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SzydełkoJoanna,DąbrowskaIzabela. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in adiponectin and its receptors’ genes as potential risk factors for coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus – an up-to-date overview. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(9):722-734. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.087 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.09.087 https://zenodo.org/record/5534087 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.09.2021. Revised: 20.09.2021. Accepted: 27.09.2021. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in adiponectin and its receptors’ genes as potential risk factors for coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus – an up-to-date overview Joanna Szydełko1a, Izabela Dąbrowska2b 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland a jszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-9058 b nematoda@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-2284 Corresponding author: Joanna Szydełko Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Jaczewskiego 8 Street 20-954 Lublin, Poland phone: +48 81 72 44 668 e-mail: jszydelko@interia.pl Abstract Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with still growing incidence among adults and young people worldwide. Patients with T2DM are more susceptible to develop coronary artery disease (CAD) than non-diabetic individuals. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies suggested that adiponectin, a pleiotropic hormone with anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties, may be a molecular link between metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the adiponectin and its receptors’ genes on the risk of CAD in patients with T2DM. Description of knowledge: Adiponectin, the most abundant circulating adipocytokine, is encoded by the Acrp30/adiponectin gene on chromosome 3q27, which constitutes a region specific for obesity-related metabolic syndrome. A genetic deficit of this adipokine may be responsible for the increased risk of CAD both in the general population and T2DM subjects. The results of recent years’ studies highlight that SNPs at the adiponectin locus, +45 T>G and +276 G>T as well within its two receptors, are determinants of early onset atherosclerosis in individuals with T2DM. Conclusions: SNPs in ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 may modify the risk of CAD in the group of patients with T2DM. SNP +45 and SNP +276 seem to be attractive, molecular markers for identification of diabetic individuals at especially high risk of CAD. The discovering of their exact mechanisms may result in novel screening options as well as diagnostic process and treatment scheme. Therefore, further research is required to determine the effects of adiponectin and its receptors’ polymorphisms and their roles in the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Key words: adiponectin; AdipoR1; AdipoR2; type 2 diabetes mellitus; coronary artery disease; single nucleotide polymorphisms

Despite the significant progress in the treatment of haematological malignancies and the improvement of treatment efficacy, it is still associated with numerous side effects. Among them, endocrinological and diabetic complications of immunotherapy are of particular importance, and they belong to the most frequently observed, mainly due to the interference of the treatment with functioning of the immune system. As a result, it can lead to the induction of autoimmune processes in many systems, including endocrine glands. The effectiveness of some therapies may also be determined by the occurrence of side effects in the form of autoimmune diseases. Increasing use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, as well as glucocorticosteroids exerting immunosuppressive effect, which are applied, leads to the development of various pathologies of the endocrine system. The most common complications developing on the background of autoimmune inflammation are disturbances in the function of thyroid gland, pituitary gland in its anterior lobe, and very rarely in the posterior lobe in the form of diabetes insipidus. The above-mentioned disorders may occur in patients of all ages, regardless of gender. Some dysfunctions are subclinical and are found incidentally during routine check-up, both in the course of the treatment process or after its completion. Taking into account the possibility of serious consequences of the therapy, it is now recommended to periodically control the patients.

Primary adrenal lymphomas (PAL) are rare neoplasms that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and incidentally detected focal lesions within the adrenal glands, especially those located bilaterally. PAL are tumors characterized by a rapid growth, an aggressive course and a poor prognosis. The disease usually develops in the elderly, most often in the 6.–7. decade of life, 2–7 times more often in men than in women. The etiopathogenesis of PAL is complex, multifactorial and still not fully understood.. The most commonly reported symptoms include fever of unknown origin, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss. In the case of lesions localized on both sides, symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are relatively common. PAL may also be clinically silent and be detected as incidentalomas. The examination of choice in PAL diagnostics is computed tomography (CT) of the abdominal cavity aimed at the adrenal glands and combined with hormonal assessment. The gold standard in the diagnosis of PAL is percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy under ultrasound or CT guidance, which allows for the final diagnosis. Histopathologically, the vast majority of cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It has been suggested to combine various methods of treatment, including immunochemotherapy/chemotherapy, surgery with subsequent immunochemotherapy/chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The purpose of the following systematic review was to perform an interdisciplinary analysis of the clinical picture, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods and current therapeutic strategies, taking into account the prognosis for individual PAL subtypes.

Trojanowska Paulina, Trojanowska Alina, Szydełko Joanna, Tywanek Ewa, Łuczyk Robert Jan. The impaired response of circulating asprosin concentrations to glucose levels fluctuation may be one of the causes of type 2 diabetes – a narrative review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(9):846-854. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.09.102 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.09.102 https://zenodo.org/record/4054287 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.09.2020. Revised: 27.09.2020. Accepted: 28.09.2020. The impaired response of circulating asprosin concentrations to glucose levels fluctuation may be one of the causes of type 2 diabetes – a narrative review Paulina Trojanowska1, Alina Trojanowska2, Joanna Szydełko3, Ewa Tywanek4, RobertJanŁuczyk4 1Department of Pediatric Neurology and Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2Chair and Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin 3Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 4Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Poland Authors 1. Paulina Trojanowska, trojanowska_paulina@wp.pl, https://orcid.org/: 0000-0002-5289-6473, 2. Alina Trojanowska, trojanowska-a@wp.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-7509, 3. Joanna Szydełko, jszydelko@interia.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-9058, 4. Ewa Tywanek, ewa.tywanek@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2311-994X, 5. Robert Jan Łuczyk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0889-6326, Abstract It has been recently discovered that asprosin, an adopakine that is secreted by white adipose tissue, affects the release of glucose into the blood. When blood glucose levels rise, the production of asprosin is immediately suppressed. In healthy people, circulating asprosin shows daily fluctuations, and its concentration drops significantly with the beginning of eating. In patients with type 2 diabetes it was invastigated that both fasting and postprandial asprosin concentrations were significantly higher. Therefore, it is probable that elevated blood levels of asprosin and its impaired response to glucose levels fluctuation may be one of the causes of type 2 diabetes. It is considered, that administration of antibodies that block the action of asprosin may help diabetics reduce glucose levels. In addition, it can also contribute to the effective fight against obesity. Key words: asprosin; adipokine; diabetes mellitus; obesity

SzydełkoJoanna, Trojanowska Paulina, Dąbrowska Izabela, Szydełko-GorzkowiczMagdalena, Litwińczuk Michał. Adiponectin as novel biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and obesity – a narrative review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport.2020;10(9):591-606. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.09.071 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.09.071 https://zenodo.org/record/4046177 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 17.09.2020. Revised: 23.09.2020. Accepted: 23.09.2020. Adiponectin as novel biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and obesity – a narrative review Joanna Szydełko1a, Paulina Trojanowska1,2b, Izabela Dąbrowska3c, Magdalena Szydełko-Gorzkowicz4d, Michał Litwińczuk5e 1Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2 Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 3Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 4Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, Poland 5Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic, Farmed Non-Public Healthcare Institution, Lublin, Poland a jszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-9058 btrojanowska_paulina@wp.pl, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-6473 cnematoda@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-2284 d mszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-9934 e mlitwinczuk405@gmail.com, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4086-6779 Corresponding author: Joanna Szydełko Department of Endocrinology Jaczewskiego 8 Street 20-954 Lublin, Poland phone: +48 81 72 44 668 e-mail: jszydelko@interia.pl Abstract Introduction: Obesity is a chronic fatal disease with still growing incidence among children, adolescents, and adults worldwide. The subclinical inflammatory process together with hipoadiponectinemia may lead to the development of various comorbidities, including cardiovascular complications. That is why, the relationship between adipose tissue activity, obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial function is in high interest and an object of extensively studies. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-atherogenic effects of adiponectin and its properties to improve endothelial function in obesity-related insulin resistance. Description of knowledge: Adiponectin,an adipose tissue-derivedpleiotropic hormone with anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic, and insulin-sensitizing actions, is not only engaged in modulation of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension or coronary artery disease, but the latest researches highlight its role in improving vascular wall integrity. It affects complex signaling pathways in endothelial cells and influence inflammatory responses in the subendothelial space. Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that agents leading to increase in adiponectin levels, simultaneously contribute to decrease insulin resistance, and improve endothelial dysfunction. Conclusions: Adiponectin may be a predictive factor of endothelial dysfunctionality and vascular remodeling development in the group of patients with overweight, obesity, and insulin resistance. Discovering pharmacological agents and non-pharmacological interventions that increase the level of circulating adiponectin will become novel and innovative therapeutic strategy to ameliorate obesity-related comorbidities. Therefore, further studies are required to determine the exact role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Key words: adiponectin; insulin resistance; obesity; vascular dysfunction

Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH) by a pituitary adenoma, and consequently increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration. The GH/IGF-1 axis and immune cells interactions are hypothesized to be involved in subclinical inflammation. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the differences in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratios, and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in GH-secreting adenomas compared with non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) concerning clinical and radiological findings. After evaluation of 665 patients with pituitary tumors, 62 individuals with newly diagnosed acromegaly and 134 with NFPAs were enrolled in the analysis. The control group consisted of 120 healthy individuals. Fifty-eight patients with acromegaly were re-evaluated after medical or surgical therapies. NLR, PLR, SII values, and neutrophil count were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001), whereas lymphocyte count was lower in acromegaly than in NFPAs (p = 0.001). No significant differences between NFPAs and controls were observed in analyzed ratios. Higher preoperative NLR, PLR, SII values were found in patients who failed to achieve a cure with surgery (p &lt, 0.05). Although NLR, PLR, and SII values were significantly higher in acromegaly, these indices cannot be used to discriminate GH-secreting pituitary tumors from NFPAs. Treatment of acromegaly decreased the value of NLR and SII, but it requires further studies to consolidate the real clinical role of these inflammation-related ratios.