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Background The 1st, 2nd and small 3rd degree hemorrhoids are non-operatively treated by using anti-inflammatory and plebotonic medicines, high fiber diet and changing lifestyle. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff (GP) is potential to be a hemorrhoid medicine (anti-inflammatory and plebotonic medicine) since its anti-inflammatory effect may be related to antioxidant property. ObjectiveTo elaborate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of GP on experimental hemorrhoid in male Wistar rats. MethodsA Randomized Controlled Trial Post-test only design in hemorrhoid-like rats using croton oil induced into the anus for 30 seconds each day for 3 consecutive days. 14 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group 1 got normal saline solution, while group 2 treated with GPE 100mg/Kg bw for 5 consecutive days. On the 9th experimental day, the blood was drawn for Elisa examination of COX-2 and SOD levels. As COX-2 and SOD normally distributed, pool t-test and product moment correlation was used for statistical analysis. Results All of Wistar rats were still alive. COX-2 levels (ng/ml) in the GPE group was 266.28±158.47, was significantly lower compared to control (595.21±68.92) (p=0.000). Serum SOD levels (ng/ml) in the GPE was 77.00±11.0, and was significantly higher than the control 28.00±4.00 (p=0.02). Correlation between COX-2 and SOD serum level was significantly strong negative correlation (p=0,000 and r=-0.842) Conclusions GPE at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on artificial hemorrhoids through decreased COX-2 levels, and elevated SOD levels. There is a strong negative correlation between SOD and COX-2 serum level. KeywordsGraptophyllum pictum, hemorrhoids, Croton oil, COX-2, SOD.

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. Treatments for colon cancer might cause major side effects, hence increase opportunities for the development of new cancer drugs. One of the plants that potential to develop as an anticancer agent is daun ungu (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff). From previous studies, G.pictum had cytotoxic activity against several cancerous cell lines. Traditionally, G.pictum leaves have been used for hemorrhoid treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of G.pictum ethanolic extract and its fractions on human colon cancer WiDr cells and to elucidate the compounds contained in most active extracts/fractions. G.pictum was extracted using 70% ethanol and fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, respectively. The yield of the extract obtained was 18.9%. The yield of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol-water fractions were 1.07%, 2.93%, 10.26%, and 84.82%, respectively. The cytotoxic activity was carried out on WiDr cells using the MTT assay. Cytotoxic activity was determined based on IC50 values. IC50 value of extract, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol-water fraction obtained on WiDr cells were 1527,58; 143,97; 507,19; 3538,67 and 3186,60 μg/mL. The hexane fraction containing terpenoids and phenolics showed the highest cytotoxic activities against WiDr colon cancer cells.

Context: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that highly depends on the immune response. Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) has an immune–modulatory activity. Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of purple leaf methanol extract (EMDU) on the expression of IFN–γ in mice lung tissue infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: M. tuberculosis was infected in mice. The EMDU was given with dose (1.703, 3.406, 6.812) mg kg–1 BW–1 for 14 d after infection. The expression of IFN–γ protein (expression obtained from mice’s lung tissue) was examined using immunohistochemical examination using IFN–γ anti monoclonal antibodies. Calculations performed on immunoreactive cells showed positive expression and reddish–brown appearance on the cytoplasm. Calculated as many as ten fields of view using a light microscope at 400 times magnification, then the mean value is taken. The mean value of the number of immunoreactive cells is included as data. Data analysis by one way ANOVA and Duncan test. Results: The treatment group showed that IFN–γ expression in mice tuberculosis was significantly increased (p < 0.05) of EMDU. Conclusions: Administration of EMDU increase of IFN–γ expression in mice tuberculosis Keywords: Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff, immune, tuberculosis

The author would like to study the effects of ethanol Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff extract (EGPE) as anti-inflammation on wistar with experimental hemorrhoids. RCT post-test only design were done on 28 wistar, that were allocated into four groups. The 2nd , 3rd and 4th group were induced with 6% croton oil into anus for three days, the 1st group was not induced. On the 4th day, 1st and 2nd group were given physiologic saline, 3rd and 4th group was given EGPE 100 mg and 300 mg/ kg bw respectively. At the 9th day, before termination, blood was aspirated from retro-ocular region for examination of serum IL-6, COX-2 and TNF-alpha using ELISA method, and SGOT, SGPT, urea and creatinine level. Anus was removed and prepared for microscopic examination to count the leucocyte under 400 HPF. Induction of 6% croton oil was significantly increased TNF-alpha, IL-6, COX-2 and leucocyte count. Treatment with EGPE dose 100 mg and 300 mg/ kg bw significantly reduce TNF-alpha, IL-6, COX-2 and leucocyte count, dose 100 mg was even better than 300 mg except for leucocyte count. SGOT, SGPT, blood urea and creatinine were not significantly different among groups. In conclusion, the EGPE 100 mg and 300 mg have anti-inflammatory effects in hemorrhoids wistar, which can suppress IL-6, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and total leucocytes. The EGPE dose 100 mg is better than dose 300 mg. EGPE save for kidney and liver.

Anemia is a global public health problem. In Cameroon, the most vulnerable to anemia are children under 5 years of age (60%) and pregnant women (40%). To reduce prevalence of anemia, several approaches have been adopted, including promoting the production and consumption of iron-rich foods/products. The objective of this work was to study the nutritional potential of anti-anemic drinks based on extracts from the leaves of either Manihot esculenta or Graptophyllum pictum consumed by the populations of the city of Yaoundé in Cameroon. Macronutrient contents were determined using the standard A.O.A.C. methods, while mineral contents were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bioactive compounds such as total polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins were analyzed. Vitamin C was determined by the 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol spectrophotometric method (DCPIP) and the contents of anti-nutrients (tannins, phytates, oxalates, saponins, hydrocyanic acid) quantified using standard methods. The results of these analyses show that the mean protein contents in the studied anti-anemic drinks ranged from 0.64 ± 0.08 g/100 mL to 1.84 ± 0.02 g/100 mL (M. esculenta drink); and 0.25 ± 0.01 g/100 mL (G. pictum drink). Sugar contents ranged from 0.30 ± 0.02 g/100 mL to 0.45 ± 0.01 g/100 mL (M. esculenta drink), and 0.29 ± 0.01 g/100 mL (G. pictum drink). As concerns iron contents, and vitamin C contents were inversely proportional across M. esculenta drinks containing 25% milk (2.29 ± 0.15 mg/100 mL iron; 57.9 ± 0.2 mg/100mL vit C) through 50% milk (1.70 ± 0.03 mg/100 mL iron; 147.19 ± 16.05 mg/100 mL vit C) to 75% milk (1.01 ± 0.11 mg/100 mL iron; 221.1 ± 16.96 mg/100 mL vit C). Likewise, iron and vit C levels in the G. pictum drink were 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/100 mL and 999.1 ± 41.2 mg/100 mL respectively. In general, although some anti-nutrients were detected in the studied anti-anemic beverages, the levels were not significant to pose harm. The principal component analysis revealed that the M. esculenta drink containing 75% milk was relatively the most nutritious of all the studied drinks viewing its contents in Vitamin C, protein and soluble sugars, thus, facilitating intestinal absorption of non-heme iron. Similarly, the G. pictum drink may require optimization of preparation method. Finally, the need for iron-bioavailability studies based on these anti-anemic drinks cannot be over emphasized.

Menopause can occur osteoporosis caused by low estrogen. This research was aimed to determine the effect of G. pictum extract on the morphometry and the calcium level of mice femoral bone had been ovariectomized. K1 as a non ovariectomy group was given 0.1 mL of CMC with a dose of 1 g/L, K2 as an control group with 0.1 mL CMC at a dose of 1g/L, K3 as an control group with 0.1 mL of synthetic estrogen at a dose of 0.0104 mg/kgBW, P1 and P2 as the treatment group, 0.1 mL G. pictum extract with a dose of 20 mg/kgBW and 30 mg/kgBW. All of the groups were administrated for 40 days. The results of the highest measurements of bone weight K2 (0.0722 ± 0.008), bone length P2 (1.71 ± 0.047), proximal metaphysical diameter K3 (0.24 ± 0.032), distal metaphysical diameter K2 (0.27 ± 0.010), K3 diaphysis diameter (0.174 ± 0.015), K3 calcium level (97.178 ± 0.830). The administration of G. pictum leaf extract has no effect on bone morphometry but can increase the calcium content of the femur. The optimum dose of G. pictum extract in raising bone calcium levels is 30 mg/kgBW.

Wungu leaf (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) is a plant thought to have potential use in alleviating symptoms of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the activity of wungu leaf extracts in decreasing blood glucose level of alloxan (200 mg/kg BW)-induced hyperglycemic mice. Extracts of wungu leaf were obtained by macerating with ethanol and then partitioning the extract with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Each extract obtained was used to treat hyperglycemic mice for 28 days. The results showed that wungu leaf extracts have the ability to decrease the blood glucose level of hyperglycemic mice (dose 50 mg/kg BW). The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity, bringing about a decrease of blood glucose of 37.6 %. The wungu leaf extract has the potential to be developed as a source of anti-diabetic agents.

Background : The 1 st and 2 nd degree hemorrhoids is managed non-operatively with the anti-inflammatory and plebothropic drugs. Graptophyllum pictum extract (GPE) has already been used widely in Indonesia to treat hemorrhoid with good result, however, the mechanism is not supported by the molecular research. Objective : This study is intended to study the phlebothropic effects of GPE by measuring the degree of edema and extravassal leucocytes of experimental wistar hemorrhoid. Methods : Experimental study with Randomized Controlled Trial Post - test only design in male wistar rats, weight around 200 gr, induced for the development of a disease-like condition of hemorrhoids by 6% croton oil on the anus for 3 days. Random allocation was performed to divide the 14 wistar rats in 2 groups. Group I as control got normal saline solution, while group II was treated with GPE 100mg/kgbw, started on day 4 th for 5 consecutive days. On 9 th day blood was extracted from retroorbital fossa and anus was resected up to 2 cm from anal verge and weighted. The degree of anal edema was measured by rectoanal coefficient, that is rasio between anal weight (miligrams) and body weight (grams). Results : Until the end of study, all wistar rat were still alive. The mean (±SD) of body weight of control group was 173.84 ­( ±13.37) and the treatment group was 171.70 ( ±13.10), and there was no significant differences (p = 0.833). The mean (±SD) of rectoanal coefficient in the treatment group was 2.46 (±0.41) and it was significantly lower than control group (3.13 ± 0.85) (p = 0.029). The mean (±SD) of extravassal leukocytes in the treatment group was 900.14 ( ±48.09) and it was significantly lower than the control (1003.28 ± 99.30) (p = 0.042). Conclusions : Graptophyllum pictum extract at doses of 100 mg/Kgbw have phlebotonic effect in decreased edema and extravassal leukocytes.