of LFCN injury after PAO is 90%, two-thirds of which can be identified objectively by NCS. Numbness is the most common symptom. LFCN symptoms (40%) resolve by 4 months, but two-thirds of patients may continue to have thigh numbness up to 3 years after surgery. Fortunately, symptoms are not clearly associated with outcome score and treatment for this complication is rare.

Background The postoperative complaints of hypoesthesia or a burning sensation due to lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) injury in patients are not yet solved. The present study aimed to identify the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of LFCN using preoperative ultrasound and evaluate the rate of injury in direct anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty. Methods A total of 59 patients (28 males and 31 females, age 69.0 ± 4.6 years, BMI 24.7 ± 3.0 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to the ultrasound group and 58 patients (28 males and 30 females, age 68.5 ± 4.5 years, BMI 24.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were in the control group. Surgeons received the data of 3D distribution of LFCN only in the ultrasound group before surgery with respect to the direction, the depth on the skin, and the length to tensor fasciae latae (TFL). The anatomical characteristics of LFCN in the surgical region were summarized. At 1 and 3 months of post surgery, the rate of LFCN injury and abnormal sensitive area was evaluated in both groups. Results There was a significant consistency in gender, age and BMI of these two groups (P > 0.05). Based on the data from the ultrasound group, over 90% of patients had one or two branches of LFCN. LFCN always courses in the fascia layer, the depth ranged from 6.8 ± 2.6 (3.0–12.0) mm to 11.1 ± 3.4 (4.0–17.0) mm and depended on the thickness of the subcutaneous fat, and length was 3.3 ± 4.6 (− 5.0–10.0) mm at proximal part and − 2.7 ± 4.7 (− 10.0–8.0) at distal end to the medial edge of TFL. Both the rate of LFCN injury and abnormal sensory area in the ultrasound group was significantly lower than those in the control group (3.4% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.001, at 1 month; 3.4% vs. 22.4%, P = 0.005, at 3 months). Conclusions LFCN mostly courses along the medial border of TFL in the fascia layer. The 3D distribution of LFCN using preoperative ultrasound mapping could help the surgeons to evaluate the risk of injury preoperatively and decrease the rate of injury during the operation. However, some branch injuries, especially for the fan type LFCN, could not be avoided.

erok, berrin/0000-0001-8036-547X WOS:000593034700001 Meralgia paresthetica (MP), also known as Bernhardt-Roth syndrome, is a peripheral neuropathy of the primary sensory lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). Its diagnosis is challenging, because it can mimic other clinical conditions particularly associated with upper lumbar spine or pelvis. Patients present with pain and paresthesia over the anterolateral thigh. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical examination and is supported by sensory nerve conduction (SNC) studies. The initial treatment is always conservative. In limited number of patients who are refractory to conservative managements, surgical treatment via decompression/neurolysis or neurectomy is concerned. There is still no consensus on which surgical technique is the best and the first choice. We retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes of 12 nonobese patients who underwent decompression/neurolysis between the years 2013 and 2018. Bilateral SNC studies were performed in all cases which supported the diagnosis. We applied conservative treatments for 3 months in addition to the treatments previously applied in other centers. Surgery was recommended for the patients who were refractory to these treatments. Preoperative and postoperative pain levels during follow-up visits were evaluated with visual analogue scale (VAS). A retrospective analysis was performed on preoperative and postoperative 6th month VAS scores. The mean preoperative VAS value was 8.75 +/- 0.62 and the postoperative VAS value at the sixth month was 1.17 +/- 0.72. A significant reduction in the pain was shown (p < 0.05). Our surgical results showed that decompression/neurolysis of the LFCN should be concerned as the primary surgical approach to avoid negative outcomes of resection surgeries.

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is a nerve with a sensitive function only. It innervates the lateral area of the buttock and of the thigh after going through the iliac fossa.

OBJECTIVEThe results of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) decompression to treat idiopathic meralgia paresthetica (iMP) vary widely. Techniques to decompress the LFCN differ, which may affect outcome, but in MP it is unknown to what extent. The authors present a new technique using dynamic decompression and discuss the outcomes.METHODSA retrospective cohort study was performed in a consecutive series of 19 cases. The goal of decompression was pain relief and recovery of sensation. The plane ventral to the LFCN was decompressed by cutting the fascia lata and the inferior aspect of the inguinal ligament. The plane dorsal to the LFCN was decompressed by cutting the fascia of the sartorius muscle. Subsequently, the thigh was brought in full range of flexion and extension/abduction. The authors identified and additionally cut fibers that tightened and caused compression at various locations of the LFCN during movement in all patients, referring to this technique as dynamic decompression. Postoperatively, an independent neurologist scored pain and sensation on a 4-point scale: completely resolved, improved, not changed, or worsened. Patients scored their remaining pain or sensory deficit as a percentage of the preoperative level. Statistical assessment was done using ANOVA to assess the association between outcome and duration of preoperative symptoms, BMI, and length of follow-up.RESULTSIn 17 of the 19 cases (89%), the pain and/or paresthesia completely resolved. Patients in the remaining 2 cases (11%) experienced 70% and 80% reduction in pain. Sensation completely recovered in 13 of the 19 cases (69%). In 5 of the 19 cases (26%) sensation improved, but an area of hypesthesia remained. Four of these 5 patients indicated a sensory improvement of more than 75%, and the remaining patient had 50% improvement. Sensation remained unchanged in 1 case (5%) with persisting hypesthesia and mild hyperesthesia. There was no significant impact of preoperative symptom duration, BMI, and length of follow-up on postoperative outcome.CONCLUSIONSDynamic decompression of the LFCN is an effective technique for the treatment of iMP. Most patients become completely pain free and sensation recovers considerably.

Meralgia paresthetica is a focal neuropathy caused by compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). The disease can be difficult to assess by nerve conduction study (NCS) or imaging studies. Skin biopsy is useful for diagnosing this condition. Here, we describe an obese patient with pain and numbness in the left lateral thigh. NCS was non-diagnostic. Skin biopsy showed reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density at the affected left lateral proximal thigh but not the asymptomatic right lateral proximal thigh. The case demonstrates the usefulness of skin biopsy in diagnosing unilateral mononeuropathy with small fiber degeneration.

Background Meralgia paresthetica, a pain syndrome that is caused by injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, is a well-documented complication after anterior hip arthroplasty (THA). Traditional treatment of this peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome can be complicated in patients who have had THA via an anterior approach owing to the presence of scar in the postoperative bed. Case Description In a 70-year-old man, we performed a novel laparoscopic-assisted intra-abdominal approach to treat meralgia paresthetica in the setting of previous anterior THA. Conclusions Minimally invasive intra-abdominal treatment of meralgia paresthetica following anterior THA results in durable pain relief. This approach is a helpful alternative to traditional techniques of decompression or section of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve below the inguinal ligament.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text., Objective: To describe our experience using the anterior internal pelvic fixator (INFIX) for treating pelvic ring injuries. Design: Case Series. Setting: Level 1 Trauma Center. Patients: Eighty-three patients with pelvic ring injuries were treated with INFIX. Follow-up average was 35 months (range 12–80.33). Intervention: Surgical treatment of pelvic ring injuries included reduction, appropriate posterior fixation, and INFIX placement. Outcome Measurements: Reduction using the pelvic deformity index and pubic symphysis widening, Majeed functional scores, complications; infection, implant failure, heterotopic ossification (HO), nerve injury, and pain. Results: All patients healed in an appropriate time frame (full weight bearing 12 weeks postoperation). The average pelvic deformity index reduction (injury = 0.0420 ± 0.0412, latest FU = 0.0254 ± 0.0243) was 39.58%. The average reduction of pubic symphysis injuries was 56.92%. The average Majeed score of patients at latest follow-up was 78.77 (range 47–100). Complications were 3 infections, 1 case of implant failure, 2 cases implantation too deep, 7 cases of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve irritation, and 3 cases of pain associated with the device. HO was seen in >50% of the patients, correlated with increased age (P < 0.007), injury severity score (P < 0.05) but only 1 case was symptomatic. Conclusions: The pelvic injuries had good functional and radiological outcomes with INFIX and the appropriate posterior fixation. The downside is removal requiring a second anesthetic, there is a learning curve, HO often occurs, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve may get irritated which often resolves once the implants are removed. Surgery-specific implants need to be developed. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Meralgia paresthetica causes pain in the anterolateral thigh. Most surgical procedures involve nerve transection or decompression. We conducted a cadaveric study to determine the feasibility of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) transposition. In three cadavers, the LFCN was exposed in the thigh and retroperitoneum. The two layers of the LFCN canal superficial and deep to the nerve were opened. The nerve was then mobilized medially away from the ASIS, by cutting the septum medial to sartorius. It was possible to mobilize the nerve for 2 cm medial to the ASIS. The nerve acquired a much straighter course with less tension. A new technique of LFCN transposition is presented here as an anatomical feasibility study. The surgical technique is based on the new understanding of the LFCN canal. Clin. Anat. 30:409-412, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is an entrapment neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). There are many variations in the course of the LFCN. A 55-year-old woman presented with pain and tingling sensations on the anterolateral aspect of her left thigh. Physical examination revealed hypoesthesia of the proximal anterolateral thigh on the left side. During the electrodiagnostic study, sensory nerve action potential of the LFCN could not be obtained on both sides. Through those clinical and electrophysiological findings, we prediagnosed the case as MP and planned to perform diagnostic nerve block. For the injection to perform, ultrasonography was used. During the ultrasonographic evaluation, the left LFCN was visualized lateral to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). Then ultrasound-guided nerve block with 2 cc lidocaine 2% for diagnostic purpose was performed in this region. Immediately after the injection, the patient's complaints relieved completely, and hence the patient was diagnosed as having MP with an LFCN anatomical variation. Two months later her complaints persisted, and ultrasound-guided LFCN injection with 2 mL of lidocaine 2% + 1 cc of betametazone was performed. One month after the second injection, her complaints were relieved markedly and she resumed her daily activities. In conclusion, the course of the LFCN is quite variable. We present a relatively rare anatomical variation of the LFCN, crossing lateral to the ASIS, diagnosed with ultrasonography. Ultrasonography can be performed to visualize the LFCN, especially a nerve with an anatomical variation.

Introduction: Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), known as meralgia paresthetica (MP), is common. We investigated the topographic anatomy of the LFCN focusing on the inguinal ligament and adjacent structures. Methods: Distances from various bony and soft-tissue landmarks to the LFCN were investigated in 33 formalin-embalmed cadavers. Results: The mean distance from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the LFCN was 8.8 mm. In approximately 90% of cases, the LFCN lay

Analgesia after total hip arthroplasty is often accomplished by the fascia iliaca compartment block, traditionally performed below the inguinal ligament, to anesthetize both femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. The course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve below the inguinal ligament is variable as opposed to consistent above the inguinal ligament in the pelvis. In this case series including 5 patients, we demonstrate that an ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca approach would consistently anesthetize the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve along with anterior cutaneous femoral nerve branches and provide cutaneous analgesia after total hip arthroplasty, as shown by decreased opioid consumption.

The anatomic variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFC) creates diagnostic as well as therapeutic problems. A case is reported in which a woman with complaints of pain in the anterior and lateral thigh was referred for evaluation. Symptoms arose after an abdominal hysterectomy. Her symptoms were the territory of the LFC and not of the L2/L3 dermatome. She had a Tinel sign that was positive for the LFC skin territory, but this was located over the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), instead of medial to it. For this reason, a 3-Tesla MR neurography imaging was obtained. This showed the LFC as crossing over the ASIS, instead of being located either within or beneath the inguinal ligament. MRI imaging facilitated successful surgical treatment. This is the first report of the MR neurography and intraoperative appearance of this least common anatomic course for the LFC.

Objectives: To document the anatomical variation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) at the proximal aspect of the thigh and to determine its susceptibility to injury during total hip arthroplasty via a direct anterior approach (DAA).Methods: We obtained 64 thighs from formalin-preserved cadavers of 45 Japanese individuals. LFCN was identified at the level of the inguinal ligament. All nerve branches of the LFCN were carefully traced distally in the subcutaneous tissue. The branching pattern and distribution at the proximal aspect of the thigh were described. A safe zone to avoid LFCN injury in DAA was estimated for the skin incision.Results: The branching pattern of LFCN was highly varied. There were 37% of the anterior type, characterized by a thicker anterior branch, which coursed along the medial border of the tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscle with thinner branches. There were 63% of the posterior type, characterized by posterior branches thicker than or equal to the anterior branch. In 27 of 64 thighs (42%), the LFCN crossed the skin incision along the midline of the TFL muscle.Conclusion: LFCN showed anatomical variation of anterior and posterior branches and 42% were in danger of injury during DAA.

Background Candy cane stirrups are widely used for vaginal surgery because they provide sufficient operating space. When placed in the standard perpendicular alignment, however, these stirrups cause excessive flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the thigh, which may injure the femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, sciatic, and common peroneal nerves. Technique We corrected this deficiency by positioning the stirrups parallel to the operating table, just above and tilting slightly toward its lower break. After placing the patient in stirrups, we inserted a double-layer foam pad between her knee and the stirrup and adjusted the height of each stirrup until both thighs were flexed 90 degrees and both knees flexed 100 degrees. We then pushed the L-shaped lower stirrup toward or pulled it away from the operating table until each thigh was vertical, with minimal abduction or adduction. Finally, we rotated the curved upper stirrups medially until each leg was pointing slightly laterally. Experience Of 1,576 vaginal cases, there were eight (0.5%) instances of postoperative sensory neuropathy, which usually involved the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Conclusion This simple modification to the candy cane stirrups allows placement of patients in dorsal lithotomy with their legs in an anatomically and neurologically neutral position.

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is a sensory nerve. An LFCN block is effective for lateral femoral pain.

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of lateral thigh. Entrapment of the nerve as it exits under the inguinal ligament is an important cause of neuropathic pain in the lateral thigh (meralgia paresthetica) and must be distinguished from other causes of chronic lateral thigh/hip pain. This chapter discusses anatomy, nerve block techniques, indications, contraindications and complications of nerve block.

Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is a neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LCFN) resulting in pain, dysesthesias and decreased sensation over the anterolateral thigh [1]. It was first reported by German pathologist, Martin Berhardt, in the late nineteenth century. Vladimir Karlovich Roth observed the same phenomenon in cavalry soldiers with tight belts and termed it meralgia paresthetica from the Greek words for thigh (meros) and pain (algos) [2–5].

Meralgia paresthetica is an entrapment neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve that may cause paresthesias, pain, and sensory loss of the anterior and lateral thigh. Treatment is primarily medical. Surgery is an option for patients who do not respond to medical treatments.Patients whose symptoms did not improve after medical and conservative treatment for at least 3 months were included in this study. These patients underwent neurolysis and decompression surgery and had a mean postoperative follow-up of 38 months. Their pain levels were assessed by the VAS scoring system.In 8 (61.5%) patients, the symptoms completely resolved within the first 3 months. In 5 (38.5%) patients, the complaints persisted partially and the recovery was observed after 12 months. In patients having a metabolic etiology, the duration of recovery was up to 12 months.The long term results of surgery are good though only partial improvemnts in reported pain were seen in the early postoperative period, especially in patients with a metabolic etiology.

Injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) from compression or entrapment may result in meralgia paresthetica, a painful mononeuropathy of the anterolateral thigh. Surgical decompression of the LFCN may provide relief when conservative management fails. However, the considerable anatomic variability of this nerve may complicate surgical localization and thus prolong operative time. Herein, we report the use of preoperative high-resolution ultrasonography to map the LFCN in a patient with bilateral meralgia paresthetica. This simple, noninvasive imaging technique was seen to be effective at providing precise localization of the entrapped and, in this case, bilateral anatomically variant nerves. Preoperative high-resolution ultrasound mapping of the LCFN can be used to facilitate precise operative localization in the treatment of bilateral meralgia paresthetica. This is especially useful in the setting of suspected unusual nerve anatomy.

Meralgia paresthetica is a rare sensory entrapment neuropathy which leads to burning, tingling and numbness in the antero-lateral aspect of thigh. Mostly it runs a benign course, and responds to conservative measures. We present a case series of six patients with intractable meralgia paresthetica with severe pain over antero-lateral thigh along the distribution of lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh which was further confirmed by nerve conduction study. These patients did not respond to the oral anti-neuropathic medications. The two successive diagnostic lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block not only had confirmed the diagnosis but also provided pain relief for a few days. Then the ultrasound-guided lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neurolysis was done using 50% alcohol. In all the patients, there were more than 50% decrease in pain intensity and improvement in quality of life after the procedure, and the relief and improvement were maintained for up to 12 weeks. This case series shows ultrasound-guided lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neurolysis is a safe and effective treatment for intractable meralgia paresthetica and also provides prolonged pain relief and is a good option in avoiding the surgery. Summary points The literature on neurolysis is rare, with only few case reports. This is the first case series on this topic, and it will greatly improve the evidence that ultrasound-guided neurolysis can also be used for intractable meralgia paresthetica patients who do not respond to conservative measures before proceeding to surgery.

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is one of the commonly used sensate flaps for intra-oral, hand, and foot reconstruction. The objective of this study was to describe the anatomic location of the sensory nerves supplying the ALT flap in relation to the surface landmarks and with the vascular pedicles. The dissections were carried out in 28 embalmed specimens. An axial line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the superolateral border of the patella and two circles with radii of 5 and 10 cm centered on the midpoint of the former line were used for the surface landmarks. At the intersection point of the axial line and the 10-cm circle, the main lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) and its anterior branch were located within 1 and 2.4 cm, respectively. At the intersection point of the axial line and the 5-cm circle, the anterior branch of the LFCN was located within 2.8 cm. The anterior branch of the LFCN can be detected within 3 cm from the central perforator pedicle in all specimens. The posterior branch of the LFCN, superior perforator nerve, and median perforator nerve were found in more variable locations. The findings from our study provide additional information for clinical use in the planning of sensate ALT flap harvest.

An anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap can be thinned to an extent to which it is vascularised only by the subdermal plexus. This study presents an innervated flap thinning technique and its application for dorsal foot and ankle resurfacing.A superthin innervated ALT perforator flap was used to repair the dorsal foot and ankle of 12 patients. The perforators were classified according to their variations in the adipose layer, and the corresponding microdissection technique was then applied. The branch of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its accompanying vessels were adopted to construct a sensory flap.The flap thickness before defatting, which was measured immediately after flap elevation, ranged from 25-45 mm. The average flap thickness after defatting was 4.55 mm (range = 3-6 mm). A total of 11 flaps completely survived, and one flap presented superficial necrosis within a small area (2 cm ×2 cm) in the distal part of the flap. No further flap revision or defatting procedures were required for these patients during an average follow-up period of 16.5 months (range = 10-24 months). In the transferred flap, protective sensibility existed in all cases, and the static two-point discrimination was 13-16 mm.The superthin innervated ALT perforator flap may be considered as an ideal strategy for foot and ankle reconstruction.

Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is a sensory mononeuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). MP has rarely been reported after a femoral intervention approach. We report a case of bilateral meralgia paresthetica following bilateral femoral cannulation. A 64-year-old male received cardiac catheterization and treatment via a bilateral femoral vein. After cardiac catheterization, the patient presented with paresthesia in the anterolateral aspect of the bilateral thigh. After performing nerve conduction studies and electromyography, he was diagnosed as MP. Although a bilateral LFCN lesion following a femoral approach is very rare, MP might require caution regarding potential variations in LFCN when performing the femoral approach.

We present an unusual case of sartorius muscle tear presenting as acute meralgia paresthetica. A healthy 67-year old male was referred to our department with a one-week history of pain, numbness and bruising over his hip and anterolateral thigh. Extended ultrasound assessment revealed an intramuscular tear of sartorius, with acute hematoma surrounding the adjacent lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Meralgia paresthetica from acute trauma is rare, with only three published cases relating to fractures of the anterior superior iliac spine. To our knowledge, this is the first case caused by muscular tear in the literature. The presence of features attributable to neuropraxia of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve allowed for proper localization and diagnosis of the patient's injury.

Objective To trace anatomic variations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) in its intrapelvic course. Methods Forty cadavers (80 sides) fixed in 10% formalin solution were dissected. The following parameters were recorded: LFCN diameter and variations in its origin and number. The dissection comprised exposure and excision of the lumbar plexus, together with the roots of LFCN, followed by retrograde intraneural fascicular dissection using microsurgical instruments. Results Several types of LFCN origin from the lumbar plexus were observed. Typically, the LFCN appears as a single trunk arising from dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the lumbar plexus. The most prevalent origin of the nerve was from the L2 and L3 roots (47 cases; 58.75%). The LFCN took an origin from the L1-L2 level in 12 cases (15%) and from the L2 nerve in 9 cases (11.25%). The main observed variations were the presence of the accessory LFCN (2 cases; 2.5%) and branching of the LFCN from the femoral nerve (6 cases; 7.5%). Communications between the LFCN and the femoral or genitofemoral nerves also were observed occasionally. An atypical course of the LFCN with respect to the anterior psoas was observed in our material in 3 of the 80 sides (3.75% of the examined LFCN specimens). Conclusions Considerable variability in the origin and the course of the LFCN was observed, which should be taken into account during clinical assessment of nerve lesions and during surgery via transpsoas approaches to the lumbar spine.

Meralgia paresthetica is a neuropathic pain disorder resulting from an entrapment neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. This condition results in pain, paresthesias and numbness over the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. We present a case of meralgia paresthetica and discuss both the clinical and histopathological findings as they relate to one another. We report a case of meralgia paresthetica refractory to conservative treatment who underwent neurectomy with successful treatment of symptoms. Histopathological examination revealed moderate loss of myelinated axons with some axonal atrophy. The distinct pathologic findings were axonal regeneration clusters and thinly myelinated axons as well as moderate perineurial thickening. These findings corresponded well to the patient's preoperative symptoms of paresthesias and pain. This case serves to shed light on the pathophysiology of meralgia paresthetica and its clinical presentation. It also shows the role of surgical treatment in cases refractory to conservative management in order to alleviate painful symptoms.

Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of reconstruction and rehabilitation of patients with plantar defects by using a chimerical flap of muscle and skin from anterolateral thigh. Methods Twenty-five patients with plantar defects were reconstructed with a chimerical anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap, composed by a vastus lateralis muscle segment and a thinned skin island. Neurorrhaphy between lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and calcaneal nerve was performed in 7 patients. Evaluation of flap contour and stability and patient ambulation was performed 6 and 12 months after surgery. Evaluation of cutaneous sensiblity of ALT flap and contralateral thigh was performed 12 months after surgery using Pressure Specified Sensory Device™ (PSSD™). Results Flap viability was complete in 23 patients and 2 patients had complications with partial flap loss of its cutaneous component. Six months postoperatively, flap contour, and stability was considered good in 19 and 21 patients respectively, and all 25 patients presented good ambulation. Twelve months postoperatively, all 25 patients presented good flap contour and stability, as well as good ambulation. All 7 flaps undergoing to reinnervation partially recovered cutaneous sensibility in comparison to donor site (contralateral thigh). Cutaneous tactile thresholds (g/mm2) of static one-point test and moving one-point test from the ALT flap and the contralateral thigh presented statistically significant differences, for both comparisons (P = 0.009, P = 0.002). Conclusion This flap is suitable for reconstruction of plantar defects, with good flap contour and stability, proper patient ambulation and low complication rates. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:546–552, 2015.

The aim of the study is to report on the observed incidence of complications following pedicle screw and rod internal fixator (INFIX) stabilization of pelvic ring fractures. In a retrospective review of consecutive patient series conducted in a University level 1 trauma hospital, 43 patients (21 female and eight male), mean age 64.2 (range 16-87) with OTA/AO type B or C pelvic ring fractures received percutaneous pedicle screw and rod internal fixator (INFIX) anterior stabilization of pelvic ring fractures; 29 fulfilled inclusion criteria with three months’ minimal follow-up or known complication. Mean follow-up was 7.2 months. Main outcome measure was the incidence of complications and adverse outcomes. Fourteen (48.3%) had injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). Three (10.3%) had chronic pain of the pelvis not related to the LFCN. Five out of 29 (17%) of patients had unplanned removal before six weeks with two due to early loosening, one femoral nerve palsy, one deep infection and one painful implant impingement. There were no patients with deep vein thrombosis, no intra-abdominal violations or vascular complications; 22 (76%) returned to their premorbid walking status. With high risk of LFCN injury, we caution against liberal use of the INFIX in patients with stable fractures where conservative treatment may be more appropriate. Most complications occurring from INFIX are self-limiting.

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury after shoulder arthroscopy in the beach chair position is an uncommon, but irritating complication for patients. Taking an extra minute to ensure a safe beach chair position will likely minimize the occurrence and prevent a disheartening conversation at the first postoperative visit.

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is a nerve with a sensitive function only. It innervates the lateral area of the buttock and of the thigh after going through the iliac fossa.

The treatment of tumors of and around the sacrum is complex, even in the most experienced hands. As such, a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the sacrum and its relations to the vast array of surrounding structures is of utmost importance. With this understanding, and the histology and location of the tumor being treated, the needed surgical approach can be chosen: from limited anterior sacroiliac exposure for benign tumors to combined anterior and posterior approaches for total sacrectomy in the treatment of large sacral chordomas.

Harvesting iliac crest bone in children is special because of the presence of a thick cartilage. Constant pressure on the internal iliac fossa, ascends the skin, and moves the abdominal muscles away from the iliac crest. A single incision is then used for cutaneous and subcutaneous dissection. An internal piece of cartilage is then removed and the iliac muscle retracted in order to harvest cortical and spongy bone from the internal side of the iliac crest. That piece of cartilage is then sutured at its initial place. During the harvesting, the surgeon needs to be careful to preserve the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

Injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is a risk during the operative anterior approach to the hip joint. Although several anatomical studies have described the proximal course of the nerve in relation to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the inguinal ligament, the distal course of the LFCN in the proximal aspect of the thigh has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this cadaveric study was to examine the branching pattern of the nerve, with special consideration to the anterior approach to the hip joint.Twenty-eight cadaveric hemipelves from 18 donors (10 paired and 8 unpaired specimens) were dissected. The LFCN branches were localized proximal to the inguinal ligament and traced distally into the area of the proximal aspect of the thigh. Distribution patterns of the nerve with respect to its relationship to the ASIS and the internervous plane of the anterior approach to the hip joint were recorded.We found 3 different branching patterns of the LFCN: sartorius-type (in 36% of the specimens), characterized by a dominant anterior nerve branch coursing along the lateral border of the sartorius muscle with no, or only a thin, posterior branch; posterior-type (in 32%), characterized by a strong posterior nerve branch; and fan-type (in 32%), characterized by multiple spreading nerve branches of equal thickness. In 50% of the specimens, the LFCN divided into ≥2 branches superior to the inguinal ligament. Sixty-two percent of the LFCN branches entered the proximal aspect of the thigh medial to the ASIS; 27%, above; and 11%, lateral to the ASIS. The LFCN consistently coursed within the deep layer of the subcutaneous fat tissue.Injury to branches of the LFCN cannot be avoided in approximately one-third of surgical dissections that use the anterior approach to the hip joint. To protect the anterior branch of the LFCN, the skin incision should be as lateral as possible. The posterior branch of the LFCN is most vulnerable in the proximal aspect of the anterior approach to the hip joint, where it can be expected to course within the deep layer of the subcutaneous tissue.

To the Editor:We appreciate the interest expressed by Coraci et al1 in our article, “The Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve: Description of the Sensory Territory and a Novel Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Block Technique” presenting a novel ultrasound-guided lateral femoral cutaneous (LFC) nerve block techniq