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Clostridium difficile (CD) is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that can produce a spectrum of gastrointestinal diseases ranging from pseudomembranous colitis to diarrhea to toxic megacolon. The infection is even more difficult to manage as CD produces high-end spores, suggesting that this may be the cause of the dangerous recurrent disease as well as dissemination among healthy members in the community. Spores can be hosted in the digestive tract of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The most relevant risk factor in the development of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) seems to be the overuse of antimicrobials. Comorbidities are another risk factor that may predispose towards more serious CDI. Treatment options vary from oral antibiotics to extensive surgical interventions. The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence, severity, and management of CDIs in a general surgery department in an effort to determine the correlative elements between the infection and surgical pathology.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory chronic, common skin disease that represents a great burden affecting people of all ages. It has no clear cause and although there are treatments none of them can guaranty remission. This pathology has a significant negative impact on people in all countries, affecting between 0.09% and 11.43%, which means at least 100 million people worldwide. A particular category is represented by pregnant women. Although it is reported that 55% of the patients have improved symptomatology during pregnancy, 21% reported no change and 23% suffered worsening of the illness. Psoriasis can be difficult to manage due to fluctuations in hormone levels. Even if patients can experience improvements during pregnancy, most of the women report worsening in the post-partum period (4-6 weeks). Pregnancy and lactation can also interfere with specific treatment for psoriasis. Psoriasis can increase the risk of gestational, diabetes, pre-eclampsia and hypertension in pregnancy, increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight and emergency caesarean section. In order to have a positive outcome for the mother and the baby, careful multidisciplinary management is needed. The aim of this review is to summarize the notions in the literature regarding pregnancy with psoriasis and the current treatment trend in this group of patients.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is characterized by the presence of lipidladen foamy macrophages with both acute and chronic phase inflammatory cells. The aim of the study is to present our experience about patients with Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. 29 patients were evaluated through a complete anamnesis and the preoperative management included routine blood and biochemical tests, urine culture and renal ultrasound, intravenous urography and computed tomography (CT). All patients underwent open nephrectomy followed by the pathological exam. The main symptoms of these patients were fever and flank pain. Preoperative laboratory tests revealed anemia, leukocytosis and increasing levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Kidney failure was noticed in almost half of the cases. This study succeeded to evaluate the demographic, clinical, biological, surgical and histological characteristics. A pathological diagnosis is mandatory mainly for the evaluation of its coexistence with renal carcinoma.

Pregnancy in rudimentary horn is a rare clinical entity with an incidence ranging from 1:76.000 to 1:140.000 preg­nan­cies. The symptomatology that accompanies pregnancy de­ve­loped in rudimentary horn is similar to that of ectopic preg­nan­cies or may evolve as a normal pregnancy. It is dif­ficult to diagnose in the first trimester of pregnancy when conservative treatment is possible, with minimal mor­bi­di­ty, frequently evolving until the second trimester when clinically manifests as a uterine rupture syndrome and it is accompanied by intraperitoneal hemorrhage and he­mor­rhagic shock. It is desirable that the diagnosis of these pregnancies to be established as early as possible in the first trimester of pregnancy and they will be terminated as soon as they have been diagnosed with certainty.