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BACKGROUND Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is a curative procedure for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Right ventricular free wall strain (RV FWS) and right atrial strain (RAS) are not well studied in a CTEPH population. We sought to determine temporal trends in RAS and RV FWS in patients post-PTE. METHODS 28 patients undergoing PTE for CTEPH were prospectively enrolled in a surgical database. Comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of the right heart was performed including RV FWS, right atrial volume, and the three components of RAS: reservoir, conduit, and booster strain. RESULTS Patients undergoing PTE demonstrated improvement in NYHA functional class (P

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs commonly among HIV-infected persons. Statins may delay CKD onset and progression through their cholesterol-lowering and pleiotropic effects.MethodsAmong 850 HIV-infected men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study with stored urine samples (2009-2011), we evaluated cross-sectional associations of statin use with urine biomarkers of kidney damage [albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), alpha-1-microglobulin, interleukin-18, kidney injury molecule-1, and procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide] using multivariable linear regression. We evaluated the longitudinal associations of statin use with annual change in estimated glomerular filtration rate by creatinine (eGFR) using linear mixed models, and with incident proteinuria and incident CKD (eGFR

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Systemic sclerosis (SSc) can cause cardiac complications as a result of multi-organ fibrosis. The study of left atrial (LA) mechanics can offer insights into the pathophysiology of cardiac involvement in SSc. LA strain measured by speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has been shown to be a sensitive marker of LA function. The impact of a disease modifying treatment like hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) on LA mechanics is not known. Aim To study the effect of HSCT on LA mechanics using both conventional echocardiography and STE. Methods Patients with SSc who underwent comprehensive 2D echo evaluation pre- and post-HSCT were identified. Patients with pulmonary hypertension on right heart catheterization (RHC) were excluded. The modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) was evaluated for each patient pre- and post-HSCT. Speckle tracking software was utilized to measure myocardial strain (TomTec, Unterschleissheim, Germany). LA reservoir strain was measured from the apical 2-, and 4-chamber views. The ratio of E/e’ to LA reservoir strain was used to non-invasively estimate LA stiffness. Paired student’s t-test and Pearson"s correlation were used in data analysis. Results Among 89 patients with SSc (average age 46 ± 11 years, 75% female) who underwent HSCT, the mRSS significantly improved after HSCT. The mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) measured by RHC prior to HSCT was 9.6 ± 4.1 mmHg. LA reservoir strain was abnormal at baseline and significantly improved following HSCT. Although LA volume index and E/e’ remained unchanged, LA stiffness index decreased significantly post-HSCT. There was no correlation between LA reservoir strain and PCWP at baseline or between change in LA reservoir strain and change in LA volume index or E/e’. Conclusions Patients undergoing HSCT for SSc show significant improvement in LA reservoir strain and LA stiffness despite no significant change in LA volumes or estimates of LV filling pressures. This improvement in LA mechanics following HSCT thus appears to be independent of loading conditions and could represent an improvement in intrinsic LA performance. Key clinical and echo characteristics Pre-HSCT Post-HSCT P value Median mRSS (25th - 75th percentile) 20 (13-34) 9 (4-20)

Introduction: Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) has been observed in COVID-19 and is thought to be multifactorial. The epidemiology of stress cardiomyopathy in these patients has not been studied. Methods: Transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE) were evaluated in consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to a large tertiary care center in Chicago, Illinois. Subjects with new LVEF ≤50% with prior normal LVEF or unknown baseline LVEF were compared to those with LVEF >50% or previously known LVSD. InterTAK scores were calculated for all patients with new LVSD, and a cutoff of 50 was used to delineate the likelihood of stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Two-tailed student t-test of unequal variance and Chi-squared testing were used for analysis of continuous and categorical variables, respectively, with p Results: Of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (n=982), 231 (23.5%) underwent TTE. Thirty patients (13.0%) were found to have new LVSD. Patients with new LVSD had higher peak troponin and rates of ICU admission and incidence of in-hospital mortality compared to patients without new LVSD (Table). Ten patients (33%) with new LVSD had InterTAK scores ≥50. Compared to those with low InterTAK scores, these patients were more likely to be female, have lower peak d-dimer, and a trend towards lower troponin as well as rates of ICU admission and mortality. Only two patients with new LV dysfunction were noted to have Takotsubo patterns on TTE. Conclusions: In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, new LVSD was rare but associated with an increased risk of critical illness requiring intensive care, intubation and in-hospital mortality. The etiology of new LVSD in COVID-19 is likely multifactorial, but those with LV dysfunction likely secondary to stress-induced cardiomyopathy have a trend towards improved mortality.

Background There is a paucity of longitudinal research investigating the relations between atrial fibrillation (AF) and domain-specific cognitive performance. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between AF and cognitive performance cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Methods Eligible participants were dementia- and stroke-free at the time of baseline neuropsychological (NP) assessment and underwent at least 1 additional NP assessment with at least 1-year inter-test interval. AF status was examined as a 2-level variable (prevalent AF, no AF) in cross-sectional analyses and then separately as a 3-level variable (prevalent AF, interim AF, no AF) in longitudinal analyses. We examined the association between AF status and cognitive performance with linear regression. We first adjusted models for age and sex and then for vascular risk factors and apolipoprotein e4 (APOE4) status. Results We studied 2682 participants of the Framingham Heart Study original and offspring cohorts. At the baseline NP assessment, 112 participants (4%) had AF (mean age 72 ± 9 years; 32% women). After adjustment for vascular risk factors and APOE4 status, prevalent AF was significantly associated with poorer attention; sex differences were also noted with men performing worse on tests of abstract reasoning and executive function, while women did better on a measure of executive function. Prevalent AF was significantly associated with longitudinal decline in executive function in the original cohort, and interim AF was significantly associated with longitudinal decline in executive function in the offspring cohort. Conclusion After accounting for vascular risk factor burden and APOE4 status, AF was associated with a vascular profile of change in cognitive function.

The purpose of this study was to compare the risks of incident heart failure (HF) among a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) and to determine whether risks varied by severity of inflammation within each CID.Individuals with CIDs are at elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases, but data are limited regarding risk for HF.An electronic health records database from a large urban medical system was examined, comparing individuals with CIDs with frequency-matched controls without CIDs, all of whom were receiving regular outpatient care. Rates of incident HF were determined by using the Kaplan-Meier method and subsequently used multivariate-adjusted proportional hazards models to compare HF risks for each CID. Exploratory analyses determined HF risks by proxy measurement of CID severity.Of 37,636 patients (n = 18,278 patients with CIDs; and n = 19,358 controls without CIDs) there were 960 incident HF cases over a median of 3.6 years. Risks for incident HF were significantly or borderline significantly elevated for patients with systemic sclerosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 7.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.72 to 9.21; p 0.01), systemic lupus erythematosus (HR: 3.15; 95% CI: 2.41 to 4.11; p 0.01), rheumatoid arthritis (HR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.71; p 0.01), and human immunodeficiency virus (HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.66; p = 0.06). There was no association between psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease and incident HF, although patients with those CIDs with higher levels of C-reactive protein had higher risks for HF than controls.Systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus were associated with the highest risks of HF, followed by rheumatoid arthritis and HIV. Measurements of inflammation were associated with HF risk across different CIDs.

Background The increased risk of stroke and cognitive impairment associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) is well documented. However, there is a paucity of research investigating the relations between AF and brain morphology. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between AF and brain volume measures on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods The study sample included stroke- and dementia-free participants who attended the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort 7th examination cycle (1999–2005) and underwent contemporaneous MRI. We examined the association between prevalent AF and brain volume measures (total cerebral volume, frontal lobe volume, temporal lobe volume, temporal horn volume, hippocampal volume, and white matter hyperintensity volume) with linear regression. We first adjusted models for age and sex, and then for vascular risk factors and APOE4. Results We studied 2144 individuals (mean age 61.8 ± 9.3 years; 54% women); 73 participants (3.4%) had prevalent AF at the time of MRI. In age- and sex-adjusted models, AF was inversely associated with total cerebral brain volume, frontal brain volume, and temporal brain volume. After further adjustment for vascular risk factors and APOE4, AF remained associated with frontal brain volume. Conclusion After accounting for vascular risk factor burden, prevalent AF was associated with lobar indexes of vascular brain aging but not with expected white matter changes.

INTRODUCTION Novel error scores and traditional indices of executive function (EF) were related to cardiovascular risk factors measured 10 to 15 years earlier. METHODS From 1991 to 1995, the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP), a composite score of cardiovascular risk, was ascertained in 1755 Framingham Offspring participants (54% women, mean age=54±9 y). Participants were administered EF tests, which included: FAS and Animals Fluency tests, Trail Making Test B (TrB), and Digit Span-Backwards (DS-B), from 2005 to 2009. Linear and logistic regression were used to relate the FSRP and its components to both error responses and traditional scores. RESULTS Consistent with previous findings, the FSRP and the individual components, diabetes and sex, were associated with several traditional measures of EF. Of interest were relationships between the FSRP score and TrB Total Errors (P=0.04), DS-B% Total Errors (P=0.02) and DS-B Capacity Score (P=0.03), and prevalent CVD related to making FAS Perseverations in the 75th percentile (P=0.03). By comparison, FSRP and CVD were not related to the traditional DS-B or FAS scores. In addition, age was associated with higher Animals % Total Errors and % Perseverations among ApoE4+ individuals and with higher TrB Total Errors among ApoE4- individuals. CONCLUSIONS For those middle-aged and healthy, including those who are ApoE4+, cardiovascular risk factors are related to impairments in EF as ascertained by novel errors and traditional measures.