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OBJECTIVE Although there have been established guidelines for first surveillance colonoscopy (FSC) after a polypectomy, there is no consensus on performing a second surveillance colonoscopy (SSC), especially in Asian countries. This study aimed to investigate the association of SSC findings with index total colonoscopy (TCS) and FSC results. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective cohort study involving 1928 consecutive Japanese patients who had received three or more colonoscopies. High-risk colonoscopic findings were defined as advanced adenoma (≥10 mm in size, with a villous histology or high-grade dysplasia) or more than three adenomas, whereas low-risk findings were defined as one to two non-advanced adenomas. On the basis of index TCS results, the patients were divided into three groups: no adenomas (NA) (n = 888), low-risk (LR) (n = 476), and high-risk (HR) (n = 564) groups, respectively. RESULTS In the NA group, the rate of high-risk findings on SSC was significantly higher in patients with high-risk or low-risk findings on FSC than in those with no adenoma (7.7% and 7.9% vs 2.2%, P

Background and Aims: Duodenal cancer is one of the extracolonic malignancies with known mortality in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients. Visualization of the major duodenal papilla (MDP) with a standard esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is currently insufficient because of the limited field of view. Full-spectrum endoscopy (FUSE), utilizing double imagers located on the front and side of the endoscopic tip, provides a wider field of view up to 245 degrees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of FUSE in visualizing MDP in patients with FAP. Methods: This study was a single-center retrospective study including 49 FAP patients undergoing surveillance at our institution. EGD was performed by qualified endoscopists using FUSE, and visibility of the MDP was evaluated. All examinations were video-recorded, and the clips for individual patient were edited to forward view images alone (conventional group) and 2-view images of the duodenum (forward and side-view [FUSE group]). Three other qualified external endoscopists independently reviewed the videos and compared the visibility of MDP between the conventional and the FUSE groups. Primary endpoint was the rate of Type 1 visibility (whole area of the papilla) in off-site video reviews. We also assessed MDP visibility on-site as secondary endpoint. Results: The rate of type 1 MDP visibility was significantly higher in the FUSE group than conventional group in both on-site (32.6/100%, p < 0.001) and off-site reviews (8.2, 16.3, 14.3/100, 98, and 100%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: FUSE is recommended in screening and surveillance EGD to better visualize MDP in FAP patients.

A 66-year-old man underwent follow-up colonoscopy after colon polypectomy. The retroflexed view of the anal canal with white-light imaging revealed a whitish, slightly elevated lesion on the dentate line and an ill-defined flat lesion. A biopsy of the whitish elevation revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was planned. The lateral margin of the SCC was identified by spraying with Lugol’s iodine, and the tumor was resected en bloc with no complications. The pathological findings were SCC in situ with parakeratosis in the whitish elevation and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in the ill-defined flat lesion, which exhibited a wide iodine-unstained area by chromoendoscopy. Early SCC in the anal canal is a rare gastrointestinal cancer, and Lugol chromoendoscopy helped visualize the tumor margin for ESD.

This review article summarizes knowledge about metachronous gastric cancer (MGC) occurring after curative endoscopic resection (ER) of early gastric cancer (EGC), treatment outcomes of patients who developed MGC, and efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent MGC. The incidence of MGC following curative ER increases over time and is higher than in patients undergoing gastrectomy. Increasing age and multifocal EGC are independent risk factors for developing MGC. An MGC following curative ER is usually a small (lt;20 mm) and differentiated intramucosal cancer. Most MGC lesions are found at an early stage on semiannual or annual surveillance endoscopy and are successfully treated by further ER, with excellent long-term outcomes. Eradication of H. pylori may reduce the risk of MGC following ER of EGC, but further prospective studies with long-term outcomes are required. Surveillance endoscopy following gastric ER should be continued indefinitely, due to the risk of MGC even after successful H. pylori eradication. Risk stratification and tailored endoscopic surveillance schedules need to be developed.

Background and Aims Postpolypectomy bleeding is the most common adverse event with pedunculated polyps. We clarified the endoscopic characteristics influencing postpolypectomy bleeding for pedunculated colonic polyps. Methods We reviewed clinical data for 1147 pedunculated colonic polyps removed by polypectomy in 5 Japanese institutions. Pedunculated polyps were defined as polyps with a stalk length ≥5 mm. Analyzed clinical data were age, sex, polyp location/size, stalk length/width, prophylactic clipping or endoloop before polypectomy, injecting the stalk, closing the polypectomy site, antithrombotic agent use, and endoscopist experience. Postpolypectomy bleeding was classified as immediate bleeding or delayed bleeding. Results Immediate and delayed bleeding was observed in 8.5% (97/1147) and 2% (23/1147) of polypectomies, respectively. Comparing immediate bleeding with nonbleeding, multivariate analysis showed that stalk width ≥6 mm (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.4) was a significant risk factor for immediate bleeding. For polyp size ≥15 mm, prophylactic endoloop use (OR, .17; 95% CI, .04-.72) was a significant inhibiting factor. Comparing delayed bleeding with nonbleeding, multivariate analysis showed that prophylactic clipping before polypectomy (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.3-13) and injecting the stalk (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.4-12) were significant risk factors for delayed bleeding. Conclusions The increased risk for delayed bleeding with injecting the stalk and prophylactic clipping before polypectomy suggests that simple resection with coagulation mode is a suitable strategy in endoscopic resection of pedunculated polyps. Moreover, prophylactic endoloop use was highly likely to inhibit immediate bleeding with polyp size ≥15 mm.

Only a few studies have reported treatment options for stenosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastric neoplasms. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for and evaluate the management of stenosis after ESD for gastric epithelial neoplasms in the cardia and antrum. We retrospectively reviewed 1218 patients (1447 gastric epithelial neoplasms) who underwent ESD at Tonan Hospital from June 2004 to November 2015. Post-ESD stenosis was defined when a standard endoscope could not be passed through the site. Post-ESD stenosis occurred in 10 (21.3%) of the 47 cardia cases and 14 (3.2%) of the 432 antrum cases. A wide resection of more than three fourths of the circumferential extent was the sole significant risk factor related to post-ESD stenosis in both cardia and antrum. Prophylactic endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) was performed in 3 of 10 patients with cardiac stenosis and 4 of 14 with antral stenosis. Post-EBD bleeding occurred in one cardia (10%) and one antrum (7.1%) case each and was endoscopically treated. Perforation during EBD occurred in two (14.3%) antrum cases, both of which required emergency open surgery. All complications were observed in patients with conventional EBD, and no complications were associated with prophylactic EBD. A wide resection of more than three fourths of the circumferential extent was the significant risk factor for post-ESD stenosis in both cardia and antrum, and prophylactic EBD could be a promising procedure for the management of post-ESD stenosis.

Only a few studies have reported long-term outcomes for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of early gastric cancer (EGC) in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ESD for EGC in elderly patients ≥75 years with respect to both short- and long-term outcomes. We reviewed the clinical data of elderly patients ≥75 years who had undergone ESD for EGC at Tonan Hospital from January 2003 to May 2010. A total of 177 consecutive patients, including 145 with curative resection (CR) and 32 with noncurative resection (non-CR), were examined. Of the 32 patients with non-CR, 15 underwent additional surgery, and lymph node metastases were found in 3 patients. The remaining 17 patients were followed without additional surgery because of advanced age or poor general condition. Procedure-related complications, such as post-ESD bleeding, perforation and pneumonia, were within the acceptable range. The 5-year survival rates of patients with CR, those with additional surgery after non-CR, and those without additional surgery after non-CR were 84.6, 73.3, and 58.8 %, respectively. No deaths were attributable to the original gastric cancer; patients succumbed to other illnesses, including malignancy and respiratory disease. In elderly patients, ESD is an acceptable treatment for EGC in terms of both short- and long-term outcomes. Careful clinical assessment of elderly patients is necessary before ESD. After ESD, medical follow-up is important so that other malignancies and diseases that affect the elderly are not overlooked.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is widely used as a minimally invasive treatment for large esophageal cancers, but prolonged procedure duration and life-threatening adverse events remain matters of concern. We aimed to determine whether traction-assisted ESD (TA-ESD) is superior to conventional ESD in terms of technical outcomes.A superiority, randomized, phase III trial was conducted at 7 institutions across Japan. Patients with large esophageal cancer (defined as tumor diameter20 mm) were eligible for this study. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned to undergo conventional ESD or TA-ESD. The primary endpoint was ESD procedure duration.Two hundred forty-one patients were recruited and randomized. On applying exclusion criteria, 117 and 116 patients who underwent conventional ESD and TA-ESD, respectively, were included in the baseline analysis. In 1 patient, conventional ESD was discontinued because of severe perforation. Thus, the final analysis included 116 patients per group (primary analysis). The ESD procedure duration was significantly shorter for TA-ESD than for conventional ESD (44.5 minutes vs 60.5 minutes, respectively; P .001). Moreover, no adverse events were noted in the TA-ESD group. The rate of horizontal margin involvement did not differ between the groups (10.3% vs 6.9% for conventional ESD and TA-ESD, respectively; P = .484).TA-ESD was superior to conventional ESD in terms of procedure duration and was not associated with any adverse events. TA-ESD should be considered the procedure of choice for large esophageal cancers. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000024080.).