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espanolRESUMEN Este estudio revisa las publicaciones cientificas disponibles sobre las amistades de ninos y adolescentes que padecen dolor cronico centrandose en los mecanismos que utilizan para afrontar los desafios que sus relaciones les plantean y las teorias utilizadas por los estudios para abordar este tema. Llevamos a cabo una busqueda en PubMed, PsycINFO y WOS desde los inicios hasta agosto de 2017. Incluimos estudios primarios de revision de pares con un subgrupo de analisis especifico de las amistades en ninos y adolescentes (entre 6 y 18 anos), con las siguientes condiciones: dolor en las extremidades inferiores, dolor de cuello y hombros, dolor de espalda, dolor abdominal, dolor de cabeza y migranas, fibromialgia y sindrome de dolor regional complejo. Se seleccionaron 20 articulos empiricos, a partir de los cuales se detectaron 18 mecanismos y 6 teorias. Los estudios muestran gran variabilidad en la metodologia utilizada, asi como en el modo de definir la experiencia de las amistades. Por ultimo, muy pocos de los estudios elegidos estan basados en la teoria. EnglishABSTRACT This study review the available literature about friendships of children and adolescents with chronic pain, focusing on the mechanisms they use to face challenges in their relationships and the theories studies use to address this topic. We conducted a search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and WOS from inception to August 2017. We included peer-reviewed primary studies with a specific subgroup analysis of friendships in children and adolescents (6-18 years old) with the followingconditions: lower limb pain, neck and shoulder pain, back pain, abdominal pain, headache and migraines, fibromyalgia, and complex regional pain syndrome. Twenty empirical articles were selected. From these studies, 18 mechanisms and 6theories were identified. Studies show a high variability in the methodologies employed, as well as in the way they define friendships experience. Finally, very few of the studies selected are theory-based.

The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the most important healthcare and societal challenges to have emerged in the last century. It may have effects on both physical and psychosocial health, but studies considering the impact on vulnerable populations, such as people with chronic pain, are needed. In this cross-sectional study, an online survey of relevant chronic pain domains, coping strategies, triggers and potential related variables was answered by 502 Spanish individuals with chronic pain. Participants were mainly women (88%) with longstanding chronic pain and moderate to high pain intensity and disability. The perception of pain aggravation and the most pain-related outcomes were observed. Contextual variables such as job insecurity, worries about the future, people cohabiting, being close to someone who had passed away, or being potentially infected with COVID-19 were related to worse outcomes. More than half the participants altered their pain management style (e.g., increased medication intake) and several changes occurred with respect to pain triggers (cognitions, feelings of insecurity and loneliness, and sleeping problems were more frequently reported as triggers during lockdown). Our preliminary results highlight the negative effects of lockdown on patients with chronic pain as well as the need to make available cost-effective and remotely accessible healthcare resources for counteracting them. Sin financiación 4.242 JCR (2020) Q1, 39/167 Medicine, General & Internal No data SJR 2020 No data IDR 2020 UEM

Chronic pain is a very common problem worldwide and helping people coping with it is fundamental for improving their quality of life. Since smartphones are available anywhere and anytime for all users, the present work proposes the development of an App that helps users to change their mood when facing low back and cervical pain. The App will drive the user thorough several screens that will help him or her to challenge their negative thoughts for more positive ones. This process will be driven thorough some messages and questions proposed by reserachers with expertise on health and pain management, but also thorough messages and questions proposed by users themselves. The main contributions of this work are: 1) using an App to face pain thorugh a process of cognitive restructuring; and 2) sending messages and questions based on the context of the user, by taking into account his or her previous answers, the environment and time of the day.

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to test whether pain-related fear of movement and catastrophizing were predictors of pain intensity and disability 6 months after a whiplash injury. The mediator role of fear of movement was also explored. METHODS: A sample of 147 whiplash patients with neck pain for less than 3 months participated in the first assessment, and 123 of them were interviewed again at a 6-month follow-up. Multiple regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Fear of movement, initial pain intensity and initial disability were independent predictors of disability at the 6-month follow-up. Initial pain intensity and initial pain duration were significant predictors of pain intensity at 6 months. Fear of movement was found not to be a mediator in either of the 2 outcomes at the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that interventions designed to reduce the impact of injury severity and pain-related fear of movement after a motor vehicle accident may be relevant for preventing long-lasting symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en

Aims and objectives To explore the quality of life and mental health of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and to examine the impact of self-efficacy and coping strategies on these outcomes. Background Few studies analyse the impact of caring for a child with cerebral palsy on the caregivers' quality of life besides mental health. Also, less attention has been paid to the influence of caregiver's personal resources like self-efficacy or coping strategies on how they adjust to the child's illness and the care situation. Design Cross-section correlational design. Methods Sixty two parents of children with cerebral palsy completed measures to assess the quality of life (i.e. physical, environmental and social relationships), mental health (i.e. general mental health, depression and anxiety), self-efficacy and coping strategies. Results Parents of children with cerebral palsy had, in general terms, low levels of quality of life and mental health. Self-efficacy was related to most of the outcomes, whereas any of the coping strategies assessed was significantly related to the outcomes. Conclusions Quality of life and mental health can be affected in caregivers of children with CP. Personal resources like self-efficacy also need attention as they can help in the understanding of the differences in these outcomes and the design of effective interventions. Relevance of clinical practice Self-efficacy should be a key element in interventions addressed to parents of children with CP to elicit a process of empowerment that can improve the well-being of the family as a whole.

The aim of this work was to study whether fear of movement, and pain catastrophizing predict pain related-disability and depression in sub-acute whiplash patients. Moreover, we wanted to test if fear of movement is a mediator in the relation between catastrophizing and pain-related disability/depression as has been suggested by the fear-avoidance model [Vlaeyen JWS, Kole-Snijders AMJ, Boeren RGB, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995;62:363-72]. The convenience sample used was of 147 sub-acute whiplash patients (pain duration less than 3 months). Two stepwise regression analyses were performed using fear of movement and catastrophizing as the independent variables, and disability and depression as the dependent variables. After controlling for descriptive variables and pain characteristics, catastrophizing and fear of movement were found to be predictors of disability and depression. Pain intensity was a predictor of disability but not of depression. The mediation effect of fear of movement in the relationships between catastrophizing and disability, and between catastrophizing and depression was also supported. The results of this study are in accordance with the fear-avoidance model, and support a biopsychosocial perspective for whiplash disorders.

STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE To analyze the psychometric properties of the neck disability index (NDI), with a special emphasis in its factor structure, and its usefulness, in a sample of patients suffering from a subacute whiplash problem. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A valid and reliable instrument to assess pain-related disability would be of great help to clinicians and researchers interested in whiplash associated disorders. First, to better understand the impact of whiplash on the patient's life, and his or her progress over time. Second, to formulate comprehensive treatment plans, and evaluate the results from therapeutic actions. Finally, to follow-up patients' changes and improvement. The NDI could be an appropriate instrument for these purposes. METHODS A convenience sample of 150 subacute whiplash patients participated. They were requested to complete the Catalan version of the NDI, and report about their pain intensity, pain interference and depression. RESULTS.: An exploratory factor analysis showed that the NDI can be viewed as a 2-factor instrument. The items and the instrument's total score were normally distributed. Internal consistency was also appropriate both for the total score (Cronbach's alpha: 0.87) and the 2 subscales (0.7 for the pain and interference with cognitive functioning scale, and 0.83 for the physical functioning scale). Total NDI and subscales scores significantly correlated with pain intensity, pain interference, and depression. CONCLUSION The NDI showed excellent psychometric properties in a sample of subacute whiplash patients. Additional research is needed to replicate the NDIs factor structure.

The main aims of this work were to test the psychometric properties of the Catalan version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and to assess the usefulness of the scale when used with whiplash patients. This article reports results from 2 complementary studies. In the first one, the PCS was administered to 280 students and 146 chronic pain patients to examine the psychometric properties of a new Catalan version of the instrument. A confirmatory factor analysis supported a second-order structure, in which 3 second-order factors (ie, rumination, helplessness, and magnification) load in a higher-order factor (ie, catastrophizing). The reliability of the Catalan version was supported by an acceptable internal consistency and test-retest values. Validity was supported by the correlations found among the PCS and pain intensity, pain interference, and depression. The objective of the second study was to evaluate the PCS when used with whiplash patients. In this second study, 141 patients with whiplash disorders participated. In general, the psychometric properties of the PCS were found appropriate, with factor analysis supporting the structure described in patients with chronic pain. Our data suggest that the PCS is a good instrument to assess catastrophic thinking in whiplash patients. Perspective The usefulness of the PCS in whiplash disorders has been explored in this study. Results of our work show that the PCS can be a very useful tool to assess catastrophic thinking about pain in whiplash patients.

The purpose of this study was to establish consensus on the factors that predict chronic pediatric pain and pain-related disability. A Delphi poll involving 2 rounds of data collection was used as a way to reach consensus among professionals with a specific interest in chronic pain in children and adolescents. Factors that had the greatest influence on long-term maintenance of pediatric pain included: Excessive use of heath care services; a tendency to somatize; and children’s catastrophizing. Factors that had the greatest influence on long-term disability included: Children’s self-concept as being disabled; a hesitance to perform exercise because of fear of a potential injury; and children’s catastrophizing. These findings may help identify the specific items to be assessed in studies designed to predict which children are at risk to develop chronic pain and disability. If supported by further research, these results may ultimately help develop intervention programs that could prevent long-term pain in disability in children and adolescents. Perspective A Delphi poll was conducted to reach consensus among professionals with a specific interest in chronic pain among children and adolescents, regarding the factors associated with the development of chronic pediatric pain and disability. This study could serve as the basis for (1) prospective studies to validate the predictive utility of the variables; and (2) the design of secondary prevention programs.

OBJECTIVES To test the feasibility of an online intervention (DARWeb) for children with functional abdominal pain and their families. METHODS An online intervention (with 7 units for children and 7 for parents) was developed from a cognitive-behavioral perspective. A total of 15 families were given access to the intervention and asked to rate their satisfaction with each unit and the overall program (using scales from 0 to 10). Moreover, they were interviewed at the end of the program to obtain more information about their impressions of the program. RESULTS Nine families (60%) completed the entire program. Parents rated each unit above a median of 8; children also rated all of the units except the first 2 above a median of 8. Global ratings were also very positive. Qualitative data reinforce the idea that the participants were quite satisfied with the intervention, they appreciated the fact that it was online, and they learned coping strategies (they were especially happy with relaxation) and to give less importance to pain. Although they appreciated the available resources, they would like to have more multimedia and interactive resources, and some form of professional contact. Parents also suggest that it was a burden (in terms of time) to supervise their children's progress in the program. DISCUSSION DARWeb has been shown to be a feasible intervention, and it seems to be well designed. However, some improvements need to be considered based on the experiences of these participating families, and further research should be conducted to test its efficacy.

SUMMARY Chronic pain is common and strongly impacts the individual and society as a whole. Although there are effective multidisciplinary treatments available, they are often not easily accessible and designed for people with severe long-lasting problems. The main aim of this paper is to propose and stimulate debate about how the internet can help to increase accessibility and promote a shift toward secondary prevention. Specifically, internet can help by providing access to educational websites containing information for professionals and the general population. Internet can also be useful for creating accessible interventions designed to reduce risk factors for the development of long-term disability. The involvement of society in general and the professionals working in the field is fundamental for advancing in this direction.

The main objective of this research was to explore which factors best predict the occurrence of burden on primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Understanding these factors enables the identification of those caregivers at risk of having their physical and psychological health adversely affected, and the implementation of intervention strategies to reduce the negative impact of caring on parents of children with chronic medical conditions. The study sample consisted of a total of 62 caregivers (89% women) aged between 30 and 54 years (Mean = 41.98, SD = 5.64). CP affected children were aged between 1 and 17 years (Mean = 7.69, SD = 4.18) and the average degree of disability (% reflected in the medical record assessed by the Ministry of health, social services and equality of Spain) was 77.098 (scale of 100) (SD = 14.62). A burden model was constructed based on multiple linear regressions. The model included the following variables: degree of disability, depression (assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II) and self-efficacy (measured by the Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy). The regression model explained 40.9% of the total variance. It was found that self-efficacy had a negative linear association with burden, while the degree of disability and depression showed a positive linear association. The most important predictors of caregiver burden were degree of disability, depression and self-efficacy. For this reason, we believe that it is necessary to develop interventions to reduce depression and enhance self-efficacy in parents of children with CP as one of the primary objectives for minimizing the burden on caregivers of disabled children. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue explorar cuáles son los factores que mejor predicen la ocurrencia de la carga sobre los cuidadores primarios de niños con parálisis cerebral (CP). La comprensión de estos factores permite identificar cuidadores en riesgo de presentar problemas físicos o psicológicos y la implementación de estrategias de intervención para reducir el impacto negativo del cuidado de los padres de niños con condiciones médicas crónicas. La muestra del estudio consistió en un total de 62 cuidadores (89 % mujeres) con edades entre 30 y 54 años (M = 41.98, DE = 5.64). Los niños con CP afectados tenían edades entre 1 y 17 años (M = 7.69, DE = 4.18) y el grado promedio de discapacidad (% reflejado en la historia clínica evaluada por el Ministerio de Salud, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad de España ) fue de 77.098 (escala sobre 100) (DE = 14.62). Se construyó un modelo de carga basado en regresiones lineales múltiples. El modelo incluyó las siguientes variables: grado de discapacidad, la depresión (evaluada por el Inventario de Depresión de Beck -II) y auto-eficacia (medida por la Escala Revisada de Autoeficacia para Cuidado). El modelo de regresión explicó 40.9 % de la varianza total. Se encontró que la autoeficacia tenía una asociación lineal negativa con la carga, mientras que el grado de discapacidad y depresión mostró una asociación lineal positiva. Los predictores más importantes de la carga de los cuidadores fueron el grado de discapacidad, la depresión y la autoeficacia. Por esta razón, creemos que es necesario desarrollar intervenciones para reducir la depresión y aumentar la auto-eficacia en padres de niños con CP como uno de los objetivos primordiales para reducir al mínimo la carga de los cuidadores de niños con discapacidad.

The primary aim of this study was to test hypothesized associations between changes in psychological variables (i.e., pain beliefs, catastrophizing and coping strategies) and changes in pain intensity and related adjustment (i.e., pain interference and psychological functioning) in individuals with Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy (MMD) and Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD). Methods: A sample of 107 adults with a diagnosis of MMD or FSHD, reporting pain in the past three months, completed assessments at two time-points, separated by about 24 months. Results showed that changes in pain-related psychological variables were significantly associated with changes in psychological functioning, pain intensity and pain interference. Specifically, increases in the belief that emotion influences pain, and catastrophizing were associated with decreases in psychological functioning. Increases in the coping strategies of asking for assistance and resting, and the increases of catastrophizing were associated with increases in pain intensity. Finally, increases in pain intensity and asking for assistance were associated with increases in pain interference. Discussion: The results support the utility of the biopsychosocial model of pain for understanding pain and its impact in individuals with MMD or FSHD. These findings may inform the design and implementation of psychosocial pain treatments for people with muscular dystrophy and chronic pain.

The aim is to study how pain coping strategies and catastrophising are related to disability and depression in patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Specifically, we wanted to test if they are independent predictive variables, after controlling for pain severity, sociodemographic and crash-related variables.A convenience sample of 147 patients with WAD of less than 3 months of duration was recruited. They were requested to complete the Pain Catastrophising Scale, the two-item version of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory and to report sociodemographic and crash-related information, pain intensity, disability and depression.Although several pain coping strategies were related with disability in univariate analyses, only asking for assistance was a marginally significant predictive variable in a multiple regression analysis after controlling for catastrophising. Catastrophising was a significant predictive variable after controlling for pain coping strategies. With depression as the outcome, resting and task persistence were the only pain coping strategies which were related in univariate analyses. However, none of them were predictive variables after controlling for catastrophising. Again, catastrophising was a significant predictive variable after controlling for pain coping strategies.Our results show that catastrophising about pain is more important than pain coping strategies in patients with WAD of a short duration. These results can contribute to the conceptual distinction between pain coping strategies and catastrophising.

The purpose of this study was to establish consensus on what factors might predict chronic pain and disability in whiplash injuries following motor vehicle collisions. A Delphi poll involving two rounds of data collection was used as a way to reach consensus among participating experts. Participating experts identified several physical, historical, psychological, and behavioral response factors that they believed were related to the development of chronic pain and related disability in people who have developed whiplash-associated disorders. These included: (1) prior history: previous history of chronic pain; (2) physical factors: high severity of injury, presence of constant neck pain since the accident; (3) psychological factors: belief that pain mean danger and that he or she should avoid exercise, tendency to somatize, to have positive thoughts about pain, catastrophic thinking, low self-efficacy expectancies, and to have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorders; and (4) behavioral responses to symptoms: avoidance of activities that involve moving the neck through fear of experiencing more pain, and restriction in the use and movement of the neck. These findings may be used to help identify the specific domains that should be assessed in studies seeking to predict which individuals are at risk to develop chronic pain and disability following initial whiplash-associated disorders sustained in crash. If these results are supported by future studies, then they could be used to help develop intervention programs that could prevent long-term pain and disability in whiplash patients who are considered to be at risk to develop chronic disabling pain problems.

Although information is available about the prevalence of pain in older adults in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries, very little is known about older adults in other parts of the world. This study reports the prevalence of pain in a randomly selected sample of older adults living in the Mediterranean region of Catalonia. Besides studying the existence of pain at the time of interview, the authors investigated several characteristics of the participants' pain experience: pain onset, number and location of pain sites, intensity of pain, number of days in pain, severity of pain, the extent to which pain interfered with daily life, and expressed needs in relation to pain. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of adults aged 65 years and over living in Catalonia. A total of 592 individuals participated in the study, and data was collected through personal interviews with participants. The prevalence of any pain was 73.5%, and similar across age groups but higher in females than in males. Among individuals suffering from pain, 94.2 were experiencing chronic pain (i.e., pain of three months' duration or more). The mean number of painful areas (out of 10) was 4.48. No clear pattern of the prevalence of regional pain was observed, although joints were the most frequently reported painful place. Pain interfered in the life of a considerable number of participants (35.5%), but no differences in the level of expressed needs was detected between those that were affected and those that were not. This study provides new evidence that pain is an important problem for the older adult, one that severely impacts on their health status, causing disability and reduced ability to function, particularly in older women.