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Aims To evaluate the efficacy of follow-up based on the patterns of recurrence, relapse presentation and survival after cystectomy, and to define a risk adjusted follow-up schedule. Patients and methods The records of 343 patients with regular follow-up after cystectomy were reviewed for primary site of recurrence, accompanying symptoms, means of recurrence diagnosis, and clinicopathological factors. Based on Cox proportional hazard models, and the results of imaging studies low and high risk groups are identified and a risk adjusted follow-up protocol is proposed. Results The risk of a recurrence was related to increasing pT, tumour positive lymph nodes, tumour positive surgical margins, and pre-operative dilatation of the upper urinary tract, and low and high risk groups were defined consequently. 84% of all recurrences occurred within 2 years, with only one recurrence beyond 2 years in the low risk group. Although the minority of all patients (34%) is asymptomatic at time of recurrence, symptomatic recurrences were adversely associated with survival. CT-scans and chest X-rays accounted for 90% of the diagnostic tools to detect a recurrence in patients without symptoms. Conclusions Asymptomatic patients may benefit from early treatment after disease recurrence. A risk adjusted follow-up strategy based on stage of disease and additional clinicopathological factors can dichotomise patients at high and low risk for recurrence. The small benefit in survival after early detection has to be confirmed in future studies, and weighed against the available treatment options of recurrences and their subsequent costs.

Aim: To compare the outcome of two perioperative protocols with respect to postoperative management of cystectomy patients. Patients and Methods: Between June 2007 and November 2008, 85 consecutive patients with bladder cancer were treated with cystectomy and urinary diversion. Patients were operated in two hospitals by four urologic surgeons. In protocol A, patients were enterally fed via a postpyloric tube while the nasogastric tube (NGT) was removed directly after cystectomy and selective decontamination of the digestive tract was given until normal oral intake. In protocol B, postcystectomy management consisted of total parenteral nutrition by a central venous line and NGT removal after 24 h. Hospital stay and complications were compared between the two hospitals. Results: More than half of all patients (52%) developed one or more complications within 30 days after surgery, 37% in protocol A and 71% in protocol B (p = 0.002). Higher ASA score and protocol type were the only factors significantly associated with early complications in both uni- and multivariate analyses. Length of stay was significantly shorter with protocol A as compared to protocol B, 13 days versus 19 days (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Cystectomy and urinary diversion is a procedure with considerable risk of complications. Enteral nutrition might be advantageous as compared to parenteral nutrition, showing fewer complications and shorter hospital stay. A high ASA score is associated with more early complications. Selective bowel decontamination may have an additional role in preventing infectious complications after cystectomy.

Aims To evaluate if combined treatment should be offered to bladder cancer patients presenting with supra-regional lymph node metastases only and a clinical complete or partial response after chemotherapy. Patients and methods We identified 14 patients with supra-regional lymph node metastases out of 394 patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) treated in our institute with cystectomy and regional and supra-regional lymph node dissection between 1987 and 2007. Prior to cystectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy had been given. The patients received a total of four cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy. Results Five patients had a CR, nine patients had a PR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Histopathological proof of complete response in the bladder was confirmed in all five cases. One of these five patients had a CR in the bladder but pelvic lymph nodes still contained vital tumor. Five patients had no tumor in the lymph nodes, whereas four had tumor in the lymph nodes. Eleven patients died due to bladder cancer, seven of them within 1 year after cystectomy. The 3- and 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 36% (95% CI: 10–60%) and 24% (95% CI: 0–49%). Mean follow-up was 2.5 years. Conclusions Combination therapy consisting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery in selected patients with tumor positive supra-regional lymph nodes only can result in durable long-term survival rates (24% 5-year survival). Response evaluation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy might play a decisive role in the selection of patients undergoing subsequent surgical removal of all known tumor sites.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is recognized as a tumor marker of yolk sac tumors, liver cancer and some other cancers of the digestive organs. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) producing AFP is a rare entity. A case of AFP-producing RCC with solitary bone metastasis, but without liver involvement, is reported. The stain specific to AFP proved the presence of AFP in the cytoplasms of more cells of the renal tumors. Additionally, the other published cases are reviewed. These cases indicate that mesoderm-originating malignant tumors such as RCCs can produce AFP in some situations. So, AFP is probably more universal than believed, although it is generally a popular and useful tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinomas and yolk sac tumors.

Aim To determine the difference in survival after cystectomy between patients presenting with primary muscle infiltrating bladder cancer and patients with progression to muscle infiltration after treatment for initial non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed the files of 188 patients who underwent cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma between 1987 and 2005. Two groups were defined: patients presenting with muscle-invasive tumours and those progressing to muscle invasion after initial treatment. This second group was further divided into low-intermediate and high risk according to the EAU grouping for NMIBC. Results The 5-year disease specific survival (95% confidence intervals) for all patients was 50%(42–59%); 49%(40–60%) in the primary muscle infiltrating group and 52%(37–74%) in the progressive group ( p = ns). The 5-year disease specific survival in the progressive group according to EAU risk groups was 75%(58–97%) for the initially diagnosed low-intermediate risk tumours and 35%(17–71%) for the initially diagnosed high-risk tumours ( p = 0.015). The percentage of patients with non-locally confined tumours (pT3/4-N0//any pT-N+) was 31%//45% and 24%//46% in the primary muscle infiltrating and progressive group, respectively. Conclusions Despite close observation of patients treated for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the survival of patients who progress to muscle invasion is not better than survival of patients presenting with primary muscle infiltrating cancer. Patients with high-risk non-invasive tumours (EAU risk-categories) who progress to muscle-invasive disease have a worse prognosis compared to patients with low or intermediate risk tumours.

We report on a 45-year-old woman treated with cystectomy after failure of bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial transitional cell carcinoma. After 9 months, left-sided nephroureterectomy was performed for recurrence in the left ureter. The pathologic examination revealed carcinoma in situ and no tumor-positive lymph nodes (pTisN0Mx). At 2.5 years later, she complained of abdominal distension and pain. She underwent bilateral removal of the ovaries, infracolic omentectomy, and liver biopsy because of suspicious lesions on the liver. Pathologic examination revealed extensive peritoneal spread of transitional cell carcinoma. The seeding potential of high-grade urothelial cancer is well known; however, we found no clear explanation for the peritoneal spread of tumor cells in this patient that occurred years after the surgical procedures.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Patients who experience disease recurrence after radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) have a very poor prognosis. Most recurrences occur during the first two years following RC. The incidence, patterns, and prognosis of late recurrences (LRs) following RC have not been well described. METHODS: We queried our prospectively maintained institutional database and identified 1953 consecutive patients who underwent RC for UCB from 1995-2010. We identified patients who experienced disease recurrence following RC and analyzed both nonurothelial tract disease recurrence and urothelial recurrence. Late recurrence was defined as a non-urothelial tract recurrence occurring three or more years following RC. RESULTS: Of 648 UCB patients who experienced non-urothelial tract disease recurrence following RC, 93 (14%) occurred greater than 3 years following RC, and 42 (6%) occurred after 5 years (range 3.01 e 12.89 years). Of these 93 LRs, 22 (24%) were local, 54 (58%) were distant, and 17 (18%) were both local and distant. Sites of metastasis in patients with LRs included 21 (23%) lung, 20 (22%) bone, 47 (51%) lymphatic, 18 (19%) liver, 20 (22%) pelvis, and 5 (5%) other. Urothelial tract recurrences were identified in 44 of 93 patients with LR, 30 upper tract and 18 urethral. After excluding 17 patients in whom the LR could be ascribed to an invasive upper tract second primary tumor, 76 LR patients were left for analysis. The stage distribution at RC for LR patients was pT0 (7%), pTa (5%), pTis (18%), pT1 (12%), pT2 (26%), pT3 (21%), and pT4 (8%). Twelve LR patients (16%) had LN-positive disease. Eleven LR patients had received pre-operative cisplatin-based chemotherapy and 8 received adjuvant chemotherapy. LR patients were more likely to have organ-confined disease at RC (62% vs. 21%, p