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The generation of high-affinity antibodies and the development of B cell memory are dependent on the help provided by CD4 T cells. Mouse studies indicate that STAT3 signaling in CD4 T cells promotes the acquisition of the B cell help function. However, the role of STAT3 in humans has been controversial. In this study, we show that IL-6 and other STAT3 activating cytokines (IL-21 and IL-27) induce the differentiation of CD4 T cells promoting antibody production by B cells. The acquisition of B cell stimulating properties by naive cord blood CD4 T cells required the STAT3-dependent expression of ICOS and IL-21. Gene reporter and ChIP experiments unambiguously demonstrated that upon IL-6 stimulation, STAT3 induces the transcription of the ICOS gene through direct recruitment to the proximal promoter region indicating that STAT3 acts in part through the direct activation of the ICOS gene., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

INTRAOCULAR hypertension is a fairly constant symptom in patients with aneurysm of the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery. We have found it in each of five patients recently examined. Three times it was unilateral and affected only the eye on the same side as the lesion ; twice it was bilateral. The present work is the report of a new case of arteriovenous aneurysm complicated by intraocular hypertension. The use of recent techniques—measurement of the episcleral venous pressure, measurement of the resistance to the aqueous flow, and calculation of the volume of this flow—has thrown some light on the mechanism of intraocular hypertension. REPORT OF A CASE M. J., aged 17 years, was wounded in June, 1950, in a road accident. He sustained a fracture of the skull, with depression of the right frontotemporal region. His condition steadily improved in the weeks following the accident. Recovery seemed complete, but