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Background: Use of exfoliative cytology and cyto-analysis is a useful early diagnostic method for epithelial atypia and for human oral neoplasm. Rare occurrences of cytological atypia appear to be very thin, elongated, fibre like structures in oral epithelia is named as keratinized fiber cells (KFCs). In the present study, the aim is to quantify the KFCs and to analyze it morphometrically with a cytodiagnostic approach. Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, exfoliated scraped cytosmears were collected from the affected sites of the clinically diagnosed 136 oral cancer patients over the pre-cleaned microslides and immediately fixed in acetoalcohol. Cytosmears were stained with routine Papanicolaou’s stain and counterstained with the Giemsa’s solution. Out of one thousand screened cells, the KFCs were scored from each stained sample following standard criteria. Cytomorphometry was done by using computer-assisted Cat Cam 1.30 (1.3 Mega Pixel) microscope camera of Catalyst Biotech(Maharashtra, India). Findings were statistically analyzed, interpreted and correlated with the oral sites, sex and nature of addiction. Results: Keratinized fiber cells (KFCs) exhibit both cytological and nuclear pleomorphism. Usually, two types of KFCs–named as Large Keratinized fiber cells (LKFCs) and small Keratinized fiber cells (SKFCs) were observed in 53.76% of total collected samples from the premalignant and malignant cases. Almost all KFCs are moderately differentiated with an elongated fiber contour in each and are the pleomorphic form of normal oral squamous cells. Keratin expression in the cytoplasm in KFCs indicates epidermoid origin. The terminal ends are either pin-pointed or narrowly blunt. The nucleus is also found to be elongated inside the cytoplasm of KFCs. In rare cases, the nucleiof the KFCs may be either polarized or ink-dot shaped. Cytological as well as nuclear pleomorphism, pattern of keratiniztion, hyperchromasia and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratios in KFCs are of cytopathological importance and are the signs and clear indication of malignancy. Conclusion: Genesis of KFCs in the epithelia of oral neoplasm is a sign of neo-fibrosis. Pattern of keratiniztion, hyperchromasia, nuclear pleomorphism and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios (N/C) in KFCs are of cytopathological importance and thus appearance of KFCs in oral epithelia has a practical utility in early detection and diagnosis of the oral cancer patients.

Background: Although it has been repeatedly suggested from western studies that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lot of emotional impact. A study was undertaken to investigate whether depression occurs more often in patients with COPD than in controls. The demographic and clinical variables associated with depression were also determined. Methods: Patients with a registered diagnosis of obstructive airway disease in general practice, aged ≥40 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Experimental induction of necrotic enteritis (NE) successfully achieved by daily oral inoculation of 4×10 8 CFU of C. perfringens/bird in PBS for 4 successive days to immunocompromised broiler chickens (using IBDV vaccination with a hot vaccine strain). NE infected bird groups showed variable degrees of diarrhea, inappetance enteritis and mortalities. Average lesion scoring indicated the efficacy of Na butyrate encapsulated in palm fat (Admix 30) in lowering damage associated with NE. The recorded mortality was lower in Admix 30 treated groups vs. their non-treated ones. Enumeration of intestinal C. perfringens in non-infected chickens (resident C. perfringens) as well as in experimentally induced NE groups revealed reduction in the mean values in Admix 30 treated groups vs. non- treated infected ones. In conclusion; the present investigation proved the effectiveness of Admix 30 as a powerful environmentally friendly alternative for natural control method of NE in poultry enterprises.

Variation of the common carotid artery, including high origin, rare absence, low bifurcation & also anomolous origins of common carotid artery are very common. Knowledge of carotid bifurcation is important for vascular surgical procedures, such as carotid endarterectomy or radical neck dissection, catheterization and aneurysms 1 . The aim of this study was to describe the level of common carotid artery bifurcation. 50 adult cadavers were dissected and variation in pattern of common carotid artery bifurcation were noted. During radical neck surgeries, the common carotid arteries are important landmarks, defining the plane of the dissection .Evaluation of the carotid bifurcation level can be done with non invasive techniques and external anatomical landmarks can be clinically useful in predicting the bifurcation level of the carotid artery. Accurate level of bifurcation can be devised by dissection method in nonliving. Increase variations in the branching patterns may increase the risk of vascular accidents during surgical procedures in the neck and also angiographic aberrations 3

The purpose of the present study is to compare histological changes in the wall of human gallbladder in abnormal conditions like cholelithiasis & cholecystitis and find out the predominant risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis from primary stage like cholecystitis. To conduct case control study, 60 normal (control group) human gallbladders & 30 abnormal (case group) samples of human gallbladders having cholelithiasis and cholecystitis were obtained and processed & 9 slides were obtained and stained by H&E.. Different histological findings were noted in the various layers of gallbladders. Epithelial hyperplasia, dysplasia with erodification of mucosa and sub epithelial haemorrhages was denoted in both cholelithiasis & cholecystitis. On the behalf of statistical evidence, the present study shows both group case and control are highly significant. Predominant histological alterations were estimated in percentage by counting the number of sign and symtoms or alterations observed in various layers of diseased human gall bladder like cholecystitis and cholelithiasis and the percentage was evaluated by correlating with the normal gallbladder histological representation either/or minimal recessive histological alterations in the normal one. Predominant histological alterations were estimated and found maximum epithelial break was 62.5% in cholelithiasis where as 59.09% in cholecystitis

Introduction: The Nigerian Federal Ministry of health reports indicate that Lassa fever outbreaks occur very frequently in different parts of Nigeria. Most of the cases pass unnoticed because the index of suspicion has remained low. The recent Makurdi outbreak was unnoticed for several weeks and killed several people including a Physician before detection. This review aims to remind health workers and enlighten the general public on the danger of Lassa fever. Methods: The Makurdi epidemic was used as a case study to review Lassa fever in Nigeria. Data from the Federal Ministry of Health, the World Health Organisation and published articles on Lassa fever were reviewed.We acknowledge the Federal Ministry of Health Outbreak Investigation and Control Team that worked with us in Benue during the outbreak for sharing the Nigerian Lassa fever data with us. We equally are grateful to the Disease Prevention and Control (DPC) Unit, World Health Organization Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria for providing resource materials on prevention of Lassa fever. Conclusion: A high index of suspicion is crucial to early detection and treatment of Lassa fever and strict adherence to universal precautions would prevent nosocomial transmission.

Amniotic fluid is the nourishing & protecting liquid of the amnion of a pregnant woman& at 10 weeks it contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, urea, electrolytes all of which helps in the growth of fetus & in later stages it consists of fetal urine. As the fetus grows amniotic fluid increases to maximum of 800-1000ml at 34 weeks and decreases to 600-800ml at 40 weeks. It protects the baby by cushioning too. Any decrease in the amniotic fluid leads to intra uterine growth restriction, meconium aspiration syndrome, severe birth asphyxia, low Apgar scores, congenital abnormalities, contracture of the limbs, clubbing of feet & hypoplastic lungs. so early detection and intervention might decrease the perinatal mortality and morbidity and decrease in the C-section rate also. Aims & Objectives: To study the effect of severe oligohydramnios on maternal morbidity, neonatal morbidity & mortality & incidence of congenital abnormalities. Materials & Methods: 100 cases of term pregnancies with severe Oligohydromnios admitted to labour room, between June 2013 to Dec 2013 were selected. After considering inclusions & exclusion criteria, a detailed history was taken and general physical examination, obstetric examination& clinical pelvimetry was done & Bishops score was assessed. Severe Oligohydromnios was confirmed by estimation of AFI by USG & in all cases Doppler study was done. Conclusion: Severe Oligohydromnios has been linked with adverse perinatal outcome which includes structural anomalies, SGA, IUGR, post maturity syndrome, cord compression, MAS &FHR variations & increased perinatal morbidity & mortality. Hence it demands early diagnosis, intense antenatal care of maternal & fetal factors, intervention with hydration and isotonic therapy, intense intrapartum care, intervention at the appropriate time to decrease fetal morbidity & mortality.

The invagination of a segment of the intestine into the lumen of adjacent segment is called intussusception. The usual direction is from proximal to distal segment. Intussusception is very uncommon in adults and accounts for only 5% of all reported cases and a cause of bowel obstruction in only 1%. Lipomas in the intestinal tract are quite rare and usually asymptomatic, although lipoma larger than 2cms may be a cause of bowel obstruction. It is rare to get a benign lesion, which leads to intussusception on the left side. Here we document a rare case of colocolic intussusception with lipoma as the lead point on left descending colon. The CT was diagnostic and the patient underwent resection and anastomosis of the colon Keywords: Intussusception, lipoma, CT imaging

Candida dubliniensis diarrhea is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised hosts. C.dubliniensis shares many of its phenotypic characters with the more common pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Differentiation of the two species is important in view of the antifungal resistance reported in C.dubliniensis. A 21 year old female patient presented with diarrhea, fever, shortness of breath to the casualty. She was diagnosed with Systemic lupus erythematosis few months back when she complained of redness of face, fever, and rash on trunk and was put on corticosteroid treatment. Wet mount examination of stool revealed the presence of Candida pseudohyphae. Culture on SDA was subjected for germ tube test and chlamydospore formation, which was positive. Sparse growth on SDA at 42 ° C and no growth at 45 ° C differentiated the species from C.albicans. The patient succumbed to the infection even when the antifungal treatment was started.

Introduction: The International Diabetic Federation (IDF) Diabetic Atlas Fifth edition reports that half of the diabetic patients are undiagnosed. India has earned the reputation of being termed the Diabetic Capital of the world. Diabetes, which was once prevalent only among adults, is now found commonly in children due to change in lifestyle and imbalanced eating habits. More and more young adolescents are falling prey to the disease. So mass awareness and screening programs are the need of the hour. Material & Methods: This study was carried among 100 I M.B.B.S students of Sree Balaji Medical College. Indian Diabetic Risk score (IDRS) questionnaire was used to score the students. Students in the risk score above 60% were advised to undergo Fasting and Post prandial blood sugar levels. Results: Only one student showed high risk whereas the study revealed that 51% of student lacked exercise in their schedule.