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The KAMRA small-aperture corneal inlay can compensate for presbyopia. A small number of complications have been reported, including glare, halos, decentration, iron deposition, compromised distance and night vision, infectious keratitis and reversal corneal haze. We describe a case of corneal fibrosis after small-aperture corneal inlay implantation and its persistence after late explantation. The postoperative period was uneventful, with good uncorrected near and distance visual acuities. Six years after implantation, the patient reported vision loss in the left eye. A slitlamp evaluation and optical coherence tomography showed stromal opacity and a stromal hyperreflective signal at the level of the small-aperture corneal inlay. The corneal inlay was removed, but persistent decreased visual acuity and fibrosis were observed even 8 months after explantation and did not respond to steroids. Long-term monitoring with multimodal imaging methods is important to detect late adverse events after small-aperture corneal inlay implantation.

Purpose To define the optical coherence tomography (OCT) corneal changes predisposing to acute corneal hydrops among patients with advanced keratoconus. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants A total of 191 advanced keratoconic eyes from 191 patients with advanced keratoconus cases were studied. Methods Data collected from patients with advanced keratoconus cases were studied during a minimum period of 24 months of follow-up. High-resolution Fourier-domain corneal OCT (5 μm of axial resolution) and corneal topography were performed every 4 months during the follow-up. Several anatomic features at the keratoconus cone were analyzed with OCT, including epithelial and stromal thicknesses, the aspect of Bowman's layer, the presence of Vogt's striae, and stromal opacities. A comparative analysis between anatomic corneal features in eyes that developed corneal hydrops and those that did not develop this complication during the follow-up was performed. Main Outcome Measures Evaluation of anatomic corneal changes at risk of developing a corneal hydrops on the basis of OCT findings. Results Eleven cases of corneal hydrops (5.8%) occurred in our series during a mean follow-up of 30 months (24–36 months). All of these patients were male and younger (23.7±5.9 years) than patients with no acute keratoconus (32.7±11.3 years). Increased epithelial thickening with stromal thinning at the conus and the presence of anterior hyperreflectives at the Bowman's layer level were significantly associated with corneal hydrops, whereas the presence of corneal scarring was a preventive factor. At the healing stage, a pan-stromal scar occurs, with a significant stromal thickening and cornea flattening. Conclusions Increased epithelial thickening, stromal thinning at the keratoconus cone, anterior hyperreflectives at the Bowman's layer level, and the absence of stromal scarring are associated with a high risk of developing corneal hydrops. These aspects should be taken into account by the clinician in the evaluation of keratoconus eyes and in the planning of corneal keratoplasty.

To compare the efficacy, safety, and microstructural corneal changes during 2 years after conventional corneal collagen cross-linking (C-CXL) and transepithelial corneal CXL by iontophoresis (I-CXL) for keratoconus.Eighty eyes of 80 patients with progressive keratoconus were treated by C-CXL (n = 40) or I-CXL (n = 40). Patients were investigated before surgery and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment. We measured central corneal thickness and maximal simulated keratometry values (Kmax) and performed specular microscopy and in vivo confocal microscopy at each time point. The demarcation line was assessed 1 month after treatment.Kmax remained stable after I-CXL during the entire study period (P = 0.56), whereas the average keratometry increased by 0.2 diopter (50.9 ± 5.6-51.1 ± 5.2). Kmax significantly decreased 1 (P = 0.02) to 2 years (P0.01) after C-CXL, with an average decrease of 1.1 diopters (49.9 ± 4.5-48.8 ± 4.2). The failure rate of I-CXL was 20% and that of C-CXL 7.5%. The demarcation line was superficially visible in 35% of cases after I-CXL compared with 95% of cases after C-CXL. Endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness remained stable during the entire study period. The change in Kmax 2 years after C-CXL and I-CXL and the preoperative Kmax were negatively correlated (r = 0.14, P = 0.013, and r = 0.17, P = 0.007, respectively).I-CXL halted progression of keratoconus less efficiently than did C-CXL after 2 years of follow-up. Longer prospective studies are still needed to ensure I-CXL efficacy.

Objective To study corneal morphologic changes in a large keratoconic population and to establish a structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) classification. Design Cross-sectional, observational study. Participants A total of 218 keratoconic eyes from 218 patients and 34 eyes from 34 normal subjects. Methods A Fourier-domain OCT system with 5-μm axial resolution was used. For each patient, 3 high-resolution scans were made across the keratoconus cone. All scans were analyzed by keratoconus specialists who were not given access to patients' clinical and topographic data, and who established an OCT classification. The reproducibility of the classification and its correlation with clinical and paraclinical characteristics of patients with keratoconus were evaluated. The OCT examinations were performed every 4 months to follow up structural corneal changes. Main Outcome Measures Evaluation of the structural corneal changes occurring in keratoconus cases with various stages of severity based on OCT findings. Results Fourier-domain OCT classification containing 5 distinct keratoconus stages is proposed. Stage 1 demonstrates thinning of apparently normal epithelial and stromal layers at the conus. Stage 2 demonstrates hyperreflective anomalies occurring at the Bowman's layer level with epithelial thickening at the conus. Stage 3 demonstrates posterior displacement of the hyperreflective structures occurring at the Bowman's layer level with increased epithelial thickening and stromal thinning. Stage 4 demonstrates pan-stromal scar. Stage 5 demonstrates hydrops; 5a, acute onset: Descemet's membrane rupture and dilaceration of collagen lamellae with large fluid-filled intrastromal cysts; 5b, healing stage: pan-stromal scarring with a remaining aspect of Descemet's membrane rupture. The reproducibility of the classification was very high between the corneal specialist observers. Clinical and paraclinical characteristics of keratoconus, including visual acuity, corneal epithelium and stromal thickness changes, corneal topography, biomechanical corneal characteristics, and microstructural changes observed on confocal microscopy, were concordant with our OCT grading. Conclusions Optical coherence tomography provides an accurate assessment of structural changes occurring in keratoconus eyes. These changes were correlated with clinical and paraclinical characteristics of patients. The established classification not only allows structural follow-up of patients with keratoconus but also provides insight into the pathogenesis of keratoconus and treatment strategies for future research. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Background To evaluate the incidence, evolution, clinical characteristics, possible risk factors or preventive factors, and visual outcomes of epiretinal membrane (ERM) recurrence. Methods Retrospective study of 440 consecutive patients (440 eyes) who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for ERM. The internal limiting membrane (ILM) was peeled in 266 cases, with the help of indocyanine green in 27 cases and brilliant blue in 45 cases. Cases of symptomatic ERM recurrence were reoperated. Results The incidence of ERM recurrence was 5% (22/440), and 2% of the patients were reoperated (9/440). Epiretinal membrane recurrence was symptomatic in 9 cases (41%) and asymptomatic in 13 cases (59%). ILM peeling was the only factor preventing ERM recurrence (adjusted odds ratio = 0.33, P = 0.026). The use of staining dyes did not prevent recurrence (adjusted odds ratio = 0.35, P = 0.338). In the case of ERM reproliferation, the absence of ILM peeling, the existence of ERM on the fellow eye, and poor visual acuity before surgery seemed to be associated with a high risk of symptomatic recurrence and reoperation. The mean duration for follow-up was 3.5 ± 1.7 years. Conclusion ILM peeling not only reduces the likelihood of reproliferation of ERM but also seems to improve the visual prognosis of recurrent ERMs. The use of dyes did not reduce the rate of recurrence compared with when ILM was peeled without dyes.

A 48-year-old woman with no significant past history underwent bilateral simultaneous laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of her myopia. On the tenth postoperative day, the patient complained of visual decrease and photophobia. Slit lamp exam showed corneal epithelial irregularities. Confocal microscopy was performed and revealed a characteristic appearance of epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD). The patient was successfully treated with artificial tears and autologous serum eyedrops. EBMD may be missed before LASIK surgery, even after a careful pre-operative examination. Exacerbation of EBMD after LASIK surgery is rare. It should be considered when unexplained corneal epithelial defects or irregularities occur following LASIK. Confocal microscopy is very useful to confirm the diagnosis.

To describe the incidence, clinical features, and evolution of paracentral retinal holes occurring after macular surgery.A retrospective non-randomized study of 909 patients operated on for either a macular hole (MH, n = 400 patients) or an epiretinal membrane (ERM, n = 509 patients) between 2004 and 2009. Six patients (0.6%) developed a paracentral macular hole after surgery. Their clinical, auto-fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics as well as their visual outcomes were studied.The mean age of patients was 70 years. Paracentral holes occurred approximately 5 weeks after surgery (with a range of 2-12 weeks). All patients were asymptomatic. Five patients underwent ILM peeling during initial surgery. Paracentral retinal holes were located superiorly to the fovea in three cases and temporally in the other three cases. Mean pre-operative BCVA was 20/200 and mean post-operative BCVA was 20/40. The eye where the eccentric MHs were closest to the fovea (inferior to 1 optic disc area) had the poorest final visual acuity. Autofluorescence imaging showed a bright fluorescence in paramacular holes. On OCT images, they were shown to be flat full-thickness holes. No treatment was attempted. No rhegmatogenous complications or choroidal neovascularization occurred in any of the patients. Mean follow-up was 2 years.In summary, paracentral MHs are uncommon complications which can occur at the site where ILM peeling has been initiated or completed. Except for the closest holes to fovea, they have good visual prognosis and do not require any treatment underlining the importance of initiating the ILM peeling as far as possible from the fovea.

To compare the safety and functional outcomes of 25-gauge and 23-gauge (G) micro-incision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) instrumentation with the standard 20-G vitrectomy system in the treatment of epiretinal membranes (ERM). A retrospective comparative study of 553 consecutive cases with epiretinal membrane who underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Twenty-gauge, 25-gauge and 23-gauge vitrectomy was performed respectively in 347, 91, and 115 eyes. Surgery duration, visual acuity improvement, intraocular pressure variation, intraoperative and postoperative complications were analyzed. The mean surgical time in the 23-G group and in the 25-G group was shorter than in the 20-G group (P

To determine whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) epithelial mapping can improve the detection of form fruste keratoconus.French National Eye Hospital, Paris 6 PierreMarie Curie University, Paris, France.Retrospective comparative study.Eyes with normal corneas, form fruste keratoconus, moderate keratoconus, or severe keratoconus were assessed using Fourier-domain OCT (RTVue 5.5), scanning-slit corneal topography (Orbscan IIz), and rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam Comprehensive Eye Scanner). Several parameters provided by the software or derived from elevation maps, OCT pachymetric maps, and OCT epithelium parameters were evaluated and compared between the 4 groups.The study involved 145 eyes. There were no significant differences in the keratometry (K) value, inferior-superior value, keratoconus index, central K index, and topographic keratoconus classification indices between the form fruste keratoconus group and the control group (P .05). Form fruste keratoconic corneas had less epithelial thickness in the thinnest corneal zone than normal corneas, and greater epithelial thickness in the thinnest corneal zone than keratoconic corneas (P .005). The epithelial thickness in the thinnest corneal zone in form fruste corneas was located inferiorly (P .005) and corresponded with the zone of minimum epithelial thickness and maximum posterior elevation (P .005). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed good overall predictive accuracy of the epithelial thickness in the thinnest corneal zone, with a 52 μm threshold value for discriminating form fruste keratoconic corneas from normal corneas.The epithelial thickness in the thinnest corneal zone and its location provided by the OCT epithelial mapping might be useful for the early diagnosis of form fruste keratoconus.No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Purpose To analyze the variation of the objective refraction induced by pharmacological pupillary dilation in a normal population. Methods The objective refraction obtained by an auto-kerato-refractometer was analyzed before and after maximum pupillary dilation obtained by 0.5% Tropicamide and 10% Phenylephrine. 200 phakic eyes of 100 patients aged from 15 to 76 years were prospectively included. The refractive data were expressed in a dioptric space by 3 Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z). Results After pupil dilation, the mean refraction ranges from -0.08(+0.11)×90.2° to +0.41(+0.10)×90.3° this equal to an astigmatic vectorial variation of (+0.03)×89.6°. The spherical equivalent increases significantly (hyperopization of +0.49D: +0.24D vs +0.74D p

Purpose To investigate the relationship between refractive astigmatism and corneal (anterior and posterior) astigmatism in normal eyes. Methods We prospectively recorded refractive astigmatism and corneal astigmatism (Orbscan) of 500 healthy eyes (including ametropia) of 250 patients. Astigmatism data was analyzed using polar values (cylinder, axis) and rectangular coordinates (x,y) which respectively represent WTR/ATR component (Jackson 0°/90°) and oblique component (Jackson 45°/135°). Internal astigmatism and enantiomorphism (mirror-image symmetry between both eyes) were calculated. Results Anterior corneal cylinder showed higher correlation with subjective cylinder (r: 0.84 to 0.89 p 0.05). The relative proportion of the anterior corneal astigmatism in the subjective astigmatism increased with the subjective cylinder (r=0.54 p

Diagnosis of bacterial endophthalmitis (BE) often fails due to: (1) insufficient volumes of vitreous fluid (VF) and aqueous humour (AH); (2) lack of sensitivity of culture; (3) antibiotic treatments; (4) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cross-contamination; and (5) limitations on the interpretation of the real-time PCR melting curve. We developed a fast real-time (f-real-t) PCR to improve the performance of the laboratory diagnosis of BE.The following samples were processed after adding an internal control: phosphate buffered saline (PBS); VF, AH and cell suspensions spiked with Bacteria (Bac); VF and AH from patients with endophthalmitis; and VF and AH from non-infective patients. DNA was extracted (MagNA Pure) and added to four tubes containing selected primers and probes for the identification and quantification of all Bac and eight genera by f-real-t PCR. Diagnostic performances based on direct microscopic examination, culture and f-real-t PCR were compared.The f-real-t PCR detected at least 0.01 colony-forming units (CFU) of Bac/microl with no cross-reactivity with fungi. Correlation with culture-positive results was 100%. Sixty per cent of BE samples tested culture-positive, but f-real-t PCR tested positive for 90%. Samples from non-infective cases were negative.The f-real-t PCR detected and quantified Bac, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteria, Acinetobacter, Propionibacteriacae and Corynebacteria in one run. Cultures required several hours to days (with a non-negligible number of false-negative results) and the f-real-t PCR was completed in 90 min. The f-real-t PCR is presented as a new tool for the diagnosis of BE: its usefulness requires validation with larger series of samples.

Purpose To investigate the features of corneal epithelial basement membrane dystrophy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) and to examine the reliability of SD OCT in distinguishing epithelial basement membrane dystrophy from the normal cornea. Design Diagnostic test study. Methods Forty-five individuals with epithelial basement membrane dystrophy and 45 age- and sex-matched controls with normal corneas were examined, and SD OCT scans of their corneas were performed. In vivo confocal microscopy was performed to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of epithelial basement membrane dystrophy. The structural corneal changes occurring in eyes with epithelial basement membrane dystrophy based on SD OCT findings were described. Results Epithelial abnormalities were observed in 86 of 87 eyes with epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (45 patients) on SD OCT scans. The 2 main features were the presence of an irregular and thickened epithelial basement membrane duplicating or insinuating into the corneal epithelium layer, or both, and the presence of hyperreflective dots. In some cases, we detected hyporeflective spaces between the corneal epithelial layer and the Bowman layer similar to a corneal epithelial detachment. This corneal epithelial detachment sometimes was associated with a cleavage with a stair-step appearance within the corneal epithelial layer. We found a perfect correlation between in vivo confocal microscopy and SD OCT findings in the diagnosis of epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (κ = 0.98). Conclusions SD OCT provides an accurate assessment of the structural changes occurring in eyes with epithelial basement membrane dystrophy. These changes, visible on SD OCT scans, are easily detectable and permit an accurate diagnosis, especially in patients with no biomicroscopically visible corneal changes.