139 results on '"Kwok Wah Chan"'
Search Results
2. Effect of mycophenolate and rapamycin on renal fibrosis in lupus nephritis
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Desmond Y H Yap, Maggie K.M. Ma, Kwok Fan Cheung, Susan Yung, Chenzhu Zhang, Mel K. M. Chau, Caleb C.Y. Chan, Kwok Wah Chan, and Tak Mao Chan
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0301 basic medicine ,Lupus nephritis ,Kidney ,Mycophenolate ,Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Fibrosis ,medicine ,Renal fibrosis ,Animals ,Humans ,Phosphorylation ,Mechanistic target of rapamycin ,Chemokine CCL2 ,Sirolimus ,030203 arthritis & rheumatology ,biology ,business.industry ,TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Glomerulosclerosis ,General Medicine ,Mycophenolic Acid ,medicine.disease ,Lupus Nephritis ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,biology.protein ,Cancer research ,Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Female ,Rabbits ,business - Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD) through progressive fibrosis. Mycophenolate inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and is a standard treatment for LN. The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated in LN. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR and is effective in preventing kidney transplant rejection, with the additional merits of reduced incidence of malignancies and viral infections. The effect of mycophenolate or rapamycin on kidney fibrosis in LN has not been investigated. We investigated the effects of mycophenolate and rapamycin in New Zealand Black and White first generation (NZB/W F1) murine LN and human mesangial cells (HMCs), focusing on mechanisms leading to kidney fibrosis. Treatment of mice with mycophenolate or rapamycin improved nephritis manifestations, decreased anti-double stranded (ds) DNA antibody titer and reduced immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition in the kidney. Both mycophenolate and rapamycin, especially the latter, decreased glomerular mTOR Ser2448 phosphorylation. Renal histology in untreated mice showed mesangial proliferation and progressive glomerulosclerosis with tubular atrophy, and increased expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN) and collagen. Both mycophenolate and rapamycin ameliorated the histopathological changes. Results from in vitro experiments showed that both mycophenolate and rapamycin decreased mesangial cell proliferation and their binding with anti-dsDNA antibodies. Mycophenolate and rapamycin also down-regulated mTOR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and inhibited fibrotic responses in mesangial cells that were induced by anti-dsDNA antibodies or TGF-β1. Our findings suggest that, in addition to immunosuppression, mycophenolate and rapamycin may reduce fibrosis in LN, which has important implications in preventing CKD in patients with LN.
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- 2019
3. Identification of miR-29c and its Target FBXO31 as a Key Regulatory Mechanism in Esophageal Cancer Chemoresistance: Functional Validation and Clinical Significance
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Can-Can Zheng, Wei Dai, Qing-Sheng Yang, Li Yan Xu, Xin Yuan Guan, Qing-Yu He, Simon Law, Wen-You Chen, Maria Li Lung, Yan Ru Qin, Kin Tak Chan, W Xu, Sai Wah Tsao, Pan Hong, Kwok Wah Chan, Annie L.M. Cheung, Nikki P. Lee, Liang Han, Bin Li, and En Min Li
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0301 basic medicine ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Antineoplastic Agents ,STAT5A ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,In vivo ,microRNA ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,TaqMan ,Humans ,microRNA therapy ,Medicine ,Neoplasms, Squamous Cell ,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous) ,Transcription factor ,p38 signaling ,diagnosis and prognosis ,business.industry ,F-Box Proteins ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Tumor Suppressor Proteins ,chemoresistance ,Cancer ,Models, Theoretical ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,Biomarker (cell) ,MicroRNAs ,030104 developmental biology ,Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,Fluorouracil ,business ,Research Paper - Abstract
Rationale: Dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) expressions in cancer can contribute to chemoresistance. This study aims to identify miRNAs that are associated with fluorouracil (5-FU) chemoresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The potential of miR-29c as a novel diagnostic, prognostic and treatment-predictive marker in ESCC, and its mechanisms and therapeutic implication in overcoming 5-FU chemoresistance were explored. Methods: The miRNA profiles of an ESCC cell model with acquired chemoresistance to 5-FU were analyzed using a Taqman miRNA microarray to identify novel miRNAs associated with 5-FU chemoresistance. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine miR-29c expression in tissue and serum samples of patients. Bioinformatics, gain- and loss-of-function experiments, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to validate F-box only protein 31 (FBXO31) as a direct target of miR-29c, and to identify potential transcription factor binding events that control miR-29c expression. The potential of systemic miR-29c oligonucleotide-based therapy in overcoming 5-FU chemoresistance was evaluated in tumor xenograft model. Results: MiR-29c, under the regulatory control of STAT5A, was frequently downregulated in tumor and serum samples of patients with ESCC, and the expression level was correlated with overall survival. Functional studies showed that miR-29c could override 5-FU chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo by directly interacting with the 3'UTR of FBXO31, leading to repression of FBXO31 expression and downstream activation of p38 MAPK. Systemically administered miR-29c dramatically improved response of 5-FU chemoresistant ESCC xenografts in vivo. Conclusions: MiR-29c modulates chemoresistance by interacting with FBXO31, and is a promising non-invasive biomarker and therapeutic target in ESCC.
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- 2019
4. TLR4+CXCR4+ plasma cells drive nephritis development in systemic lupus erythematosus
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Xiaoming Zhang, Kwok Wah Chan, Jingyi Li, Dongzhou Liu, Fangxiang Mou, Xiaohui Wang, Yongfei Fang, Kongyang Ma, Yanbin Zhao, Xiaoping Hong, Liwei Lu, Lingyun Sun, Xi Yang, Wenhan Du, and Xiang Lin
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0301 basic medicine ,Systemic lupus erythematosus ,business.industry ,ELISPOT ,Immunology ,Lupus nephritis ,Autoantibody ,Glomerulonephritis ,medicine.disease ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Immune tolerance ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Rheumatology ,Renal pathology ,immune system diseases ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,business ,Nephritis ,030215 immunology - Abstract
ObjectivesIn patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), immune tolerance breakdown leads to autoantibody production and immune-complex glomerulonephritis. This study aimed to identify pathogenic plasma cells (PC) in the development of lupus nephritis.MethodsPC subsets in peripheral blood and renal tissue of patients with SLE and lupus mice were examined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively. Sorting-purified PCs from lupus mice were adoptively transferred into Rag2-deficient recipients, in which immune-complex deposition and renal pathology were investigated. In culture, PCs from lupus mice and patients with SLE were treated with a TLR4 inhibitor and examined for autoantibody secretion by enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). Moreover, lupus mice were treated with a TLR4 inhibitor, followed by the assessment of serum autoantibody levels and glomerulonephritis activity.ResultsThe frequencies of TLR4+CXCR4+ PCs in peripheral blood and renal tissue were found significantly increased with the potent production of anti-dsDNA IgG, which were associated with severe renal damages in patients with SLE and mice with experimental lupus. Adoptive transfer of TLR4+CXCR4+ PCs from lupus mice led to autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis development in Rag2-deficient recipients. In culture, TLR4+CXCR4+ PCs from both lupus mice and patients with SLE showed markedly reduced anti-dsDNA IgG secretion on TLR4 blockade. Moreover, in vivo treatment with TLR4 inhibitor significantly attenuated autoantibody production and renal damages in lupus mice.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate a pathogenic role of TLR4+CXCR4+ PCs in the development of lupus nephritis and may provide new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of SLE.
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- 2018
5. Non-invasive assessment of kidney allograft fibrosis with shear wave elastography: A radiological-pathological correlation analysis
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Sydney C.W. Tang, Bo Ying Choy, Gary Cw Chan, Maggie My Mok, Desmond Y H Yap, Maggie Km Ma, Lorraine Py Kwan, Kwok Wah Chan, Kin Sun Tse, Helen Kw Law, and Tak Mao Chan
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Adult ,Male ,Intraclass correlation ,Biopsy ,Urology ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Kidney ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Interquartile range ,Fibrosis ,Chronic allograft nephropathy ,medicine ,Humans ,Creatinine ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Graft Survival ,Reproducibility of Results ,Middle Aged ,Allografts ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Transplantation ,Transplantation ,ROC Curve ,chemistry ,Tubulointerstitial fibrosis ,Elasticity Imaging Techniques ,Hong Kong ,Female ,Kidney Diseases ,Elastography ,business ,Nuclear medicine - Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the use of shear wave elastography in assessment of kidney allograft tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Methods Shear wave elastography assessment was carried out by two independent operators in kidney transplant recipients who underwent allograft biopsy for clinical indications (i.e. rising creatinine >15% or proteinuria >1 g/day). Allograft biopsies were interpreted by the same pathologist according to the 2013 Banff Classification. Results A total of 40 elastography scans were carried out (median creatinine 172.5 μmol/L [interquartile range 133.8-281.8 μmol/L]). Median tissue stiffness at the cortex (22.6 kPa [interquartile range 18.8-25.7 kPa] vs 22.3 kPa [interquartile range 19.0-26.5 kPa], P = 0.70) and medulla (15.0 kPa [interquartile range 13.7-18.0 kPa] vs 15.6 kPa [interquartile range 14.4-18.2 kPa]) showed no significant differences between the two observers. Interobserver agreement was satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficient of the cortex 0.84, 95% CI 0.70-0.92 and intraclass correlation coefficient of the medulla 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.94). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for detection of tubulointerstitial fibrosis were estimated to be 0.75 (95% CI 0.61-0.89), 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.95) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.53-0.78) for cortical, medullary tissue stiffness and serum creatinine, respectively. Conclusions Shear wave elastography can be used as a non-invasive tool to evaluate kidney allograft fibrosis with reasonable interobserver agreement and superior test performance to serum creatinine in detecting early tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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- 2018
6. Whole-exome sequencing reveals critical genes underlying metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
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Maria Li Lung, Kin Tak Chan, Sheyne Sta Ana Choi, Zhouyou Yu, Wei Dai, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, Hong Zheng, Luwen Ning, Vinod Gopalan, Kwok Wah Chan, Simon Law, Alfred King-Yin Lam, and Nikki P. Lee
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0301 basic medicine ,Nucleosome organization ,Mutation ,Nucleosome assembly ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,digestive system diseases ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Metastasis ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Cancer research ,medicine ,Missense mutation ,Metastasis suppressor ,Epigenetics ,neoplasms ,Exome sequencing - Abstract
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, owing to a high frequency of metastasis. However, little is known about the genomic landscape of metastatic ESCC. To identify the genetic alterations that underlie ESCC metastasis, whole-exome sequencing was performed for 41 primary tumours and 15 lymph nodes (LNs) with metastatic ESCCs. Eleven cases included matched primary tumours, synchronous LN metastases, and non-neoplastic mucosa. Approximately 50-76% of the mutations identified in primary tumours appeared in the synchronous LN metastases. Metastatic ESCCs harbour frequent mutations of TP53, KMT2D, ZNF750, and IRF5. Importantly, ZNF750 was recurrently mutated in metastatic ESCC. Combined analysis from current and previous genomic ESCC studies indicated more frequent ZNF750 mutation in diagnosed cases with LN metastasis than in those without metastasis (14% versus 3.4%, n = 629, P = 1.78 × 10-5 ). The Cancer Genome Atlas data further showed that ZNF750 genetic alterations were associated with early disease relapse. Previous ESCC studies have demonstrated that ZNF750 knockdown strongly promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion. Collectively, these results suggest a role for ZNF750 as a metastasis suppressor. TP53 is highly mutated in ESCC, and missense mutations are associated with poor overall survival, independently of pathological stage, suggesting that these missense mutations have important functional impacts on tumour progression, and are thus likely to be gain-of-function (GOF) mutations. Additionally, mutations of epigenetic regulators, including KMT2D, TET2, and KAT2A, and chromosomal 6p22 and 11q23 deletions of histone variants, which are important for nucleosome assembly, were detected in 80% of LN metastases. Our study highlights the important role of critical genetic events including ZNF750 mutations, TP53 putative GOF mutations and nucleosome disorganization caused by genetic lesions seen with ESCC metastasis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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- 2017
7. MicroRNA-377 suppresses initiation and progression of esophageal cancer by inhibiting CD133 and VEGF
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Qing-Yu He, Annie L.M. Cheung, L. Y. Xu, Simon Law, N. P.Y. Lee, Kwok Wah Chan, B. Li, Yanru Qin, K. T. Chan, Xin Yuan Guan, L. Han, Sai Wah Tsao, E. M. Li, and Wenyan Xu
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,Cancer Research ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Angiogenesis ,Down-Regulation ,Mice, Nude ,Tumor initiation ,Mice, SCID ,Biology ,Molecular oncology ,Metastasis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Mice, Inbred NOD ,Cell Line, Tumor ,microRNA ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,AC133 Antigen ,Molecular Biology ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Cancer ,Cell cycle ,Esophageal cancer ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,MicroRNAs ,030104 developmental biology ,Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ,HEK293 Cells ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Case-Control Studies ,Immunology ,Cancer research ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Disease Progression ,Original Article ,Female ,Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide with poor survival and limited therapeutic options. The discovery of microRNAs created a new milestone in cancer research. miR-377 is located in chromosome region 14q32, which is frequently deleted in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the biological functions, clinical significance and therapeutic implication of miR-377 in ESCC are largely unknown. In this study, we found that miR-377 expression was significantly downregulated in tumor tissue and serum of patients with ESCC. Both tumor tissue and serum miR-377 expression levels were positively correlated with patient survival. Higher serum miR-377 expression was inversely associated with pathologic tumor stage, distant metastasis, residual tumor status and chemoradiotherapy resistance. The roles of miR-377 in suppressing tumor initiation and progression, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. Results of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that miR-377 overexpression inhibited the initiation, growth and angiogenesis of ESCC tumors as well as metastatic colonization of ESCC cells, whereas silencing of miR-377 had opposite effects. Mechanistically, miR-377 regulated CD133 and VEGF by directly binding to their 3′ untranslated region. Moreover, systemic delivery of formulated miR-377 mimic not only suppressed tumor growth in nude mice but also blocked tumor angiogenesis and metastasis of ESCC cells to the lungs without overt toxicity to mice. Collectively, our study established that miR-377 plays a functional and significant role in suppressing tumor initiation and progression, and may represent a promising non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and therapeutic strategy for patients with ESCC.
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- 2017
8. CD133 in brain tumor: the prognostic factor
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Cian M. McCrudden, Hang Fai Kwok, Peng Lyu, Kwok Wah Chan, Bin Li, Hiu Fung Yuen, Xinping Xi, and Shu-Dong Zhang
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Apoptosis ,Stem cell factor ,Kaplan-Meier Estimate ,Bioinformatics ,fluids and secretions ,0302 clinical medicine ,CD133 ,AC133 Antigen ,Hox gene ,Brain Neoplasms ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Genes, Homeobox ,Glioma ,HOX ,Prognosis ,Vinblastine ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Oncology ,Vincristine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,embryonic structures ,cardiovascular system ,Disease Progression ,Female ,Stem cell ,brain tumor ,LIM2 ,Research Paper ,medicine.drug ,Cell Survival ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,medicine ,Humans ,Eye Proteins ,neoplasms ,Proportional Hazards Models ,business.industry ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Membrane Proteins ,medicine.disease ,Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,stem cell ,Gene expression profiling ,030104 developmental biology ,Cancer research ,Neoplasm Grading ,business ,Biomedical sciences - Abstract
// Bin Li 1 , Cian M. McCrudden 2 , Hiu Fung Yuen 3 , Xinping Xi 1 , Peng Lyu 1 , Kwok Wah Chan 4 , Shu Dong Zhang 5 , Hang Fai Kwok 1 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 2 School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom 3 Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 4 Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 5 Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, United Kingdom Correspondence to: Hang Fai Kwok, email: hfkwok@umac.mo Keywords: brain tumor, CD133, HOX, LIM2, stem cell Received: April 13, 2016 Accepted: December 26, 2016 Published: December 31, 2016 ABSTRACT CD133 has been shown to be an important stem cell factor that promotes glioma progression. However, the mechanism for CD133-mediated glioma progression has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that CD133 mRNA expression was a prognostic marker in three independent glioma patient cohorts, corroborating a putative role for CD133 in glioma progression. Importantly, we found that CD133 expression in glioma was highly correlated with the expression of HOX gene stem cell factors (HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA10, HOXC4 and HOXC6). The expression of these HOX genes individually was significantly associated with survival. Interestingly, the prognostic significance of CD133 was dependent on the expression level of HOX genes, and vice versa. CD133 ( p = 0.021) and HOXA7 ( p = 0.001) were independent prognostic markers when the three glioma patient cohorts were combined ( n = 231). Our results suggest that HOX genes may play a more important role in progression of glioma when CD133 expression is low. Furthermore, we showed that low-level expression of LIM2 in CD133-high glioma was associated with poorer survival, suggesting that LIM2 could be a therapeutic target for glioma expressing a high level of CD133. Connectivity mapping identified vinblastine and vincristine as agents that could reverse the CD133/HOX genes/LIM2-signature, and we confirmed this by in vitro analysis in glioma cell lines, demonstrating that CD133 and HOX genes were co-expressed and could be downregulated by vincristine. In conclusion, our data show that CD133 and HOX genes are important prognostic markers in glioma and shed light on possible treatment strategies for glioma expressing a high level of CD133.
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- 2016
9. MicroRNA-338-5p reverses chemoresistance and inhibits invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting Id-1
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Liang Han, Di Cui, Stephanie Ma, Yun Zhu, Annie L.M. Cheung, Kwok Wah Chan, Simon Law, Nikki P. Lee, Wen Wen Xu, Bin Li, Alfred King Y. Lam, Xin Yuan Guan, Kin Tak Chan, Sai Wah Tsao, and Yan Ru Qin
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 ,Male ,Cancer Research ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Carcinogenesis ,miR‐338‐5p ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,In vivo ,Cell Movement ,Cell Line, Tumor ,microRNA ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,esophageal cancer ,Id‐1 ,Aged ,Cisplatin ,Gene knockdown ,business.industry ,chemoresistance ,General Medicine ,Original Articles ,Esophageal cancer ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,In vitro ,circulating miRNA ,MicroRNAs ,030104 developmental biology ,Oncology ,Cell culture ,Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,Female ,Original Article ,Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ,Fluorouracil ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent commonly used to treat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but acquisition of chemoresistance frequently occurs and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We found that microRNA (miR)‐338‐5p was underexpressed in ESCC cells with acquired 5‐FU chemoresistance. Forced expression of miR‐338‐5p in these cells resulted in downregulation of Id‐1, and restoration of both in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to 5‐FU treatment. The effects were abolished by reexpression of Id‐1. In contrast, miR‐338‐5p knockdown induced 5‐FU resistance in chemosensitive esophageal cell lines, and knockdown of both miR‐338‐5p and Id‐1 resensitized the cells to 5‐FU. In addition, miR‐338‐5p had suppressive effects on migration and invasion of ESCC cells. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed a direct interaction between miR‐338‐5p and the 3′‐UTR of Id‐1. We also found that miR‐338‐5p was significantly downregulated in tumor tissue and serum samples of patients with ESCC. Notably, low serum miR‐338‐5p expression level was associated with poorer survival and poor response to 5‐FU/cisplatin‐based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. In summary, we found that miR‐338‐5p can modulate 5‐FU chemoresistance and inhibit invasion‐related functions in ESCC by negatively regulating Id‐1, and that serum miR‐338‐5p could be a novel noninvasive prognostic and predictive biomarker in ESCC., We found that microRNA (miR)‐338‐5p was underexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells with acquired 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) chemoresistance, and that reexpression of miR‐338‐5p could resensitize them to 5‐FU treatment through targeting Id‐1. MicroRNA‐338‐5p was significantly downregulated in tumor tissue and serum of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Low serum miR‐338‐5p was predictive of poor response to 5‐FU/cisplatin‐based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
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- 2019
10. Neuropilin-2 promotes tumourigenicity and metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma through ERK-MAPK-ETV4-MMP-E-cadherin deregulation
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Nikki P. Lee, Stella Chai, Stephanie Ma, Kwok Wah Chan, Mei Yuk Choi, Yan Ru Qin, Kin Tak Chan, Jin Na Chen, Sai Wah Tsao, Xin Yuan Guan, Tsun Ming Fung, KY Ng, Bin Li, Man Tong, Simon Law, and Annie L. Cheung
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0301 basic medicine ,Gene knockdown ,Cadherin ,Angiogenesis ,Cancer ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Metastasis ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,medicine ,Gene silencing ,Carcinogenesis - Abstract
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histological subtype of oesophageal cancer. The disease is particularly prevalent in southern China. The incidence of the disease is on the rise and its overall survival rate remains dismal. Identification and characterization of better molecular markers for early detection and therapeutic targeting are urgently needed. Here, we report levels of transmembrane and soluble neuropilin-2 (NRP2) to be significantly up-regulated in ESCC, and to correlate positively with advanced tumour stage, lymph node metastasis, less favourable R category and worse overall patient survival. NRP2 up-regulation in ESCC was in part a result of gene amplification at chromosome 2q. NRP2 overexpression promoted clonogenicity, angiogenesis and metastasis in ESCC in vitro, while NRP2 silencing by lentiviral knockdown or neutralizing antibody resulted in a contrary effect. This observation was extended in vivo in animal models of subcutaneous tumourigenicity and tail vein metastasis. Mechanistically, overexpression of NRP2 induced expression of ERK MAP kinase and the transcription factor ETV4, leading to enhanced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and, as a consequence, suppression of E-cadherin. In summary, NRP2 promotes tumourigenesis and metastasis in ESCC through deregulation of ERK-MAPK-ETV4-MMP-E-cadherin signalling. NRP2 represents a potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ESCC. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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- 2016
11. CD68 and interleukin 13, prospective immune markers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma prognosis prediction
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Jiong Bi, Stephanie Ma, Yan Li, Kwok Wah Chan, Dan Xie, Bao Zhu Zhang, Mu Yan Cai, Xin Yuan Guan, Jian Li, Yan Ru Qin, and Haibo Liu
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0301 basic medicine ,Oncology ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ,Immune markers ,macrophage ,Kaplan-Meier Estimate ,TNM staging system ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Antigens, CD ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Humans ,Stage (cooking) ,China ,neoplasms ,CD68 ,Aged ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Tissue microarray ,Interleukin-13 ,Proportional hazards model ,business.industry ,ESCC ,Cancer ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,digestive system diseases ,030104 developmental biology ,ROC Curve ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,IL-13 ,Area Under Curve ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Female ,Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ,business ,Research Paper - Abstract
// Jian Li 1, 2, * , Bao-Zhu Zhang 1, * , Yan-Ru Qin 3 , Jiong Bi 4 , Hai-Bo Liu 1, 5 , Yan Li 1 , Mu-Yan Cai 1, 6 , Stephanie Ma 7 , Kwok Wah Chan 8 , Dan Xie 1 , Xin-Yuan Guan 1, 9 1 State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 3 Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 4 Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 5 Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China 6 Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 7 Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 8 Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 9 Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Xin-Yuan Guan, e-mail: xyguan@hkucc.hku.hk Keywords: ESCC, IL-13, macrophage, prognosis, CD68 Received: August 14, 2015 Accepted: December 01, 2015 Published: January 12, 2016 ABSTRACT Purpose: Oncology immunity was reported to play a key role in cancer development and progression, so we investigated the prediction role of several immune markers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients after operation in this study. Patients and Methods: 66 primary ESCC tumor tissues and four sets of tissue microarrays including 705 primary ESCC tumor tissues from four centers were collected and analyzed. Expressions of several immune markers in ESCC tumor tissue were detected with immunohistochemistry staining. Their distribution densities were analyzed with InForm ™ 2.0.1 software. All statistic analyses were performed with SPSS16.0 and Stata version 10.0. Results: Survival analyses assessed by Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank tests demonstrated that densities of CD68 and interleukin 13 (IL-13) in tumor stroma were positively correlated with the overall survival of ESCC patients after operation ( p < 0.01 for CD68, p < 0.001 for IL-13). Further, a model based on tumor stroma densities of CD68 and IL-13 was constructed and it could significantly classify patients with poor or good prognosis. This model could further identify high-risk group and low-risk group at the same Tumor lymph Nodes Metastases (TNM) stage. Lastly, a more accuracy model based on TNM stage, densities of CD68 and IL-13 was constructed to predict the prognosis of ESCC patient after operation. Conclusion: Combining the TNM staging system and densities of CD68 and IL-13 could substantially improve the prognosis prediction accuracy of ESCC patient after operation, which might be an excellent tool for selecting patients for individualized therapy in future.
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- 2016
12. Role of AMPK signaling in mediating the anticancer effects of silibinin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
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Yan Ru Qin, Simon Law, Annie L.M. Cheung, Nikki P. Lee, Bin Li, Jin Li, Kin Tak Chan, Kwok Wah Chan, Sai Wah Tsao, Xin Yuan Guan, and Wen Wen Xu
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Mice, Nude ,Silibinin ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Apoptosis ,AMP-Activated Protein Kinases ,Biology ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,AMP-activated protein kinase ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Internal medicine ,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,Protein kinase A ,neoplasms ,Cell Proliferation ,Pharmacology ,Cell growth ,AMPK ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,digestive system diseases ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Silybin ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Cancer research ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ,Fluorouracil ,Signal transduction ,Signal Transduction ,Silymarin - Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may suppress cancer growth. Identification of novel AMPK activators is therefore crucial to exploit AMPK as a potential target for cancer prevention and treatment.We determined the expression status and role of AMPK in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and investigated whether silibinin, a nontoxic natural product, could activate AMPK to inhibit ESCC development.Our results from 49 pairs of human ESCC and normal tissues showed that AMPK was constitutively inactive in the majority (69.4%) of ESCC. We found that silibinin induced apoptosis, and inhibited ESCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo without any adverse effects. Silibinin also markedly suppressed the invasive potential of ESCC cells in vitro and their ability to form lung metastasis in nude mice. The anticancer effects of silibinin were abrogated by the presence of compound C or shRNA against AMPK. More importantly, silibinin enhanced the sensitivity of ESCC cells and tumors to the chemotherapeutic drugs, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin.This preclinical study supports that AMPK is a valid therapeutic target and suggests that silibinin may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent and chemosensitizer for esophageal cancer.
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- 2015
13. P992Efficacy of subclinical atrial fibrillation screening by AliveCor in patients with CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2
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S C Leung, Kathy Lai-Fun Lee, C Y Yung, Y K Lau, and Kwok Wah Chan
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Internal medicine ,CHA2DS2–VASc score ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Atrial fibrillation ,In patient ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,medicine.disease ,business ,Subclinical infection - Published
- 2018
14. Serum microRNA-193b as a promising biomarker for prediction of chemoradiation sensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients
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Hector K. Wang, TT Law, Chung Man Chan, Daniel K. Tong, Nikki P. Lee, Simon Law, Kin Tak Chan, Kenneth K. Y. Lai, Enders K.O. Ng, Tiffany W. H. Kwok, Kwok Wah Chan, and Mei Na Kiang
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Oncology ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Receiver operating characteristic ,Oncogene ,business.industry ,Cancer ,Articles ,Cell cycle ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,Molecular medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Internal medicine ,microRNA ,Medicine ,Biomarker (medicine) ,business - Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most predominantly occurring type of esophageal cancer worldwide. Locally advanced ESCC patients are treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiation for tumor downstaging prior to tumor resection. Patients receiving this treatment have an increased expectation of cure via the following tumor resection and have better survival outcomes. However, not all patients respond well to chemoradiation and poor responders suffer from treatment-associated toxicity and complications without benefits. No method is currently available to predict patient chemoradiation response and to exclude poor responders from ineffective treatment. To address this clinical limitation, the present study aimed to identify non-invasive biomarkers for predicting patient chemoradiation response. Due to the features of microRNA (miRNA) in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response prediction, serum miRNA arrays were performed to identify potential miRNA(s) that may be used for chemoradiation response prediction in ESCC. Using an miRNA array to compare pre-treatment serum sample pools from 10 good responders and 10 poor responders, the present study identified miR-193b, miR-942 and miR-629* as candidate miRNAs for predicting chemoradiation response. Subsequent validation using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed that miR-193b, however not miR-942 and miR-629*, were significantly increased in sera from 24 good responders, compared with 23 poor responders. Further analyses using the receiver operating characteristic curve revealed a strong predictive power of serum miR-193b on discriminating good responders from poor responders to chemoradiation. In addition, a high serum level of miR-193b was significantly associated with better survival outcomes. Therefore, serum miR-193b may be considered a promising biomarker for predicting chemoradiation response and post-therapy survival of ESCC patients.
- Published
- 2017
15. Rapid reduction of viruria and stabilization of allograft function by fusidic acid in a renal transplant recipient with JC virus-associated nephropathy
- Author
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Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Garnet K. Y. Choi, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Gary Chi-Wang Chan, Kwok-Hung Chan, Maggie K.M. Ma, Gavin S.W. Chan, Bo Ying Choy, Vincent C.C. Cheng, and Kwok Wah Chan
- Subjects
Male ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Fusidic acid ,Urology ,JC virus ,Administration, Oral ,Renal function ,Urine ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,medicine.disease_cause ,Nephropathy ,Anti-Infective Agents ,medicine ,Humans ,Hydronephrosis ,Kidney transplantation ,Polyomavirus Infections ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Allografts ,medicine.disease ,JC Virus ,Kidney Transplantation ,Virology ,Transplant Recipients ,Treatment Outcome ,Infectious Diseases ,Tolerability ,business ,Fusidic Acid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
JC virus (JCV)-associated nephropathy has been increasingly recognized as a cause of allograft dysfunction with graft loss in renal transplant recipients. Like many other opportunistic viral infections in transplant recipients, there are currently limited therapeutic options for this condition. Fusidic acid has previously been reported to exhibit antiviral activity against JCV in in vitro assays. We report the first in vivo study to document the rapid reduction of JC viruria and stabilization of allograft function by oral fusidic acid (fusidate sodium) in a deceased donor renal transplant recipient with JCV-associated nephropathy and acute allograft dysfunction which did not improve initially to surgical relief of hydronephrosis and reduction of immunosuppressants. Rapid reduction of JC viruria detected by quantitative PCR and stabilization of renal function were observed. Fusidic acid has several practical advantages in this clinical setting, including a low EC50 against JCV, high plasma C max, long half-life, availability of both oral and intravenous formulations, excellent oral bioavailability, good patient tolerability, and lack of serious drug interactions with other drugs taken by renal transplant recipients. Further mechanistic and clinical studies are necessary to evaluate this treatment option for JCV-associated nephropathy.
- Published
- 2015
16. The prognostic significance of PD-L1 in bladder cancer
- Author
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Cian M. McCrudden, Yide Huang, Shu-Dong Zhang, Yao Lin, Kwok Wah Chan, and Hang Fai Kwok
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Oncology ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor ,Kaplan-Meier Estimate ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ,Bioinformatics ,B7-H1 Antigen ,Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand ,Internal medicine ,PD-L1 ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,medicine ,Humans ,Lung cancer ,Aged ,Bladder cancer ,Oncogene ,biology ,business.industry ,Melanoma ,CCL18 ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Cancer ,General Medicine ,Immunotherapy ,Middle Aged ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ,biology.protein ,Female ,business - Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of various types of cancer. An antibody that targets programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway has been shown to be active towards various types of cancer, including melanoma and lung cancer. MPDL3280A, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, has shown clear clinical activity in PD-L1-overexpressing bladder cancer with an objective response rate of 40-50%, resulting in a breakthrough therapy designation granted by FDA. These events pronounce the importance of targeting the PD-L1 pathway in the treatment of bladder cancer. In the present study, we investigated the prognostic significance of the expression of three genes in the PD-L1 pathway, including PD-L1, B7.1 and PD-1, in three independent bladder cancer datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. PD-L1, B7.1 and PD-1 were significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters indicative of a more aggressive phenotype of bladder cancer, such as a more advanced stage and a higher tumor grade. In addition, a high level expression of PD-L1 was associated with reduced patient survival. Of note, the combination of PD-L1 and B7.1 expression, but not other combinations of the three genes, were also able to predict patient survival. Our findings support the development of anti-PD-L1, which blocks PD-L1-PD-1 and B7.1-PD-L1 interactions, in treatment of bladder cancer. The observations were consistent in the three independent bladder cancer datasets consisting of a total of 695 human bladder specimens. The datasets were then assessed and it was found that the expression levels of the chemokine CC-motif ligand (CCL), CCL3, CCL8 and CCL18, were correlated with the PD-L1 expression level, while ADAMTS13 was differentially expressed in patients with a different survival status (alive or deceased). Additional investigations are required to elucidate the role of these genes in the PD-L1-mediated immune system suppression and bladder cancer progression. In conclusion, findings of this study suggested that PD-L1 is an important prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
- Published
- 2015
17. Anti-dsDNA antibody induces soluble fibronectin secretion by proximal renal tubular epithelial cells and downstream increase of TGF-β1 and collagen synthesis
- Author
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Mel K. M. Chau, Qing Zhang, Susan Yung, Kwok Fan Cheung, Kwok Wah Chan, CY Ng, Sau Kwan Ho, and Tak Mao Chan
- Subjects
Immunology ,Lupus nephritis ,Kidney Tubules, Proximal ,Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ,Fibrosis ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Antibodies, Blocking ,Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Cells, Cultured ,Protein Kinase C ,Kidney ,biology ,Anti-dsDNA antibodies ,Epithelial Cells ,DNA ,Mycophenolic Acid ,medicine.disease ,Lupus Nephritis ,Molecular biology ,Fibronectins ,Up-Regulation ,Fibronectin ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Polyclonal antibodies ,Antibodies, Antinuclear ,biology.protein ,Collagen ,Signal transduction ,Type I collagen ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The level of anti-dsDNA antibodies correlates with disease activity in lupus nephritis, but their role in pathogenic mechanisms remains to be defined. We investigated the effect of anti-dsDNA antibodies isolated from lupus nephritis patients on fibronectin synthesis and downstream fibrogenesis in proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Kidney biopsies were obtained from patients with active severe proliferative lupus nephritis. In vitro studies with cultured PTEC were performed to investigate the effect of human polyclonal IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies and mycophenolic acid (MPA). The role of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and MAPK and PKC signaling pathways on soluble and cell-associated fibronectin synthesis was investigated using neutralizing antibodies or specific inhibitors. The effect of exogenous endotoxin-free soluble fibronectin on downstream fibrotic processes was also examined. Fibronectin expression was markedly increased in the tubulo-interstitium of lupus nephritis renal biopsies and it co-localized with IgG deposition. Anti-dsDNA antibodies significantly increased both secreted and cell-associated fibronectin, through prior activation of ERK, p38 MAPK, JNK, PKC-α and PKC-βII. There was downstream induction of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α and TGF-β1. MPA inhibited the induction of inflammatory and fibrotic processes by anti-dsDNA antibody. Exogenous soluble fibronectin induced TGF-β1 secretion and type I collagen synthesis in PTEC in a dose-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that anti-dsDNA antibody contributes to tubulo-interstitial fibrosis in lupus nephritis through its action on PTEC. Anti-dsDNA antibody induces both cell-associated and soluble fibronectin secretion in PTEC, the former adds to extracellular matrix deposition while the latter amplifies the fibrotic process through induction of TGF-β1 and collagen type I. The pro-fibrotic effects of anti-dsDNA antibody are ameliorated by MPA.
- Published
- 2015
18. Targeting VEGFR1- and VEGFR2-expressing non-tumor cells is essential for esophageal cancer therapy
- Author
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Simon Law, Sai Wah Tsao, Kwok Wah Chan, W Xu, Bin Li, Annie L.M. Cheung, Alfred King-Yin Lam, and Qiuju Yuan
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Male ,Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Angiogenesis ,Mice, Nude ,Tumor angiogenesis ,Metastasis ,Mice ,Internal medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Molecular Targeted Therapy ,VEGF receptors ,Neoplasm Staging ,Tumor microenvironment ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 ,Tissue microarray ,Neovascularization, Pathologic ,business.industry ,respiratory system ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Immunohistochemistry ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,Blockade ,body regions ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunology ,Cancer cell ,cardiovascular system ,Female ,Antibody therapy ,Bone marrow ,Bone marrow-derived cells ,business ,circulatory and respiratory physiology ,Research Paper - Abstract
// Wen Wen Xu 1, 2 , Bin Li 1, 2, 3 , Alfred KY Lam 4 , Sai Wah Tsao 1, 3 , Simon YK Law 3, 5 , Kwok Wah Chan 2, 3, 6 , Qiu Ju Yuan 1 , Annie LM Cheung 1, 2, 3 1 Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China 2 The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China 3 Centre for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China 4 Department of Pathology, Griffith Medical School and Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia 5 Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China 6 Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China Correspondence to: Annie LM Cheung, e-mail: lmcheung@hku.hk Keywords: Tumor angiogenesis, Bone marrow-derived cells, Tumor microenvironment, VEGF receptors, Antibody therapy Received: September 18, 2014 Accepted: November 19, 2014 Published: December 17, 2014 ABSTRACT Increasing appreciation of tumor heterogeneity and the tumor-host interaction has stimulated interest in developing novel therapies that target both tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. Bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) constitute important components of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we aim to investigate the significance of VEGFR1- and VEGFR2-expressing non-tumor cells, including BMDCs, in esophageal cancer (EC) progression and in VEGFR1/VEGFR2-targeted therapies. Here we report that VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 blockade can significantly attenuate VEGF-induced Src and Erk signaling, as well as the proliferation and migration of VEGFR1 + and VEGFR2 + bone marrow cells and their pro-invasive effect on cancer cells. Importantly, our in vivo data show for the first time that systemic blockade of VEGFR1 + or VEGFR2 + non-tumor cells with neutralizing antibodies is sufficient to significantly suppress esophageal tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in mice. Moreover, our tissue microarray study of human EC clinical specimens showed the clinicopathological significance of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in EC, which suggest that anti-VEGFR1/VEGFR2 therapies may be particularly beneficial for patients with aggressive EC. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important contributions of VEGFR1 + and VEGFR2 + non-tumor cells in esophageal cancer progression, and substantiates the validity of these receptors as therapeutic targets for this deadly disease.
- Published
- 2014
19. Cancer cell-secreted IGF2 instigates fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived vascular progenitor cells to promote cancer progression
- Author
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Yang Wang, Yim Ling Yip, Sookja K. Chung, En Min Li, Qing-Yu He, Simon Law, Li Yan Xu, W Xu, Xin Yuan Guan, Nikki P. Lee, Kwok Wah Chan, Annie L.M. Cheung, Kin Tak Chan, Sai Wah Tsao, and Bin Li
- Subjects
Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,0301 basic medicine ,animal structures ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Science ,Transplantation, Heterologous ,Mice, Nude ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Bone Marrow Cells ,Kaplan-Meier Estimate ,Biology ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Metastasis ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Progenitor cell ,Cells, Cultured ,Mice, Knockout ,Multidisciplinary ,Stem Cells ,Cancer ,General Chemistry ,medicine.disease ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Vascular endothelial growth factor A ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer cell ,Immunology ,Disease Progression ,Cancer research ,Bone marrow ,Stem cell - Abstract
Local interactions between cancer cells and stroma can produce systemic effects on distant organs to govern cancer progression. Here we show that IGF2 secreted by inhibitor of differentiation (Id1)-overexpressing oesophageal cancer cells instigates VEGFR1-positive bone marrow cells in the tumour macroenvironment to form pre-metastatic niches at distant sites by increasing VEGF secretion from cancer-associated fibroblasts. Cancer cells are then attracted to the metastatic site via the CXCL5/CXCR2 axis. Bone marrow cells transplanted from nude mice bearing Id1-overexpressing oesophageal tumours enhance tumour growth and metastasis in recipient mice, whereas systemic administration of VEGFR1 antibody abrogates these effects. Mechanistically, IGF2 regulates VEGF in fibroblasts via miR-29c in a p53-dependent manner. Analysis of patient serum samples showed that concurrent elevation of IGF2 and VEGF levels may serve as a prognostic biomarker for oesophageal cancer. These findings suggest that the Id1/IGF2/VEGF/VEGFR1 cascade plays a critical role in tumour-driven pathophysiological processes underlying cancer progression.
- Published
- 2017
20. Id1-Induced IGF-II and Its Autocrine/Endocrine Promotion of Esophageal Cancer Progression and Chemoresistance—Implications for IGF-II and IGF-IR–Targeted Therapy
- Author
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Qing-Yu He, Sai Wah Tsao, Bin Li, Kwok Wah Chan, Dale L. Ludwig, Yuk Yin Li, Annie L.M. Cheung, and Ruslan Novosyadlyy
- Subjects
Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 ,Oncology ,Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lung Neoplasms ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Blotting, Western ,Mice, Nude ,Endocrine System ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ,Receptor, IGF Type 1 ,Targeted therapy ,Metastasis ,Mice ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Autocrine signalling ,Cell Proliferation ,Tissue microarray ,business.industry ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Cixutumumab ,Cancer ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,Tumor Burden ,Autocrine Communication ,chemistry ,Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ,Cancer cell ,RNA Interference ,Fluorouracil ,business ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the autocrine/endocrine role of Id1-induced insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in esophageal cancer, and evaluate the potential of IGF-II- and IGF-type I receptor (IGF-IR)-targeted therapies. Experimental Design: Antibody array-based screening was used to identify differentially secreted growth factors from Id1-overexpressing esophageal cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to confirm the induction of IGF-II by Id1, and to study the autocrine and endocrine effects of IGF-II in promoting esophageal cancer progression. Human esophageal cancer tissue microarray was analyzed for overexpression of IGF-II and its correlation with that of Id1 and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT). The efficacy of intratumorally injected IGF-II antibody and intraperitoneally injected cixutumumab (fully human monoclonal IGF-IR antibody) was evaluated using in vivo tumor xenograft and experimental metastasis models. Results: Id1 overexpression induced IGF-II secretion, which promoted cancer cell proliferation, survival, and invasion by activating AKT in an autocrine manner. Overexpression of IGF-II was found in 21 of 35 (60%) esophageal cancer tissues and was associated with upregulation of Id1 and p-AKT. IGF-II secreted by Id1-overexpressing esophageal cancer xenograft could instigate the growth of distant esophageal tumors, as well as promote metastasis of circulating cancer cells. Targeting IGF-II and IGF-IR had significant suppressive effects on tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Cixutumumab treatment enhanced the chemosensitivity of tumor xenografts to fluorouracil and cisplatin. Conclusions: The Id1–IGF-II–IGF-IR–AKT signaling cascade plays an important role in esophageal cancer progression. Blockade of IGF-II/IGF-IR signaling has therapeutic potential in the management of esophageal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(10); 2651–62. ©2014 AACR.
- Published
- 2014
21. Integrin α7 is a functional cancer stem cell surface marker in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Author
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Stephanie Ma, Kwok Wah Chan, Dan Xie, Li Fu, Xiao Yan Ming, Yan Ru Qin, Xin Yuan Guan, Ting Ting Cao, and Li Yi Zhang
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Science ,Integrin ,Transplantation, Heterologous ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Mice, SCID ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cancer stem cell ,Antigens, CD ,Mice, Inbred NOD ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Carcinoma ,medicine ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Animals ,Humans ,Regulation of gene expression ,Gene knockdown ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,General Chemistry ,medicine.disease ,Embryonic stem cell ,Tumor Burden ,Transplantation ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,stomatognathic diseases ,030104 developmental biology ,Cell culture ,Lymphatic Metastasis ,Cancer research ,biology.protein ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Neoplastic Stem Cells ,RNA Interference ,Integrin alpha Chains - Abstract
Non-CG methylation has been associated with stemness regulation in embryonic stem cells. By comparing differentially expressed genes affected by non-CG methylation between tumour and corresponding non-tumour tissues in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we find that Integrin α7 (ITGA7) is characterized as a potential cancer stem cell (CSC) marker. Clinical data show that a high frequency of ITGA7+ cells in OSCC tissues is significantly associated with poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis and worse prognosis. Functional studies demonstrate that both sorted ITGA7+ cells and ITGA7 overexpressing cells display enhanced stemness features, including elevated expression of stemness-associated genes and epithelial–mesenchymal transition features, as well as increased abilities to self-renew, differentiate and resist chemotherapy. Mechanistic studies find that ITGA7 regulates CSC properties through the activation of the FAK-mediated signalling pathways. As knockdown of ITGA7 can effectively reduce the stemness of OSCC cells, ITGA7 could be a potential therapeutic target in OSCC treatment., There is still no consensus on tumour type-specific cancer stem cell markers. Here, the authors demonstrate that ITGA7 is a potential functional marker of oesophageal cancer stem cells involved in the resistance to chemotherapy and metastasis through activation of FAK-mediated signalling.
- Published
- 2016
22. Identification of TWIST-interacting genes in prostate cancer
- Author
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Qing Wen, Cian M. McCrudden, Hiu-Fung Yuen, Kwok Wah Chan, Hang Fai Kwok, Peng Lyu, and Shu-Dong Zhang
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Oncology ,PCA3 ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Gene Expression ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Metastasis ,Cohort Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,Prostate cancer ,0302 clinical medicine ,Antigen ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Humans ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,RNA, Messenger ,Pathological ,General Environmental Science ,business.industry ,Twist-Related Protein 1 ,Cancer ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,Prostate-Specific Antigen ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Survival Analysis ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cohort ,Biomarker (medicine) ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,business - Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men worldwide, and the number of diagnosed patients has dramatically increased in recent years. Currently, the clinical parameters used to diagnose prostate cancer, such as Gleason score, pathological tumor staging, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression level, are considered insufficient to inform recommendation to guide clinical practice. Thus, identification of a novel biomarker is necessary. TWIST is one of the well-studied targets and is correlated with cancer invasion and metastasis in several human cancers. We have investigated two largest prostate cancer patient cohorts available in GEO database and found that TWIST expression is positive correlated with Gleason score and associated with poorer survival. By using a prostate cancer cohort and a prostate cancer cell line dataset, we have identified three potential downstream targets of TWIST, PPM1A, SRP72 and TBCB. TWIST's prognostic capacity is lost when the gene is mutated. Further investigation in the prostate cancer cohort revealed that gene expression of SERPINA, STX7, PDIA2, FMP5, GP1BB, VGLL4, KCNMA1, SHMT2, SAA4 and DIDO1 influence the prognostic significance of TWIST and vice versa. Importantly, eight out of these ten genes are prognostic indicator by itself. In conclusion, our study has further confirmed that TWIST is a prognostic marker in prostate cancer, identified its potential downstream targets and genes that could possibly give additional prognostic value to predict TWIST-mediated prostate cancer progression.
- Published
- 2016
23. Rab25 Is a Tumor Suppressor Gene with Antiangiogenic and Anti-Invasive Activities in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Author
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Si Lok, KY Wong, Man Tong, Kwan Ho Tang, Xin Yuan Guan, Stephanie Ma, Kwok Wah Chan, Pak Shing Kwan, Jessie Y.J. Bao, Jin Na Chen, Li Fu, and Yan Ru Qin
- Subjects
Oncology ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Tumor suppressor gene ,MAP Kinase Signaling System ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Down-Regulation ,Mice, Nude ,Endocytic recycling ,Transcriptome ,Mice ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Cell Movement ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Internal medicine ,Carcinoma ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Genes, Tumor Suppressor ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,neoplasms ,Base Sequence ,Neovascularization, Pathologic ,business.industry ,Gene Expression Profiling ,DNA Methylation ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Gene expression profiling ,rab GTP-Binding Proteins ,DNA methylation ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Cancer research ,business - Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the major histologic subtype of esophageal cancer, is a devastating disease characterized by distinctly high incidences and mortality rates. However, there remains limited understanding of molecular events leading to development and progression of the disease, which are of paramount importance to defining biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment. By high-throughout transcriptome sequence profiling of nontumor and ESCC clinical samples, we identified a subset of significantly differentially expressed genes involved in integrin signaling. The Rab25 gene implicated in endocytic recycling of integrins was the only gene in this group significantly downregulated, and its downregulation was confirmed as a frequent event in a second larger cohort of ESCC tumor specimens by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. Reduced expression of Rab25 correlated with decreased overall survival and was also documented in ESCC cell lines compared with pooled normal tissues. Demethylation treatment and bisulfite genomic sequencing analyses revealed that downregulation of Rab25 expression in both ESCC cell lines and clinical samples was associated with promoter hypermethylation. Functional studies using lentiviral-based overexpression and suppression systems lent direct support of Rab25 to function as an important tumor suppressor with both anti-invasive and -angiogenic abilities, through a deregulated FAK–Raf–MEK1/2–ERK signaling pathway. Further characterization of Rab25 may provide a prognostic biomarker for ESCC outcome prediction and a novel therapeutic target in ESCC treatment. Cancer Res; 72(22); 6024–35. ©2012 AACR.
- Published
- 2012
24. Annexin II-binding immunoglobulins in patients with lupus nephritis and their correlation with disease manifestations
- Author
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Desmond Y H Yap, Kwok Fan Cheung, Tak Mao Chan, Kwok Wah Chan, Colin S.O. Tang, Cheuk Kwong Lee, Mel K. M. Chau, and Susan Yung
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Biopsy ,Lupus nephritis ,Immunoglobulins ,Kidney ,Severity of Illness Index ,Immunoglobulin G ,03 medical and health sciences ,Annexin ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Annexin A2 ,Systemic lupus erythematosus ,biology ,Mice, Inbred NZB ,business.industry ,Anti-dsDNA antibodies ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Lupus Nephritis ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,030104 developmental biology ,Immunoglobulin M ,Antibodies, Antinuclear ,Case-Control Studies ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Female ,business ,Nephritis - Abstract
Annexin II on mesangial cell surface mediates the binding of anti-dsDNA antibodies and consequent downstream inflammatory and fibrotic processes. We investigated the clinical relevance of circulating annexin II-binding immunoglobulins (Igs) in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis, and renal annexin II expression in relation to progression of nephritis in New Zealand Black and White F1 mice (NZBWF1/J) mice. Annexin II-binding Igs in serum were measured by ELISA. Ultrastructural localization of annexin II was determined by electron microscopy. Seropositivity rates for annexin II-binding IgG and IgM in patients with active lupus nephritis were significantly higher compared with controls (8.9%, 1.3% and 0.9% for annexin II-binding IgG and 11.1%, 4.0% and 1.9% for annexin II-binding IgM for patients with active lupus nephritis, patients with non-lupus renal disease and healthy subjects respectively). In lupus patients, annexin II-binding IgM level was higher at disease flare compared with remission. Annexin II-binding IgG and IgM levels were associated with that of anti-dsDNA and disease activity. Annexin II-binding IgG and IgM levels correlated with histological activity index in lupus nephritis biopsy samples. In NZBWF1/J mice, serum annexin II-binding IgG and IgM levels and glomerular annexin II and p11 expression increased with progression of active nephritis. Annexin II expression was present on mesangial cell surface and in the mesangial matrix, and co-localized with electron-dense deposits along the glomerular basement membrane. Our results show that circulating annexin II-binding IgG and IgM levels are associated with clinical and histological disease activity in proliferative lupus nephritis. The co-localization of annexin II and p11 expression with immune deposition in the kidney suggests pathogenic relevance.
- Published
- 2016
25. Identification of Novel FAM134B (JK1) Mutations in Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Author
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Md. Hakimul Haque, Robert A. Smith, Alfred King-Yin Lam, Vinod Gopalan, Kwok Wah Chan, and Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,DNA Copy Number Variations ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Biology ,Nucleic Acid Denaturation ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Exon ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Lymph node ,Loss function ,Sanger sequencing ,Mutation ,Multidisciplinary ,Base Sequence ,Gene Amplification ,Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Intron ,Membrane Proteins ,Reproducibility of Results ,Cancer ,DNA, Neoplasm ,Exons ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Introns ,digestive system diseases ,Neoplasm Proteins ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,symbols ,Cancer research ,Female ,Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ,DNA - Abstract
Mutation of FAM134B (Family with Sequence Similarity 134, Member B) leading to loss of function of its encoded Golgi protein and has been reported induce apoptosis in neurological disorders. FAM134B mutation is still unexplored in cancer. Herein, we studied the DNA copy number variation and novel mutation sites of FAM134B in a large cohort of freshly collected oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue samples. In ESCC tissues, 37% (38/102) showed increased FAM134B DNA copies whereas 35% (36/102) showed loss of FAM134B copies relative to matched non-cancer tissues. Novel mutations were detected in exons 4, 5, 7, 9 as well as introns 2, 4-8 of FAM134B via HRM (High-Resolution Melt) and Sanger sequencing analysis. Overall, thirty-seven FAM134B mutations were noted in which most (31/37) mutations were homozygous. FAM134B mutations were detected in all the cases with metastatic ESCC in the lymph node tested and in 14% (8/57) of the primary ESCC. Genetic alteration of FAM134B is a frequent event in the progression of ESCCs. These findings imply that mutation might be the major driving source of FAM134B genetic modulation in ESCCs.
- Published
- 2016
26. KIF7 attenuates prostate tumor growth through LKB1-mediated AKT inhibition
- Author
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Jing Liu, KY Wong, and Kwok Wah Chan
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,LKB1 ,Tumor suppressor gene ,medicine.disease_cause ,03 medical and health sciences ,Prostate cancer ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Prostate ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,PTEN ,tumor suppressor gene ,Protein kinase B ,biology ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,prostate cancer ,KIF7 ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,Cancer research ,Phosphorylation ,Carcinogenesis ,business ,Research Paper - Abstract
// Kai Yau Wong 1 , Jing Liu 1, * and Kwok Wah Chan 1 1 Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong * Co-first author Correspondence to: Kwok Wah Chan, email: kwchan@pathology.hku.hk Keywords: KIF7, tumor suppressor gene, prostate cancer, LKB1 Received: July 04, 2016 Accepted: January 10, 2017 Published: April 26, 2017 ABSTRACT This study investigated kinesin family member 7 (KIF7) expression and function in prostate cancer (PCa). Our results showed that KIF7 was significantly downregulated in PCa, compared with normal, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia tissues, partially through promoter hypermethylation. We further investigated the effects of KIF7 coiled coil (CC) domain and motor domain (MD) on PCa development in vitro and in vivo . Our results showed that KIF7-CC but not KIF7-MD significantly attenuated proliferation and colony formation, impeded migration and invasion, induced apoptosis and sensitized PCa cells to paclitaxel. Further analysis revealed that KIF7-CC enhanced LKB1 expression and phosphorylation at Ser 428 , which induced PTEN phosphorylation at Ser 380 /Thr 382/383 and consequently blocked AKT phosphorylation at Ser 473 . Downregulation of LKB1 significantly attenuated the suppressive effects of KIF7-CC on cell proliferation, colony formation and AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, our in vivo studies showed that KIF7-CC reduced prostate tumorigenesis in cell-derived xenografts. Downregulation of LKB1 abrogated the anti-tumor effects of KIF7-CC in these xenografts. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence to support the role of KIF7 as a negative regulator that inhibits PCa development partially through LKB1-mediated AKT inhibition.
- Published
- 2016
27. Octamer 4/microRNA-1246 signaling axis drives Wnt/β-catenin activation in liver cancer stem cells
- Author
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Eunice Y. Lau, KY Ng, Stephanie Ma, Kwok Wah Chan, Kwan Man, Terence K. Lee, Xin Yuan Guan, Xiao Qi Wang, Nathalie Wong, Man Tong, Stella Chai, Tan To Cheung, Yunfei Yuan, Chung Mau Lo, and Siu Tim Cheung
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Biology ,Metastasis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,GSK-3 ,microRNA ,medicine ,AXIN2 ,Animals ,Humans ,Wnt Signaling Pathway ,beta Catenin ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Hepatology ,Liver Neoplasms ,Wnt signaling pathway ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,MicroRNAs ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Catenin ,Cancer research ,Neoplastic Stem Cells ,Stem cell ,Octamer Transcription Factor-3 - Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in CD133 liver cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subset of cells known to be a root of tumor recurrence and therapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the regulatory mechanism of this pathway in CSCs remains unclear. Here, we show that human microRNA (miRNA), miR-1246, promotes cancer stemness, including self-renewal, drug resistance, tumorigencity, and metastasis, by activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through suppressing the expression of AXIN2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), two key members of the β-catenin destruction complex. Clinically, high endogenous and circulating miR-1246 was identified in HCC clinical samples and correlated with a worse prognosis. Further functional analysis identified octamer 4 (Oct4) to be the direct upstream regulator of miR-1246, which cooperatively drive β-catenin activation in liver CSCs. Conclusion: These findings uncover the noncanonical regulation of Wnt/β-catenin in liver CSCs by the Oct4/miR-1246 signaling axis, and also provide a novel diagnostic marker as well as therapeutic intervention for HCC. (Hepatology 2016;64:2062-2076).
- Published
- 2016
28. A Modified Protocol with Improved Detection Rate for Mis-Matched Donor HLA from Low Quantities of DNA in Urine Samples from Kidney Graft Recipients
- Author
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Gavin S.W. Chan, Kwok Wah Chan, M.F. Lam, Wai-Leung Chak, Au Cheuk, Jenny C. Y. Ho, Janette Kwok, Maggie M Y Mok, Leo Chi-Wai Choi, Tak Mao Chan, Matthew K.L. Tong, and Ka-Foon Chau
- Subjects
Graft Rejection ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,030232 urology & nephrology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension ,Histocompatibility Testing ,030230 surgery ,Urine ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,HLA Antigens ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Renal Transplantation ,lcsh:Science ,DNA extraction ,Polymerase ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Kidney transplantation ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Graft Survival ,Hematology ,Tissue Donors ,Body Fluids ,Blood ,Anatomy ,Research Article ,Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures ,Human leukocyte antigen ,Urinary System Procedures ,03 medical and health sciences ,Extraction techniques ,medicine ,Genetics ,Humans ,Typing ,Molecular Biology Techniques ,Molecular Biology ,Alleles ,Transplantation ,lcsh:R ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Kidneys ,DNA ,Organ Transplantation ,Renal System ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Transplantation ,Transplant Recipients ,Research and analysis methods ,chemistry ,Genetic Loci ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
Background Urine from kidney transplant recipient has proven to be a viable source for donor DNA. However, an optimized protocol would be required to determine mis-matched donor HLA specificities in view of the scarcity of DNA obtained in some cases. Methods In this study, fresh early morning urine specimens were obtained from 155 kidney transplant recipients with known donor HLA phenotype. DNA was extracted and typing of HLA-A, B and DRB1 loci by polymerase chain reaction-specific sequence primers was performed using tailor-made condition according to the concentration of extracted DNA. Results HLA typing of DNA extracted from urine revealed both recipient and donor HLA phenotypes, allowing the deduction of the unknown donor HLA and hence the degree of HLA mis-match. By adopting the modified procedures, mis-matched donor HLA phenotypes were successfully deduced in all of 35 tested urine samples at DNA quantities spanning the range of 620–24,000 ng. Conclusions This urine-based method offers a promising and reliable non-invasive means for the identification of mis-matched donor HLA antigens in kidney transplant recipients with unknown donor HLA phenotype or otherwise inadequate donor information.
- Published
- 2016
29. Whole-exome sequencing identifies multiple loss-of-function mutations of NF-κB pathway regulators in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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Victor Ho-Fun Lee, Ka-On Lam, Rebecca Kan, Maria Li Lung, Wai Tong Ng, Merrin Man Long Leong, Bonnie W.Y. Wong, Wing Sum Li, Roger Kai Cheong Ngan, Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan, Anne Wing-Mui Lee, Stewart Tung, Tommy Chin Tung Kwok, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, Wei Dai, Kwok Wah Chan, Hong Zheng, Mingdan Deng, Chun Chung Yau, Stephen S.-T. Yau, Dora L.W. Kwong, Chung Kong Kwan, and Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,APOBEC ,Somatic cell ,APOBEC-mediated signature ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,TNFAIP3 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Mutation Rate ,NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha ,Loss of Function Mutation ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Exome Sequencing ,medicine ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ,Humans ,Loss function ,Exome sequencing ,Genetics ,Somatic mutation landscape ,Multidisciplinary ,Carcinoma ,NF-kappa B ,Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ,Cytidine deaminase ,Biological Sciences ,medicine.disease ,stomatognathic diseases ,030104 developmental biology ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Whole-exome sequencing ,NF-κB signaling ,Carcinogenesis ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Significance Host genetics, environmental factors, and EBV infection together contribute to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development. A number of critical genetic and epigenetic events contributing to tumor development has been reported. However, the genomic alterations in NPC have not been completely deciphered. We used the whole-exome sequencing approach to study the somatic mutations in NPC, and an APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis signature was revealed. Importantly, multiple loss-of-function mutations in the NF-κB–negative regulators ( NFKBIA , CYLD , and TNFAIP3 ) were discovered in NPC tumors, and we functionally confirmed that the NFKBIA loss-of-function mutations induce damaging effects on the WT proteins. Detection of these mutations emphasizes the critical role of NF-κB signaling in NPC tumorigenesis and provides perspectives for targeting this pathway in NPC treatment.
- Published
- 2016
30. Downregulation of renal tubular Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Dickkopf-3 induces tubular cell death in proteinuric nephropathy
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Loretta Y.Y. Chan, Dickson W. L. Wong, Rui Xi Li, J. C. K. Leung, Kwok Wah Chan, Scw Tang, Kar Neng Lai, Wai Han Yiu, Haojia Wu, and Yu Liu
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cancer Research ,Chemokine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Immunology ,Apoptosis ,Cell Line ,Nephropathy ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Bovine serum albumin ,Wnt Signaling Pathway ,beta Catenin ,Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ,biology ,business.industry ,Wnt signaling pathway ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Proteinuria ,Kidney Tubules ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Gene Expression Regulation ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Albuminuria ,biology.protein ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Kidney Diseases ,Original Article ,Chemokines ,Signal transduction ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Studies on the role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in different forms of kidney disease have yielded discrepant results. Here, we report the biphasic change of renal beta-catenin expression in mice with overload proteinuria in which beta-catenin was upregulated at the early stage (4 weeks after disease induction) but abrogated at the late phase (8 weeks). Acute albuminuria was observed at 1 week after bovine serum albumin injection, followed by partial remission at 4 weeks that coincided with overexpression of renal tubular beta-catenin. Interestingly, a rebound in albuminuria at 8 weeks was accompanied by downregulated tubular beta-catenin expression and heightened tubular apoptosis. In addition, there was an inverse relationship between Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) and renal tubular beta-catenin expression at these time points. In vitro, a similar trend in beta-catenin expression was observed in human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells with acute (upregulation) and prolonged (downregulation) exposure to albumin. Induction of a proapoptotic phenotype by albumin was significantly enhanced by silencing beta-catenin in HK-2 cells. Finally, Dkk-3 expression and secretion was increased after prolonged exposure to albumin, leading to the suppression of intracellular beta-catenin signaling pathway. The effect of Dkk-3 on beta-catenin signaling was confirmed by incubation with exogenous Dkk-3 in HK-2 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that downregulation of tubular beta-catenin signaling induced by Dkk-3 has a detrimental role in chronic proteinuria, partially through the increase in apoptosis., published_or_final_version
- Published
- 2016
31. Metastasis-suppressing NID2, an epigenetically silenced gene, in the pathologenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Author
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Alfred King-Yin Lam, Anne Wing Mui Lee, Maria Li Lung, Dora L.W. Kwong, Stewart Tung, Kwok Wah Chan, Chun Chung Yau, Simon Law, Roger Kai Cheong Ngan, Suja Pillai, Wai Tong Ng, Wei Dai, Victor Ho-Fun Lee, Annie Wai Yeeng Chai, Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung, Joseph Chok Yan Ip, and Josephine Mun Yee Ko
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Integrins ,Time Factors ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Nidogen-2 (NID2) ,Metastasis ,Metastasis Suppression ,0302 clinical medicine ,Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) ,Cell Movement ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ,Cell adhesion molecule ,Liver Neoplasms ,Tumor Burden ,ErbB Receptors ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,DNA methylation ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Female ,Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ,Research Paper ,Signal Transduction ,Nasopharyngeal neoplasm ,Mice, Nude ,Transfection ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Carcinoma ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,Gene Silencing ,Protein kinase B ,Cell Proliferation ,Phospholipase C gamma ,business.industry ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ,DNA Methylation ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,stomatognathic diseases ,Promoter hypermethylation ,030104 developmental biology ,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ,Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 ,Cancer research ,business ,Cell Adhesion Molecules ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - Abstract
Nidogen-2 (NID2) is a key component of the basement membrane that stabilizes the extracellular matrix (ECM) network. The aim of the study is to analyze the functional roles of NID2 in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We performed genome-wide methylation profiling of NPC and ESCC and validated our findings using the methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) assay. Results showed that promoter methylation of NID2 was significantly higher in NPC and ESCC samples than in their adjacent non-cancer counterparts. Consistently, down-regulation of NID2 was observed in the clinical samples and cell lines of both NPC and ESCC. Re-expression of NID2 suppresses clonogenic survival and migration abilities of transduced NPC and ESCC cells. We showed that NID2 significantly inhibits liver metastasis. Mechanistic studies of signaling pathways also confirm that NID2 suppresses the EGFR/Akt and integrin/ FAK/PLCγ metastasis-related pathways. This study provides novel insights into the crucial tumor metastasis suppression roles of NID2 in cancers., published_or_final_version
- Published
- 2016
32. Combinatorial use of bone morphogenetic protein 6, noggin and SOST significantly predicts cancer progression
- Author
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Shu-Dong Zhang, Hiu-Fung Yuen, Dean A. Fennell, Michelle L.Y. Wong, Yuen-Piu Chan, Simon Law, Glenda J. Dickson, Mohamed El-Tanani, Ka-Kui Chan, Yu-Han Huang, Claire Grills, Cian M. McCrudden, Kwok Wah Chan, and Gopesh Srivastava
- Subjects
Adult ,Genetic Markers ,Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 ,Male ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 ,Biology ,Bone morphogenetic protein ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Carcinoma ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,RNA, Small Interfering ,Noggin ,Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Gene knockdown ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,Cancer ,Original Articles ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,Bone morphogenetic protein 6 ,Endocrinology ,Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ,Oncology ,Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ,embryonic structures ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Disease Progression ,Female ,RNA Interference ,Signal transduction ,Carrier Proteins ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Emerging evidence has indicated a role of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) in the pathogenesis of certain cancers. The signaling of BMP family members is tightly regulated by their antagonists, including noggin and SOST, which are, in turn, positively regulated by BMP, thereby forming a negative feedback loop. Consequently, the expression of these antagonists should be taken into account in studies on the prognostic significance of BMP. In the present paper, we correlated protein and mRNA expression levels of BMP6, noggin and SOST, alone or in combination, with patient survival in various types of cancer. We found that BMP6 alone was not significantly correlated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patient survival. Instead, a high level of inhibitor of differentiation 1, a downstream factor of BMP6, was associated with shorter survival in patients whose tumors stained strongly for BMP6. Knockdown of noggin in esophageal cancer cell line EC109, which expresses BMP6 strongly and SOST weakly, enhanced the non‐adherent growth of the cells. Noggin and SOST expression levels, when analyzed alone, were not significantly correlated with patient survival. However, high BMP6 activity, defined by strong BMP6 expression coupled with weak noggin or SOST expression, was significantly associated with shorter survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. We further confirmed that BMP6 activity could be used as a prognostic indicator in prostate, bladder and colorectal cancers, using publicly available data on BMP6, noggin and SOST mRNA expression and patient survival. Our results strongly suggest that BMP6, noggin and SOST could be used in combination as a prognostic indicator in cancer progression. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 1145–1154)
- Published
- 2012
33. Quantification of BK Viral Load in Asymptomatic Renal Allograft Recipients
- Author
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Yok-Lam Kwong, Kar Neng Lai, Gary C.W. Chan, Anders S.Y. Wong, Sydney C.W. Tang, Kwok Wah Chan, and Anskar Y.H. Leung
- Subjects
Adult ,Graft Rejection ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,viruses ,Urology ,Renal function ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Asymptomatic ,Nephropathy ,Young Adult ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Postoperative Complications ,medicine ,Humans ,Transplantation, Homologous ,Prospective Studies ,Kidney transplantation ,Aged ,Polyomavirus Infections ,Creatinine ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Transplantation ,BK virus ,Transplantation ,Tumor Virus Infections ,surgical procedures, operative ,chemistry ,Nephrology ,BK Virus ,DNA, Viral ,Immunology ,Female ,Kidney Diseases ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Viral load ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Polyoma BK virus (BKV) has recently been identified to cause renal allograft dysfunction, which manifests as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN). However, the presence and level of BKV DNA in renal allograft patients with good and stable renal function have remained undetermined.In this prospective study, serum samples were collected from a total of 45 renal allograft recipients with serum creatinine155 μmol/L. In 17 patients, whose duration of transplantation was under 2 years, samples were collected at 3-4-month intervals for up to 2 years after transplantation. BK viral load was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR).The BK viral load in asymptomatic renal allograft recipients was independent of the duration of transplantation and did not correlate with allograft function. The mean (± SD) level of viremia was 552.80 ± 1931.00 genome copies/mL, with 92.9% of patients having low levels of viremia corresponding to1 × 10(3) copies/mL. In contrast, patients with proven PVAN had levels in the range of 10(6) copies/mL.The prevailing BK viral load in asymptomatic renal allograft patients is quantifiably low. Our findings may guide optimal immunosuppressive modulation in PVAN cases, where judicious manipulation of immunosuppression is required without inciting allograft rejection.
- Published
- 2012
34. Cytoplasmic Forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1) in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Significantly Correlates with Pathological Disease Stage
- Author
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Kwok Wah Chan, Johnny Cheuk On Tang, Sai Wah Tsao, Marco K. C. Hui, Yvonne Chung, Simon Law, Leo C. M. Cheung, John M. Luk, Gopesh Srivastava, and Nikki P. Lee
- Subjects
Male ,Cytoplasm ,Pathology ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Vascular Surgery ,Kaplan-Meier Estimate ,Medicine & Public Health ,Aged, 80 and over ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Age Factors ,Thoracic Surgery ,Forkhead Transcription Factors ,Middle Aged ,Esophageal cancer ,Prognosis ,Immunohistochemistry ,Up-Regulation ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Abdominal Surgery ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Female ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cardiac Surgery ,Blotting, Western ,Malignancy ,Article ,Cell Line ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,medicine ,Humans ,neoplasms ,Aged ,Neoplasm Staging ,Cell Nucleus ,business.industry ,Forkhead Box Protein M1 ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Esophagectomy ,Cell nucleus ,General Surgery ,Case-Control Studies ,FOXM1 ,Surgery ,business - Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a deadly cancer with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) as the major type. Until now there has been a lack of reliable prognostic markers for this malignancy. This study aims to investigate the clinical correlation between Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) and patients' parameters in ESCC. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the expression and localization of FoxM1 in 64 ESCC tissues and 10 nontumor esophageal tissues randomly selected from 64 patients before these data were used for clinical correlations. Results: Cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of FoxM1 were found in 63 and 16 of the 64 ESCC tissues, respectively. Low cytoplasmic expression of FoxM1 was correlated with early pathological stage in ESCC (P = 0.018), while patients with nuclear FoxM1 were younger in age than those without nuclear expression (P, published_or_final_version, Springer Open Choice, 21 Feb 2012
- Published
- 2011
35. Tumor suppressor dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) impairs cell invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated phenotype
- Author
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Eugene R. Zabarovsky, Yuen Piu Chan, Daniel Chua, Eric J. Stanbridge, Hong Lok Lung, Victor Chun Lam Wong, Gopesh Srivastava, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, Han Chen, Johnny Cheuk On Tang, Simon Law, Sai Wah Tsao, Dora L.W. Kwong, Kwok Wah Chan, and Maria Li Lung
- Subjects
Epigenomics ,Cancer Research ,Cell signaling ,Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Blotting, Western ,Mice, Nude ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,Mice ,Cell Movement ,Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6 ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,Gene Silencing ,RNA, Messenger ,Epithelial–mesenchymal transition ,Neoplasm Staging ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Tumor microenvironment ,Matrigel ,Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Carcinoma ,Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ,Cell migration ,DNA Methylation ,medicine.disease ,Cell biology ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Survival Rate ,Phenotype ,Oncology ,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ,Tissue Array Analysis ,Cancer cell ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Female ,Carcinogenesis ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Suppressive effects of DUSP6 in tumorigenesis and EMT-associated properties were observed. Dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP6) is a MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) negatively regulating the activity of ERK, one of the major molecular switches in the MAPK signaling cascade propagating the signaling responses during malignancies. The impact of DUSP6 in EMT and its contribution to tumor dissemination has not yet been characterized. Due to differences in tumor microenvironments affecting cell signaling during cancer progression, DUSP6 may play varying roles in tumor development. We sought to examine the potential role of DUSP6-mediated tumorigenesis and EMT-associated properties in two aerodigestive tract cancers, namely, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Significant loss of DUSP6 was observed in 100% of 11 ESCC cell lines and 71% of seven NPC cell lines. DUSP6 expression was down-regulated in 40% of 30 ESCC tumor tissues and 75% of 20 NPC tumor tissues compared to their respective normal counterparts. Suppressive effects of DUSP6 in tumor formation and cancer cell mobility are seen in in vivo tumorigenicity assay and in vitro colony formation, three-dimensional Matrigel culture, cell migration and invasion chamber tests. Notably, overexpression of DUSP6 impairs EMT-associated properties. Furthermore, tissue microarray analysis reveals a clinical association of DUSP6 expression with better patient survival. Taken together, our study provides a novel insight into understanding the functional impact of DUSP6 in tumorigenesis and metastasis of ESCC and NPC.
- Published
- 2011
36. Catalytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-19 is essential for tumor suppressor and anti-angiogenic activities in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Author
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King Chi Chan, Eugene R. Zabarovsky, Eric J. Stanbridge, Zengfeng Zhang, Maria Li Lung, Sai Wah Tsao, Zhen-Bo Feng, Honglin Chen, Kwok Wah Chan, Hong Lok Lung, Radislav Sedlacek, Dian-Zhong Luo, Daniel Tsin-tien Chua, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, and Shuang Chen
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Tumor suppressor gene ,Angiogenesis ,Down-Regulation ,Loss of Heterozygosity ,Mice, Nude ,Angiogenesis Inhibitors ,Biology ,Transfection ,Catalysis ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Tube formation ,Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ,Carcinoma ,Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ,DNA Methylation ,medicine.disease ,Molecular biology ,Vascular endothelial growth factor ,Oncology ,chemistry ,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ,Cell culture ,MMP19 - Abstract
The association of Matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP19) in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was identified from differential gene profiling, which showed MMP19 was one of the candidate genes down-regulated in the NPC cell lines. In this study, quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed MMP19 was down-regulated in all seven NPC cell lines. By tissue microarray immunohistochemical staining, MMP19 appears down-regulated in 69.7% of primary NPC specimens. Allelic deletion and promoter hypermethylation contribute to MMP19 down-regulation. We also clearly demonstrate that the catalytic activity of MMP19 plays an important role in antitumor and antiangiogenesis activities in comparative studies of the wild-type and the catalytically inactive mutant MMP19. In the in vivo tumorigenicity assay, only the wild-type (WT), but not mutant, MMP19 transfectants suppress tumor formation in nude mice. In the in vitro colony formation assay, WT MMP19 dramatically reduces colony-forming ability of NPC cell lines, when compared to the inactive mutant. In the tube formation assay of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), secreted WT MMP19, but not mutant MMP19, induces reduction of tube-forming ability in endothelial cells with decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in conditioned media detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The anti-angiogenic activity of WT MMP19 is correlated with suppression of tumor formation. These results now clearly show that catalytic activity of MMP19 is essential for its tumor suppressive and anti-angiogenic functions in NPC.
- Published
- 2011
37. Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein promotes breast cancer metastatic progression through Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- Author
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Hiu-Fung Yuen, Terence R.J. Lappin, Ashley San-Yu Wong, Ui-Soon Khoo, Mohamed El-Tanani, Claire Grills, Dean A. Fennell, Kwok Wah Chan, Patrick G. Johnston, Zhanzhong Shi, Vignesh Gunasekharan, Yuen-Kwong Chan, and Cian M. McCrudden
- Subjects
Gene knockdown ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Activator (genetics) ,Snail ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,body regions ,Transactivation ,Breast cancer ,biology.animal ,SNAI1 ,Cancer cell ,medicine ,Cancer research ,Epithelial–mesenchymal transition - Abstract
Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein (Pea3), also known as ETV4, is a member of the Ets-transcription factor family, which promotes metastatic progression in various types of solid cancer. Pea3-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described in lung and ovarian cancers. The mechanisms of Pea3-induced EMT, however, are largely unknown. Here we show that Pea3 overexpression promotes EMT in human breast epithelial cells through transactivation of Snail (SNAI1), an activator of EMT. Pea3 binds to the human Snail promoter through the two proximal Pea3 binding sites and enhances Snail expression. In addition, knockdown of Pea3 in invasive breast cancer cells results in down-regulation of Snail, partial reversal of EMT, and reduced invasiveness in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of Snail partially rescues the phenotype induced by Pea3 overexpression, suggesting that Snail is one of the mediators bridging Pea3 and EMT, and thereby metastatic progression of the cancer cells. In four breast cancer patient cohorts whose microarray and survival data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, Pea3 and Snail expression are significantly correlated with each other and with overall survival of breast cancer patients. We further demonstrate that nuclear localization of Pea3 is associated with Snail expression in breast cancer cell lines and is an independent predictor of overall survival in a Chinese breast cancer patient cohort. In conclusion, our results suggest that Pea3 may be an important prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for metastatic progression of human breast cancer.
- Published
- 2011
38. miR-130b Promotes CD133+ Liver Tumor-Initiating Cell Growth and Self-Renewal via Tumor Protein 53-Induced Nuclear Protein 1
- Author
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Paul B.S. Lai, Kwan Ho Tang, Antonia Castilho, Ka Fai To, Nathalie Wong, Stephanie Ma, Pak Shing Kwan, Xin Yuan Guan, Kwok Wah Chan, Irene Ng, Terence K. Lee, Kwan Man, Bo-Jian Zheng, Yuen Piu Chan, and Chung Mau Lo
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Liver tumor ,Mice, SCID ,Biology ,Mice ,Antigen ,Antigens, CD ,Cancer stem cell ,Cell Line, Tumor ,microRNA ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Gene silencing ,AC133 Antigen ,neoplasms ,Heat-Shock Proteins ,Aged ,Cell Proliferation ,Glycoproteins ,Aged, 80 and over ,Cell growth ,Liver Neoplasms ,Nuclear Proteins ,Cell Biology ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,In vitro ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,MicroRNAs ,Liver ,Cell culture ,embryonic structures ,Immunology ,Neoplastic Stem Cells ,Cancer research ,Molecular Medicine ,Female ,Carrier Proteins ,Peptides - Abstract
A novel paradigm in tumor biology suggests that cancer growth is driven by stem-like cells within a tumor, called tumor-initiating cells (TICs) or cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here we describe the identification and characterization of such cells from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using the marker CD133. CD133 accounts for approximately 1.3%-13.6% of the cells in the bulk tumor of human primary HCC samples. When compared with their CD133⁻ counterparts, CD133(+) cells not only possess the preferential ability to form undifferentiated tumor spheroids in vitro but also express an enhanced level of stem cell-associated genes, have a greater ability to form tumors when implanted orthotopically in immunodeficient mice, and can be serially passaged into secondary animal recipients. Xenografts resemble the original human tumor and maintain a similar percentage of tumorigenic CD133(+) cells. Quantitative PCR analysis of 41 separate HCC tissue specimens with follow-up data found that CD133(+) tumor cells were frequently detected at low quantities in HCC, and their presence was also associated with worse overall survival and higher recurrence rates. Subsequent differential microRNA expression profiling of CD133(+) and CD133⁻ cells from human HCC clinical specimens and cell lines identified an overexpression of miR-130b in CD133(+) TICs. Functional studies on miR-130b lentiviral-transduced CD133⁻ cells demonstrated superior resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, enhanced tumorigenicity in vivo, and a greater potential for self renewal. Conversely, antagonizing miR-130b in CD133(+) TICs yielded an opposing effect. The increased miR-130b paralleled the reduced TP53INP1, a known miR-130b target. Silencing TP53INP1 in CD133⁻ cells enhanced both self renewal and tumorigenicity in vivo. Collectively, miR-130b regulates CD133(+) liver TICs, in part, via silencing TP53INP1.
- Published
- 2010
39. Differential expression of MSX2 in nodular hyperplasia, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate adenocarcinoma
- Author
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Yong-Chuan Wong, Yung-Tuen Chiu, Ming-Tat Ling, Kwok Wah Chan, Chee-Wai Chua, Hiu-Fung Yuen, and Xianghong Wang
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,PCA3 ,Oncology ,Intraepithelial neoplasia ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Cancer ,Bone metastasis ,General Medicine ,Hyperplasia ,medicine.disease ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Metastasis ,Prostate cancer ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia ,business - Abstract
One of the common features in advanced prostate cancer is bone metastasis. In this study, we investigated the clinical relevance of a bone factor, MSX2, in predicting the metastatic ability of prostate adenocarcinoma. Evaluation of MSX2 expression was performed using prostate cell lines as well as patient specimens. A sharp decrease in MSX2 was found in primary prostate cancer cells, 22Rv1, when compared with the non-malignant counterparts, followed by a gradual increase in more aggressive prostate cancer cell lines. Interestingly, the MSX2 protein was upregulated and predominantly expressed in the nucleus in aggressive prostate cancer cell line, C4-2b, compared with the less aggressive 22Rv1. Consistent with the in vitro results, MSX2 nuclear expression was significantly higher in nodular hyperplasia when compared with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), while MSX2 nuclear expression in prostate adenocarcinoma was higher than that in high-grade PIN. Importantly, MSX2 expression was increased significantly in tumors with metastasis compared with those without metastasis. Finally, MSX2 nuclear scores were significantly increased in patients with preoperative serum PSA >20 ng/mL. No correlation between MSX2 nuclear score and Gleason score was found. Taken together, MSX2 may serve as a potential biomarker in predicting primary prostate tumors with higher metastatic capability.
- Published
- 2010
40. Extracellular Protease ADAMTS9 Suppresses Esophageal and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Tumor Formation by Inhibiting Angiogenesis
- Author
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Yue Cheng, Simon Law, Maria Li Lung, Eric J. Stanbridge, Sai Wah Tsao, Suneel S. Apte, Kwok Wah Chan, Fung Mei Kwong, Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung, Paulisally Hau Yi Lo, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, Johnny Cheuk On Tang, Eugene R. Zabarovsky, Gopesh Srivastava, and Hong Lok Lung
- Subjects
Esophageal Neoplasms - blood supply - enzymology - genetics ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,endocrine system ,Cancer Research ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Angiogenesis ,Nasopharyngeal neoplasm ,ADAMTS9 Protein ,Down-Regulation ,Mice, Nude ,Biology ,Transfection ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms - blood supply - enzymology - genetics ,Mice ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Tumor microenvironment ,Neovascularization, Pathologic ,ADAMTS ,Endothelial Cells - cytology ,Endothelial Cells ,Cancer ,Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ,medicine.disease ,Enzyme Activation ,ADAM Proteins ,Vascular endothelial growth factor A ,Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ,Oncology ,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,Cancer research ,ADAM Proteins - biosynthesis - genetics - metabolism ,Female ,Carcinogenesis - Abstract
ADAMTS metalloprotease family member ADAMTS9 maps to 3p14.2 and shows significant associations with the aerodigestive tract cancers esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the functional impact of ADAMTS9 on cancer development has not been explored. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesized antiangiogenic and tumor-suppressive functions of ADAMTS9 in ESCC and NPC, in stringent tumorigenicity and Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays. ADAMTS9 activation suppressed tumor formation in nude mice. Conversely, knockdown of ADAMTS9 resulted in clones reverting to the tumorigenic phenotype of parental cells. In vivo angiogenesis assays revealed a reduction in microvessel numbers in gel plugs injected with tumor-suppressive cell transfectants. Similarly, conditioned medium from cell transfectants dramatically reduced the tube-forming capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These activities were associated with a reduction in expression levels of the proangiogenic factors MMP9 and VEGFA, which were consistently reduced in ADAMTS9 transfectants derived from both cancers. Taken together, our results indicate that ADAMTS9 contributes an important function in the tumor microenvironment that acts to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in both ESCC and NPC. ©2010 AACR., link_to_OA_fulltext
- Published
- 2010
41. Histological Regression of Squamous Esophageal Carcinoma Assessed by Percentage of Residual Viable Cells after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation is an Important Prognostic Factor
- Author
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Alfred King-Yin Lam, Kwok Wah Chan, Daniel King Hung Tong, Kam Ho Wong, Simon Law, and Dora L.W. Kwong
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Oncology ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - mortality - pathology - therapy ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neoplasm, Residual ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Cell Survival ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Esophageal Neoplasms - mortality - pathology - therapy ,TNM staging system ,Sex Factors ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Carcinoma ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Survival rate ,Neoadjuvant therapy ,Aged ,Neoplasm Staging ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Aged, 80 and over ,Univariate analysis ,Gastrointestinal Oncology ,business.industry ,Middle Aged ,Esophageal cancer ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,Primary tumor ,Neoadjuvant Therapy ,Survival Rate ,Esophagectomy ,Treatment Outcome ,Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Female ,Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ,Surgery ,Lymph Nodes ,business - Abstract
Background: Whether the TNM staging system is applicable after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in esophageal cancer is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of histopathological regression of the primary tumor in postchemoradiated patients. Materials and Methods: The pretherapeutic and pathological ypTNM stages of patients who have had neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy were analyzed. The percentage of residual viable cells of the primary tumor (ypV) and other clinicopathological factors were tested for their prognostic value. Results: Of 175 recruited patients, 55 (31.4%) achieved pathological complete response. The median survival of these 55 patients was significantly longer than those with other disease stages (124.8 vs 21.1 months) (P, published_or_final_version, Springer Open Choice, 01 Dec 2010
- Published
- 2010
42. Prostate cancer cells modulate osteoblast mineralisation and osteoclast differentiation through Id-1
- Author
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Xianghong Wang, Yung-Tuen Chiu, Yuen-Piu Chan, Yong-Chuan Wong, Chua Cw, Hiu-Fung Yuen, Kwan Ho Tang, Mohamed El-Tanani, Kwok Wah Chan, Cian M. McCrudden, and Ka Kui Chan
- Subjects
Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 ,Male ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cellular differentiation ,Osteoclasts ,Prostate cancer ,Calcification, Physiologic ,Osteoclast ,Prostate ,Osteogenesis ,Internal medicine ,Cell Line, Tumor ,LNCaP ,medicine ,Humans ,Neoplasm Metastasis ,Id-1 ,bone metastasis ,Osteoblasts ,business.industry ,Cancer ,Bone metastasis ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,Osteoblast ,Cell Differentiation ,medicine.disease ,prostate cancer ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,osteoclast ,Cancer research ,osteoblast ,business ,Translational Therapeutics - Abstract
Background: Id-1 is overexpressed in and correlated with metastatic potential of prostate cancer. The role of Id-1 in this metastatic process was further analysed. Methods: Conditioned media from prostate cancer cells, expressing various levels of Id-1, were used to stimulate pre-osteoclast differentiation and osteoblast mineralisation. Downstream effectors of Id-1 were identified. Expressions of Id-1 and its downstream effectors in prostate cancers were studied using immunohistochemistry in a prostate cancer patient cohort (N=110). Results: We found that conditioned media from LNCaP prostate cancer cells overexpressing Id-1 had a higher ability to drive osteoclast differentiation and a lower ability to stimulate osteoblast mineralisation than control, whereas conditioned media from PC3 prostate cancer cells with Id-1 knockdown were less able to stimulate osteoclast differentiation. Id-1 was found to negatively regulate TNF-β and this correlation was confirmed in human prostate cancer specimens (P=0.03). Furthermore, addition of recombinant TNF-β to LNCaP Id-1 cell-derived media blocked the effect of Id-1 overexpression on osteoblast mineralisation. Conclusion: In prostate cancer cells, the ability of Id-1 to modulate bone cell differentiation favouring metastatic bone disease is partially mediated by TNF-β, and Id-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer to bone metastasis.
- Published
- 2009
43. Adenovirus-mediated down-regulation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein inhibits colon cancer
- Author
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Jide Wang, Bing Zou, Rongxin Zhang, Victoria P Y Tan, Kwok Wah Chan, Liang Qiao, Colin S.C. Lam, Roberta Pang, Juan Ma, Jieyu Ye, Hui-Yao Lan, Mo Yang, Yun Dai, and Benjamin C.Y. Wong
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Small interfering RNA ,Colorectal cancer ,Blotting, Western ,Down-Regulation ,Mice, Nude ,Apoptosis ,X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein ,Biology ,Inhibitor of apoptosis ,Adenoviridae ,Small hairpin RNA ,Mice ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,Cell Proliferation ,DNA Primers ,Gene knockdown ,Base Sequence ,Cell Cycle ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,Immunohistochemistry ,Molecular biology ,XIAP ,Oncology ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,Colonic Neoplasms - Abstract
Our previous studies and those of others have indicated that X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) holds promise as a target gene in colon cancer gene therapy. In this study, we constructed an adenoviral vector to deliver small hairpin RNA (shRNA) against XIAP (XIAP-shRNA) into colon cancer cells and tested its therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. We first confirmed an overexpression of XIAP in colon cancer cells and human cancer tissues. We then designed XIAP-small interfering RNA (siRNA) and confirmed the knockdown effect of these siRNAs in colon cancer cells. The sequences of the effective siRNAs were converted into shRNA and then packed into replication-deficient adenoviral vectors using BLOCK-iT Adenoviral RNAi Expression System to generate Adv-XIAP-shRNA. Infection of HT29 and HCT116 cells with Adv-XIAP-shRNA led to enhanced caspase-3 activity, which was associated with increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation. The therapeutic effect of Adv-XIAP-shRNA was then tested in xenograft tumors in nude mice. We showed that treatment of the xenograft tumors derived from HCT116 cells with Adv-XIAP-shRNA resulted in a retardation of tumor growth, which was associated with enhanced apoptosis, increased caspase-3 activity, and reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the tumor tissues. Treatment of xenograft tumors with Adv-XIAP-shRNA did not affect the expressions of inflammatory cytokines in tumor-bearing mice. Thus, Adv-XIAP-shRNA–mediated down-regulation of XIAP exerts a therapeutic effect in colon cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation of colon cancer cells, and the antitumor effect of Adv-XIAP-shRNA was unlikely to be related to virus-induced immune response. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(9):2762–70]
- Published
- 2009
44. CDC25A Functions as a Novel Ar Corepressor in Prostate Cancer Cells
- Author
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Zhiyong Guo, Ming-Tat Ling, Kwok Wah Chan, Xianghong Wang, Yong-Chuan Wong, Yun Qiu, Hiu-Fung Yuen, Steve C.L. Leung, Huiying Han, Chee-Wai Chau, and Yung-Tuen Chiu
- Subjects
Male ,Biology ,Androgen-Binding Protein ,Cell Line ,Metastasis ,Prostate cancer ,Structural Biology ,Protein Interaction Mapping ,Androgen Receptor Antagonists ,medicine ,Humans ,cdc25 Phosphatases ,Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ,Gene Silencing ,RNA, Small Interfering ,Molecular Biology ,Transcription factor ,060100 BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,Cancer ,Prostate-Specific Antigen ,medicine.disease ,Repressor Proteins ,Androgen receptor ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,CDC25A ,AR ,corepressor ,prostate cancer ,Cancer cell ,Cancer research ,Ectopic expression ,Corepressor - Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and its activity is regulated by numerous AR coregulators. Aberrant expression of AR coregulators in prostate cancer cells has an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. We report here that CDC25A, a cell cycle-promoting phosphatase over-expressed in a number of cancers, functions as an AR coregulator suppressing the AR transcriptional activity. In this study, we found that CDC25A is upregulated in human prostate cancer and its expression level is positively associated with the Gleason score and disease metastasis. More importantly, we showed that CDC25A can physically interact with AR through its putative catalytic domain. In addition, ectopic expression of CDC25A in prostate cancer cell lines suppresses PSA and Probasin promoter activities significantly, indicating that CDC25A may function as an AR corepressor. This was further confirmed by knockdown of endogenous CDC25A expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA), which resulted in upregulation of PSA promoter activity. Moreover, a truncated mutant that does not interact with AR fails to suppress the PSA promoter activity, indicating that CDC25A downregulates androgen-responsive promoter by physically interacting with AR. Taken together, our results demonstrated a novel function of CDC25A in the regulation of androgen signaling in human prostate cancer cells.
- Published
- 2009
45. DJ-1 Could Predict Worse Prognosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Author
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Simon Law, Hiu-Fung Yuen, Gopesh Srivastava, Tak-Wah Mak, Yuen-Piu Chan, Mohamed El-Tanani, and Kwok Wah Chan
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Epidemiology ,Protein Deglycase DJ-1 ,Apoptosis ,Biology ,Statistics, Nonparametric ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Death-associated protein 6 ,Internal medicine ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,medicine ,Humans ,Phosphatidylinositol ,Stage (cooking) ,neoplasms ,Lymph node ,Aged ,Neoplasm Staging ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Aged, 80 and over ,Oncogene Proteins ,Chi-Square Distribution ,Proportional hazards model ,Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Cancer ,Middle Aged ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,Immunohistochemistry ,digestive system diseases ,Survival Rate ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Lymphatic Metastasis ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Disease Progression ,Female - Abstract
Recent studies have revealed an oncogenic role of DJ-1 through its ability to transform normal cells, prevent oxidative damage, and inhibit apoptosis. However, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unknown. In this study, by immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the expression of DJ-1 in 81 ESCC tumors, 31 paired nonneoplastic esophageal epithelia, and 19 paired ESCC lymph node metastases. We found that cytoplasmic DJ-1 expression was significantly higher in ESCC and ESCC lymph node metastases than in nonneoplastic esophageal epithelium. ESCC specimens with high distant metastatic potential also had a significantly higher level of nuclear DJ-1 expression (P = 0.018). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, we found that a high level of nuclear DJ-1 was significantly associated with poorer patient survival in our cohort (P = 0.028). To investigate whether DJ-1 promotes ESCC progression through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and modulation of apoptosis, we performed immunohistochemistry of pAkt and Daxx. We found that DJ-1 expression was significantly associated with pAkt, whereas nuclear DJ-1 expression was significantly correlated with nuclear expression of Daxx. These results suggest that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and Daxx-regulated apoptosis might be important in DJ-1-mediated ESCC progression. By using multivariate Cox regression, we further showed that T4 stage (P = 0.003) and DJ-1 (P = 0.034) are independent predictors of patient survival. In conclusion, our results suggest that DJ-1 plays a very important role in transformation and progression of ESCC and may be used as a prognostic marker in ESCC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(12):3593–602)
- Published
- 2008
46. In Search of Liver Cancer Stem Cells
- Author
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Xin Yuan Guan, Stephanie Ma, and Kwok Wah Chan
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Population ,Liver Stem Cell ,Context (language use) ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Models, Biological ,Antigens, CD ,Cancer stem cell ,medicine ,Humans ,AC133 Antigen ,education ,Glycoproteins ,education.field_of_study ,Stem Cells ,Liver Neoplasms ,Cell Biology ,Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ,medicine.disease ,Liver regeneration ,Liver Regeneration ,Liver ,Immunology ,Neoplastic Stem Cells ,Cancer research ,Stem cell ,Peptides ,Liver cancer ,Carcinogenesis - Abstract
Recent research efforts in stem cell and cancer biology have put forth a "stem cell model of carcinogenesis" which stipulates that the capability to maintain tumor formation and growth specifically resides in a small population of cells called cancer stem cells. The stem cell-like characteristics of these cells, including their ability to self-renew and differentiate; and their limited number within the bulk of the tumor mass, are believed to account for their capability to escape conventional therapies. In the past few years, the hypothesis of stem cell-driven tumorigenesis in liver cancer has received substantial support from the recent ability to identify and isolate a subpopulation of liver cancer cells that is not only able to initiate tumor growth, but also serially establish themselves as tumor xenografts with high efficiency and consistency. In this review, stem cell biology that contributes to explain tumor development in the particular context of liver cancer will be discussed. We will begin by briefly considering the knowledge available on normal liver stem cells and their role in tissue renewal and regeneration. We will then summarize the current scientific knowledge of liver cancer stem cells, discuss their relevance to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and consider the outstanding challenges and potential opportunities that lie ahead of us.
- Published
- 2008
47. Clinicopathologic analysis of renal biopsies after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- Author
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Kai Chung Tse, Kwok Wah Chan, Shing Hoi Fung, Man Fai Lam, Gavin S.W. Chan, Wing Y. Au, Kar Neng Lai, Stanley Hok-King Lo, and Stella Chim
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Thrombotic microangiopathy ,Adolescent ,Biopsy ,Graft vs Host Disease ,Kidney ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ,Gastroenterology ,Nephropathy ,Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Minimal change disease ,Child ,Retrospective Studies ,Nephrosclerosis ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ,business.industry ,Nephrosis, Lipoid ,Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ,Glomerulonephritis, IGA ,Thrombosis ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Transplantation ,Renal pathology ,Nephrology ,Hong Kong ,Female ,Kidney Diseases ,Renal biopsy ,business - Abstract
SUMMARY: Aim: The ever-growing number and increasing survival of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) allow better recognition of its associated renal injuries. We aimed to study the clinicopathologic features of renal biopsies after HSCT by reviewing 13 percutaneous renal biopsies in our institute (Queen Mary Hospital). Methods: A retrospective clinicopathologic study of all renal biopsies archived to the Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital during the period January 1999 to December 2006 was performed. Biopsies from patients with HSCT were selected. Clinical data on presentation and follow up were retrieved from hospital records and physicians. Results: In the 8-year period, a total of 2233 native renal biopsies were archived. Thirteen renal biopsies were selected from 12 patients with HSCT (11 allogeneic, one autologous). All but one patient were male. The age at renal biopsy ranged from 7 to 63 years (median: 32 years). The median interval of renal biopsy after HSCT was 24 months (range 1–134 months). Evidence of graft-versus-host disease was found in nine patients. The most common presentation was significant proteinuria (10 cases) and renal impairment (eight cases). The predominant histological changes were membranous glomerulonephritis (n = 4) and thrombotic microangiopathy (n = 4). One case of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, minimal change disease, acute tubular necrosis and hypertensive nephrosclerosis were also recorded. Four of our patients died at 0–11 months after renal biopsy. Of the remaining eight patients with a mean follow up of 43.6 months (range, 10–98 months), chronic renal impairment were found in three (37.5%) patients and significant proteinuria also persisted in three. One patient had cytogenetic evidence of relapse of underlying haematological malignancy after HSCT. Conclusion: Among the various renal lesions after HSCT, membranous glomerulonephritis and thrombotic microangiopathy were the most common. Mechanisms of renal injury varied from graft-versus-host disease-associated immune complex deposition to non-immune complex injury on endothelial cells, glomerular epithelial cells and tubular epithelium. Pathologists and clinicians should attend to the histological and temporal heterogeneity of renal injury when managing patients after HSCT.
- Published
- 2008
48. TWIST modulates prostate cancer cell-mediated bone cell activity and is upregulated by osteogenic induction
- Author
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Xianghong Wang, WK Kwok, Ying-Ying Chu, Kwok Wah Chan, Hiu-Fung Yuen, Chee-Wai Chua, Ka-Kui Chan, Yuen-Piu Chan, and Yong-Chuan Wong
- Subjects
Male ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Bone Neoplasms ,Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit ,Bone and Bones ,Cell Line ,Bone remodeling ,Mice ,Prostate cancer ,Calcification, Physiologic ,Genes, Reporter ,Osteogenesis ,Osteoclast ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Internal medicine ,Bone cell ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,RNA, Small Interfering ,DNA Primers ,Osteoblasts ,business.industry ,Twist-Related Protein 1 ,Nuclear Proteins ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,Cancer ,Bone metastasis ,Osteoblast ,3T3 Cells ,General Medicine ,Alkaline Phosphatase ,medicine.disease ,Up-Regulation ,RUNX2 ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Cancer research ,business ,Plasmids - Abstract
TWIST, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is highly expressed in many types of human cancer. We have previously found that TWIST confers prostate cancer cells with an enhanced metastatic potential through promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a high TWIST expression in human prostate cancer is associated with an increased metastatic potential. The predilection of prostate cancer cells to metastasize to bone may be due to two interplaying mechanisms (i) by increasing the rate of bone remodeling and (ii) by undergoing osteomimicry. We further studied the role of TWIST in promoting prostate cancer to bone metastasis. TWIST expression in PC3, a metastatic prostate cancer cell line, was silenced by small interfering RNA and we found that conditioned medium from PC3 with lower TWIST expression had a lower activity on stimulating osteoclast differentiation and higher activity on stimulating osteoblast mineralization. In addition, we found that these effects were, at least partly, associated with TWIST-induced expression of dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK-1), a factor that promotes osteolytic metastasis. We also examined TWIST and RUNX2 expressions during osteogenic induction of an organ-confined prostate cancer cell, 22Rv1. We observed increased TWIST and RUNX2 expressions upon osteogenic induction and downregulation of TWIST through short hairpin RNA reduced the induction level of RUNX2. In summary, our results suggest that, in addition to EMT, TWIST may also promote prostate cancer to bone metastasis by modulating prostate cancer cell-mediated bone remodeling via regulating the expression of a secretory factor, DKK-1, and enhancing osteomimicry of prostate cancer cells, probably, via RUNX2.
- Published
- 2008
49. Clinicopathological significance of missing in metastasis B expression in hepatocellular carcinoma
- Author
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Xin Yuan Guan, Stephanie Ma, Kwok Wah Chan, and Terence K. Lee
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Blotting, Western ,Gene Expression ,medicine.disease_cause ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Metastasis ,Western blot ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,RNA, Neoplasm ,Aged ,Neoplasm Staging ,Messenger RNA ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,business.industry ,Liver Neoplasms ,Microfilament Proteins ,Anatomical pathology ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Neoplasm Proteins ,Metastasis Suppressor Gene ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,Female ,Carcinogenesis ,business ,Liver cancer - Abstract
Missing in metastasis (MIM) proteins are important regulators in controlling cell growth and development. There has been accumulating evidence suggesting a role of MIM-B in carcinogenesis, yet its role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma has not been examined thus far. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological significance of MIM-B in tumor and its matched adjacent nontumor tissue obtained from 40 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Increased MIM-B messenger RNA and protein expression, as detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively, was found in hepatocellular carcinoma clinical samples; and its expression was significantly associated with early pathologic tumor-node-metastasis stage group (P = .007), presence of tumor encapsulation (P = .034), and absence of venous infiltration (P = .038). Higher levels of MIM-B expression were found to be associated with early stage disease. Elevated MIM-B expression may influence the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and may possibly be a powerful indicator for the disease at an early stage.
- Published
- 2007
50. Identification and Characterization of Tumorigenic Liver Cancer Stem/Progenitor Cells
- Author
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Xin Yuan Guan, Irene Oi-Lin Ng, Stephanie Ma, Kwok Wah Chan, Liang Hu, Jana Yim–Hung Wo, Bo-Jian Zheng, and Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Carcinogenicity Tests ,Cellular differentiation ,Transplantation, Heterologous ,Cell ,Population ,Gene Expression ,Mice, Nude ,Cell Separation ,Mice, SCID ,Biology ,Muscle Development ,Metastasis ,Mice ,Antigens, CD ,Cancer stem cell ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,AC133 Antigen ,Progenitor cell ,education ,Glycoproteins ,education.field_of_study ,Neovascularization, Pathologic ,Hepatology ,Stem Cells ,Liver Neoplasms ,Gastroenterology ,Cell Differentiation ,medicine.disease ,Antigens, Differentiation ,Liver regeneration ,Liver Regeneration ,Phenotype ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Liver ,Cancer research ,Stem cell ,Peptides ,Cell Division ,Neoplasm Transplantation - Abstract
Background & Aims: Recent efforts in stem cell biology suggest that tumors are organized in a hierarchy of heterogeneous cell populations and that the capability to maintain tumor formation/growth specifically resides in a small population of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). The aim of this study is to identify, isolate, and characterize the CSC population that drives and maintains hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and metastasis. Methods: Normal stem cells involved in liver regeneration were identified using a severe partial hepatectomy model. Purified HCC cells, with or without expression of the identified normal stem cell phenotype, were evaluated, based on their tumorigenic potential and exhibition of defined stem/progenitor cell-like properties, to determine whether liver CSCs can be or partly be identified by this surface marker. Results: We report the identification and isolation of a population of CSCs expressing a CD133 surface phenotype from human liver cell lines. CD133 + cells possess a greater colony-forming efficiency, higher proliferative output, and greater ability to form tumor in vivo. These cells are endowed with characteristics similar to those of progenitor cells including the expression of "stemness" genes, the ability to self-renew, and the ability to differentiate into nonhepatocyte-like lineages. Furthermore, CD133 is found to represent only a minority of the tumor cell population in human HCC specimens. Conclusions: We report the identification of a CSC population in HCC characterized by their CD133 phenotype. The identification of tumorigenic liver CSCs could provide new insight into the HCC tumorigenic process and possibly bear great therapeutic implications.
- Published
- 2007
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