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Background: Extrapelvic endometriosis is the most-common form of abdominal-wall endometriosis (AWE). This rare condition usually results from transport of endometrial tissue into incision sites of surgical operations or adjacent tissues. Spontaneous AWE also occurs. A common symptom is a painful and tender mass usually associated with menstruation. Noncyclic pain can occur in 45% of patients. Standard treatment is complete surgical excision. Case: This 44-four-year-old patient, gravida 0, presented with persistent cyclic pain in her right inguinal area, but she had no history of previous abdominal surgery Ultrasonography (USG) showed an obscure, heterogeneous-hypoechogenic mass of similar to 2.0 x 1.5 cm in the right lower quadrant of her abdominal wall. She underwent total surgical excision by ultrasound-guided-wire localization. Results: The nonpalpable mass that was localized via an ultrasound-guided wire was surgically excised. A diagnosis of AWE was confirmed by histopathologic examination of the mass. Two months postoperatively, this patient-s pain disappeared. Conclusions: Extrapelvic endometriosis can be located in almost any organ of the body, including the abdominal wall. The incidence of AWE is reported to be up to 0.03%-3.5%, and most cases of AWE commonly arise in an incision made during a cesarean section. Spontaneous AWE is less common, compared to cesarean-scar endometriosis. The diagnosis of AWE is difficult due to its rarity, subclinical presentation, and generally nonpalpable lesions. Ultrasound-guided-wire localization is a reliable, simple, and practical solution for localizing nonpalpable lesions.

Giriş ve Amaç: Özofageal inlet patch yutkunma zorluğunda, laringofarengeal reflü semptomlarında ve nadir de olsa proksimal özofagus adenokarsinom etiyolojisinde önemlidir. Amacımız endoskopik değerlendirme sırasında özofageal inlet patch tespit ettiğimiz hastaların endoskopik ve demografik özelliklerini değerlendirmek ve literatürle karşılaştırmaktı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2017-Ocak 2021 tarihleri arasında üst gastrointestinal endoskopik değerlendirmede özofagusta inlet patch saptanan hastaların yaş, cinsiyet, inlet patch boyutları ve sayısı ile hastalarda saptanan diğer endoskopik bulguları değerlendirdik. Bulgular: Toplam 53 hastanın 36’sı (%68) kadındı. Yaş ortalaması 46.3 ± 15.8, değer aralığı (19-83) yıldı. Hastaların 13’ü inlet patch tanısı açısından semptomatikti. Özofageal inlet patch median boyutları kadınlarda 7.0 mm, değer aralığı (4-30) iken; erkeklerde 8 mm, değer aralığını (5-20) saptadık. Her iki cinsiyette median inlet patch sayısı 1, değer aralığı kadınlarda 1-3, erkeklerde 1-2 idi. Hastaların 29’unda (%54.7) forseps biyopsisi yapılabildi. Hastaların 45’inde (%84.9) ilave özofagus patolojisi saptamadık, 39’unda (%73.5) alt özofagus sfinkteri normal, 14’ünde (%26.4) incompetant, 1 (%1.8) hastada ise Hiatal Herni saptadık. 29 (%55.7) hastada endoskopik antral gastrit bulgusu saptadık. 22 endoskopik biyopsinin 12’sinde (%54.5) Helicobacter pylori pozitifti. Ayrıca 2 (%3.7) hastada özofageal inlet patch distal özofagus yerleşimli olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç: Özofageal inlet patch kadınlarda daha sıktı, gastroözofageal reflü hastalığı ile ilişkisizdi ve çoğu hasta asemptomatikti. Özofageal inlet patch’lerin median boyutları 8 mm, değer aralığı (4-30) idi, kadın erkek arasında fark saptamadık. İnlet patch boyutları ile semptom varlığı arasında da ilişki kuramadık. Biyopsi alınan inlet patchlerin hiçbirisinde malignite bulgusuna rastlamadık., Background and Aims: An esophageal inlet patch is crucial in swallowing difficulty, laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms, and rarely in the etiology of proximal esophagus adenocarcinoma. We aimed to evaluate the endoscopic and demographic features of patients with esophageal inlet patch during endoscopic evaluation and compare them with those of the literature. Material and Method: Between January 2017 and January 2021, we evaluated the age, gender ratio, inlet patch size, and number along with the other endoscopic findings in patients with proximal esophageal inlet patch. Results: Overall, 53 patients (women, 36 (68%); mean age, 46.3 ± 15.8 years; range, 19–83 years) were included the study. Only 13 patients (24.5%) had specific symptoms of esophageal inlet patch. The median esophageal inlet patch size was 7.0 mm in women (range, 4–30), while it was 8 mm (range, 5–20) in men. The median inlet patch number was 1 in both sexes (range, 1–3 in women, 1–2 in men). Forceps biopsy was possible in 30 (56.6%) patients. We found no additional esophageal pathology in 45 (84.9%) patients, normal lower esophageal sphincter in 39 (73.5%), incompetent lower esophageal sphincter in 14 (26.4%), hiatal diaphragmatic hernia in 1 (1.8%), and endoscopic antral gastritis in 29 (55.7%) patients. Twelve (54.5%) of 22 endoscopic biopsies were positive for Helicobacter pylori. We detected esophageal inlet patch in the distal esophagus in 2 (3.7%) patients. Conclusion: Esophageal inlet patch was more common in women, unrelated to gastroesophageal reflux disease, and most patients were asymptomatic, with a median size of 8 mm (range, 4–30), with no gender difference. Moreover, inlet patch size was not associated with presence of symptoms. Evidence of malignancy in the biopsied inlet patches was not observed.

Backgrounds Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and fascin-1 play roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour invasion. Aims This study was performed to investigate the relationships of fascin-1 and MMP-9 expression with prognostic parameters in endometrioid-type endometrial carcinoma (EEC). Methods A total of 100 cases of EEC were included in the study. Tissues were stained with antibodies against fascin-1 and MMP-9. The relationships between the immunohistochemical findings and clinicopathological prognostic parameters of EEC were examined. Results Tumour diameter was significantly related to lymphovascular invasion, FIGO stage and FIGO grade (p 2 cm was associated with a poor prognosis. The staining score for fascin-1 was 5 in 19 cases (p > 0.05), and that for MMP-9 was 5 in 61 cases (p > 0.05). Neither fascin-1 nor MMP-9 expression was significantly related to any of the clinicopathological parameters examined. Conclusion There were no significant relationships of fascin-1 and MMP-9 expression with the clinicopathological parameters of EEC. The results of this study suggested that these molecules do not contribute to the clinical behaviour of EECs. A tumour size > 2 cm is associated with a poor prognosis in EEC patients. To verify these results, more studies are needed with larger patient groups.

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare, benign vascular tumor. Although its etiology is not clearly known, infection, hormonal factors, and trauma are the suspected reasons. There are few cases considered to be related to pregnancy described in the literature. Granulomas are rarely seen in the histopathology and only four patients with granulomas have been described. Herein, we will present a 28-year-old woman who has been pregnant three times; in every pregnancy, she developed pink nodular lesions on the back of her ear. In the first two pregnancies, the lesions had appeared during the pregnancy and regressed completely in the postpartum period. In her third pregnancy, the condition emerged again and lasted 1.5 years after birth of her child. Histopathology exhibited ALHE with granulomas. Although the relationship between ALHE and pregnancy is already known, there are few cutaneous ALHE cases associated with pregnancy reported in the literature. This association is further supported by this case having recurrent ALHE during each pregnancy period. Also, the presence of naked granuloma in histopathology, unlike most of the cases, contributes to the current histopathological data.

We wanted to discuss our experiences in the approach to borderline ovarian tumors, which constitute a group different from epithelial ovarian tumors with respect to their biological structure in line with retrospective information gathered from our cases. A total of 25 patients operated on for the indication of adnexal masses diagnosed as borderline ovarian tumors based on frozen section results were included in our study. Patient age, tumor diameter, tumor markers and surgeries performed were discussed in the light of the literature. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software. The patient mean age was 43.84±11.34 years. The mass was localized in the right (n=13), left (n=11) or both (n=1) adnexal regions. The mean tumor diameter was 12.9±5.84 cm. Histopathologic examination established the diagnosis of serous borderline (n=14 patients) and mucinous borderline (n=11) ovarian tumors. Although the results of our study are consistent with current literature data, a greater number of current studies should be performed on borderline ovarian tumors, which are defined as a class of tumors different from epithelial ovarian tumors., Želja nam je opisati naša iskustva u pristupu graničnim tumorima jajnika kao skupini tumora koji se razlikuju od epitelnih tumora jajnika prema biološkoj strukturi, sukladno retrospektivnim podacima prikupljenim iz naših slučajeva. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 25 bolesnica operiranih pod indikacijom adneksnih tvorevina dijagnosticiranih kao granični tumori jajnika na osnovi rezultata dobivenih iz zamrznutih uzoraka. Prikazani su sljedeći podaci bolesnica: dob, promjer tumora, tumorski biljezi i izvedeni operativni zahvati, u odnosu na literaturne podatke. Statistička analiza je provedena primjenom programa SPSS. Srednja dob bolesnica bila je 43,84±11,34 godine. Tumorska masa bila je smještena u desnoj (n=13) ili lijevoj (n=11) adneksnoj regiji, a kod jedne bolesnice u objema adneksnim regijama. Srednji promjer tumora bio je 12,9±5,84 cm. Histopatološkom analizom postavljena je dijagnoza seroznog graničnog (n=14) i mucinoznog graničnog (n=11) tumora jajnika. Iako su rezultati ovoga istraživanja sukladni literaturnim podacima, potrebno je provesti veći broj studija graničnih tumora jajnika, koji se definiraju kao vrsta tumora različita od epitelnih tumora jajnika.

Aim: Postoperative pelvic adhesions (PPAs) are a common complication that leads to many problems. This study aimed to compare the role of Seprafilm (a protective barrier), and molsidomine (MOL), recognized for its antioxidative and antiproliferative effects, in preventing pelvic adhesion. Material and Methods: A total of 30 of female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. They underwent bilateral uterine horn injury. The rats in the Sham group (n=10) received no special treatment. The rats in the Seprafilm group (n=10) were treated withSeprafilm. The rats in the MOL group (n=10) received 10 mg/kg MOL orally for 14 days. Adhesion scores were evaluated using macroscopic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical grading 14 days postoperatively. Results:The Majuzi adhesion score of the rats in the MOL group [1 (0-4)] was lower than the score of the rats in the sham [4 (2-5)] and Seprafilm [4 (1-5)] (p

Background and aim It has been reported that intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury results from oxidative stress caused by increased reactive oxygen species. Dexpanthenol (Dxp) is an alcohol analogue with epitelization, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and increasing peristalsis activities. In the present study, the aim was to investigate protective and therapeutic effects of Dxp against intestinal I/R injury. Materials and methods Overall, 40 rats were assigned into five groups including one control, one alone Dxp, and three I/R groups (40-min ischemia; followed by 2-h reperfusion). In two I/R groups, Dxp (500mg/kg, i.m.) was given before or during ischemia. The histopathological findings including apoptotic changes, and also tissue and serum biochemical parameters levels, were determined. Oxidative stress and ileum damage were assessed by biochemical and histological examination. In the control (n=8) and alone Dxp (n=8; 500mg/kg, i.m. of Dxp was given at least 30min before recording), groups were incised via laparotomy, and electrical activity was recorded from their intestines. In this experiment, the effect of Dxp on the motility of the intestine was examined by analyzing electrical activity. Results In ileum, oxidant levels were found to be higher, while antioxidant levels were found to be lower in I/R groups when compared with controls. Dxp approximated high levels of oxidants than those in the control group, while it increased antioxidant values compared with I/R groups. Histopathological changes caused by intestinal I/R injury and histological improvements were observed in both groups given Dxp. In the Dxp group, electrical signal activity markedly increased compared with the control group. Conclusions Here, it was seen that Dxp had protective and therapeutic effects on intestinal I/R injury and gastrointestinal system peristaltism.

Introduction In this study, we aimed to determine the protective effects of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, in a model of testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Material and methods Forty-two pubertal male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into six groups: group 1 – control; group 2 – 50 mg/kg hesperidin (low dose hesperidin) used without torsion (LH group); group 3 – 100 mg/kg hesperidin without torsion (HH group); group 4 – torsion/detorsion group (T/D); group 5 – T/D + 50 mg/kg hesperidin treatment group (T/D + LH); and group 6 – T/D + 100 mg/kg hesperidin treatment group (T/D + HH). Hesperidin was given to the treatment groups 30 min before detorsion. After the fourth hour of reperfusion, orchiectomy was performed on the rats under anesthesia. The tissue samples were examined histologically and biochemically. Results In the T/D group testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased significantly (p < 0.001) whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased compared to the control and other groups. However, hesperidin caused the effect of T/D to become closer to normal biochemical values. In addition, the histological examinations showed that T/D caused damage in the testis but hesperidin reduced this effect. The effects of hesperidin were found to be dose dependent. Thus, applying high doses would generate greater therapeutic effects. Conclusions In a rat testicular T/D model we observed biochemical and histological damage due to ischemia. However, high and low dose applications of hesperidin were shown to have protective effects against this damage. Therefore, the aforementioned citrus flavonoid may provide positive results in cases of testicular torsion.

The aim of this study is to investigate effects of selenium and enlighten the possible mechanism of action in a rat transverse musculocutaneous flap model following ischemia-reperfusion injury.In this study, an experimental model, which mimicked free tissue transfer, was applied. Twenty-four male Wistar Albino rats were divided into a control group (N = 12), and a selenium treated group (N = 12). A superiorly based transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap was elevated and an ischemic insult for 4 hours was given. In selenium treated group (Group 2), sodium selenite (0.625 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p), 2 hours before the induction of ischemia. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at 24 hours after the operation and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured biochemically, whereas the intensity of neutrophil infiltration was evaluated. For the rest of the rats in Group 2, sodium selenite was injected at the same dose everyday to the postoperative 10th day, in which the remaining 6 rats from each group were sacrificed. On postoperative 10th day, flap viability was assessed along with the evaluation of intensity of neovascularization.In Group 1, MDA levels were higher significantly (P0.05) when compared with Group 2. No statistical difference, however, was found for NO (P0.05), and GSH (P0.05) levels among Group 1 and 2. Neutrophil infiltration was more intense in Group 1, when compared with Group 2 whereas neovascularization was more abundant in samples of Group 2. Group 2 shows higher average flap surface areas when compared with Group 1 (P0.05).The results of this study demonstrated the preventive effect of selenium against ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing tissue necrosis in muscle flaps possibly by decreasing MDA, increasing neovascularization, and decreasing neutrophil infiltration, thus suppressing inflammation.

Lichen myxedematosus is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic dermatose characterized by dermal musin deposition and increased fibroblasts in the absence of thyroid dysfunction. It is usually seen together with paraproteinemia. It is clinically classified as scleromyxedema (papular mucinosis), localized lichen myxedematosus, and atypical lichen myxedematosus. Etiopathogenesis of the disease which is very difficult to treat is still unknown. Herein, we present a case of atypical scleromyxedema without monoclonal gammopathy mimicking angioedema, rapidly developing and responding to steroid treatment.

Fascioliasis is a rarely encountered parasitic infection in Turkey that mainly affects the liver and bile ducts. Other defined localizations of the parasite are the lungs, gastrointestinal system, and subcutaneous fatty tissue. Two cases of female patients who presented to the hospital with abdominal pain and whose physical examination and laboratory findings were normal except peripheral eosinophilia, were detected to have liver masses with necrotic areas. Segmental hepatectomies were performed in both cases with the preliminary diagnosis of liver tumors. Upon microscopic examinations of the resection materials, necrotic granulomatous inflammation with eosinophilic reaction at the periphery and the parasite (Fasciola hepatica) were seen. Both cases were reported to be fascioliasis according to these findings. Two cases of fascioliasis mimicking malignancy in the liver are presented here together with literature findings.

The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical benefit of histopathologic analysis of appendectomy specimens from patients with an initial diagnosis of acute appendicitis. We retrospectively analyzed the demographic and histopathologic data of 1255 patients (712 males, 543 females; age range, 17–85 years) who underwent appendectomy to treat an initial diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Patients who underwent incidental appendectomy during other surgeries were excluded from the study. Histopathologic findings of the appendectomy specimens were used to confirm the initial diagnosis. Ninety-four percent of the appendectomy specimens were positive for appendicitis. Of those, 880 were phlegmonous appendicitis, 148 were gangrenous appendicitis with perforation, and the remaining 88 showed unusual histopathologic findings. In the 88 specimens with unusual pathology, fibrous obliteration was observed in 57 specimens, carcinoid tumor in 11, Encheliophis vermicularis parasite infection in 8, granulatomous inflammation in 6, appendiceal endometriosis in 2, and 1 specimen each showed mucocele, eosinophilic infiltration, Taenia saginata parasite infection, and appendicular diverticulitis. All carcinoid tumors were located in the distal appendix. Six of the 11 carcinoid tumors were defined by histopathology as involving tubular cells, and the other 5 as involving enterochromaffin cells. Six patients had muscularis propria invasion, 2 patients had submucosa invasion, 2 patients had mesoappendix invasion, and 1 patient had serosal invasion. All patients with tumors remained disease free during the follow-up (range, 1–27 months). We conclude that when the ratio of unusual pathologic findings for appendectomy specimens is considered, it is evident that all surgical specimens should be subjected to careful histologic examination.

Erdogan, Kivilcim Eren/0000-0002-4951-8703; kilic bagir, Emine/0000-0002-1447-1060; Celik, Betul/0000-0001-9731-9939; Tatli Dogan, Hayriye/0000-0003-4318-2775; Cakir, Asli/0000-0003-0128-6947 WOS: 000414649400006 PubMed: 28272675 Objective: There is no other screening program close to the success rate of PAP test. Cervical cytology constitutes a large workload so that quality control in cervical cytology is important for the quality assurance of pathology laboratories. Material and Method: In this study, we collected the cervical cytology results from all over Turkey and discussed the parameters influencing the quality of the PAP test. The study was conducted with Turkish gynaecopathology working group and 38 centers (totally 45 hospitals) agreed to contribute from 24 different cities. The study was designed to cover the cervical cytology results during 2013. The results were evaluated from the data based on an online questionnaire. Results: The total number of Epithelial Cell Abnormality was 18,020 and the global Epithelial Cell Abnormality rate was 5.08% in the total 354,725 smears and ranging between 0.3% to 16.64% among centers. The Atypical squamous cells/Squamous intraepithelial lesion ratios changed within the range of 0.21-13.94 with an average of 2.61. When the centers were asked whether they performed quality assurance studies, only 14 out of 28 centers, which shared the information, had such a control study and some quality parameters were better in these centers. Conclusion: There is an increase in the global Epithelial Cell Abnormality rate and there are great differences among centers. Quality control studies including the Atypical squamous cells/Squamous intraepithelial lesion ratio are important. Corrective and preventive action according to quality control parameters is a must. A cervical cytology subspecialist in every center can be utopic but a dedicated pathologist in the center is certainly needed.

Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma (MM) is a fatal disease that has been associated with asbestos exposure. Differential diagnosis between the pleural infiltration of pulmonary carcinomas and MM is rather difficult particularly for epitheloid type mesothelioma. We aimed to investigate the utility of CD90, a cancer stem cell marker, in the differential diagnosis of MM and lung carcinoma, its prognostic significance and compare its value with that of Calretinin. Ninety pathology specimens including MM (n:30), pulmonary adenocarcinoma (n:30) and pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (n:30) were used in this study. Immunohistochemical comparision of CD 90 and Calretinin was made in all groups. Calretinin was positive in 20 cases with MM (64.5 %), and was negative in 10 (32.3 %). CD 90 was positive in 25 of these cases (80 %) and negative in 5 (16 %). On the other hand pulmonary adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas showed positivity with CD90, 63,6 % and 73 %, respectively. We think that CD 90 has no place in the differential diagnosis between mesothelioma and pulmonary carcinoma because of the low specificity in spite of the high sensitivity.

Background: At present, the rates of breast cancer are continuously increasing, with over a million new cases being diagnosed worldwide each year. Hence, the development of new breast cancer chemopreventive drugs with acceptable efficacy and toxicity that are suitable for use for a protracted period of time is urgently needed. The present study investigated the potential preventive effects of zoledronic acid [ZOL] and radiotherapy [RT], both alone and in combination, on precancerogenic changes on the breast tissues of females. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene [DMBA] at the acute phase. Fifty female rats were divided into seven groups: Control group [I]; ZOL, group [II]; RT, group [III]; DMBA, group [IV]; DMBA + RT, group [V]; DMBA + ZOL, group [VI]; and DMBA + ZOL + RT, group [VII]. Results: The treatment of DMBA-exposed rats with ZOL and RT, both alone and in combination, successfully upregulates the transcriptional levels of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, p21, and BRCA 1 in mammary tissues, which may account for the elevated apoptotic activities observed and the eventual inhibition of tumor growth. The administration of RT and ZOL both alone and in combination was found to be effective for inhibiting the DMBA-induced precancerogenic changes on breast tissues and modulating the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in the acute phase. Conclusions: The combination of RT and ZOL was more effective than either agent alone. Our results suggest that the administration of ZOL and irradiation in combination can offer maximal protection against DMBA-induced mammary precancerogenic changes.

Background and Design: Actinic (solar) keratosis (AK) is a precancerous, epidermal lesion, which develops in sensitive skin exposed to sun for a long period. AKs are divided into different histopathological subtypes. There is a link between the clinical progression of the histopathological subtypes, the degree of cellular atypia, and the precancerous nature of the lesion. Different series have reported that the rate of transformation of AK to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) ranges between 12% and 20%. Materials and Methods: In this study, we reevaluated patients who were diagnosed with AK in the Pathology Departments of the Medical Faculties of İnönü and Gaziantep Universities over an eight-year period, and divided the patients into different histopathological subtypes. In addition, we investigated the association between the lesions, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), SCC and both carcinomas. Results: 29,6% of cases were proliferative AK, 27% of cases were hypertrophic AK.19% and 13% of all lesions was associated with BCC and SCC, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, we found that the most frequent subtype was proliferative AK and the most frequent nonmelanotic skin cancer was BCC associated with AK.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of microfracture and intraarticular autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) injection on cartilage regeneration in a focal full-thickness chondral defect model created in the knee joint. Methods: Full-thickness chondral defects of 3 × 6 mm(2) were surgically created in right medial femoral condyles (MFC) of New Zealand rabbits, and the rabbits were then divided into three groups according to treatment: Group 1 received only microfracture (mfx), Group 2 received mfx plus intraarticular ACP, and Group 3 received mfx; the defect was covered by the periosteum, and then, ACP was applied subperiosteally and intraarticularly. Twelve weeks after injection, the animals were sacrificed and the femoral condyles were evaluated macroscopically and histologically by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Then, histological sections were scored using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) visual histological scale. Results: Findings showed that in both mfx/ACP-treated groups, the defects were filled regularly and smoothly, the defects had a greater fill and good integration into the surrounding host tissue, and the repair matrix had more hyaline-like character. On the other hand, defects were filled with an irregular, fibrous cartilage in the mfx-treated group. Histological scores in Group 2 and Group 3 were better compared to Group 1. Conclusion: In the present study, we were able to demonstrate a beneficial effect of intraarticular administration of ACP as a coadjuvant of microfractures in order to regenerate hyaline-like cartilage in full-thickness chondral lesions in a rabbit model.

INTRODUCTION: There is no consensus on duration of the nasal splint after nasal septum surgeries. The pressure of nasal splint on the mucosa may cause tissue necrosis and nasal septum perforation.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the histopathological changes of the nasal mucosa caused by nasal splints in a rabbit model.METHODS: No splint was used in group A. Bilateral silicone nasal splints were placed for five, ten, and 15 days in groups B, C, and D, respectively. Biopsy of the nasal mucosa was performed after removal of splint. Histopathologic evaluations were performed. The severity and depth of the inflammation were scored.RESULTS: Group A had a normal histological appearance. Comparison of the results of groups B, C, and D with group A demonstrated statistically significant differences with regards to the severity of histopathological findings. There was no statistically significant difference between groups B and C. There were statistically significant differences between the groups B and D, and also between groups C and D.CONCLUSIONS: Longer duration of nasal splint had a higher risk for septal perforation. Therefore, removal of the splint as soon as possible may be helpful for preventing potential perforations.

Yellow phosphorus is a toxic substance used in the production of firework cracker, fireworks, ammunition and agricultural dung. When ingested, it shows its effects mainly in the liver, the kidneys, and the brain. A four-year-old girl had died as a result of acute hepatic failure caused by ingesting a firework cracker. The case showed high levels of hepatic enzymes, along with non-specific signs such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Autopsy revealed diffuse microvesicular steatosis in the liver and disseminated degeneration in the proximal tubules of the kidneys. In cases with concomitant hepatorenal failure and cardiovascular collapse, death is inevitable. However, when only hepatic failure develops, hepatic transplantation may be lifesaving. Although intoxication from ingesting yellow phosphorus has a very high rate of mortality, forensic cases are extremely rare in the literature.

Vestibular papillomatosis (VP) is a benign, asymptomatic anatomical condition present in approximately 1% of women. It is characterized by linear, pink, smooth or filiform papules symmetrically distributed on the vulva. The clinical resemblance of VP to genital warts may lead to unnecessary laboratory tests and treatments. This report presents four cases of VP in order to call attention to this entity (Turkderm 2012; 46: 220-2)

Astroblastoma is a rare glial tumor that occurs most frequently in children, adolescents, and young adults [1]. Congenital examples are rare with only a few reports in the literature [2–4]. We pres...

To investigate the prevalence and implications of unusual histopathological findings in appendectomy specimens from patients with suspected acute appendicitis.The demographic and histopathological data of 1621 patients (≥ 16 years-old) who underwent appendectomy to treat an initial diagnosis of acute appendicitis between January 1999 and November 2011 were retrospectively assessed. Microscopic findings were used to classify the patients under six categories: appendix vermiformis, phlegmonous appendicitis, gangrenous appendicitis, perforated appendicitis, supurative appendicitis, and unusual histopathologic findings. The demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with unusual histopathologic findings were evaluated in detail, and re-analysis of archived resected appendix specimens was carried out.A total of 912 males and 709 females, from 16 to 94 years old, were included in the study and comprised 789 cases of suppurative appendicitis, 370 cases of appendix vermiformis, 243 cases of perforated gangrenous appendicitis, 53 cases of flegmaneous appendicitis, 32 cases of gangrenous appendicitis, and 134 (8.3%) cases of unusual histopathological findings. The unusual histopathological findings included fibrous obliteration (n = 62), enterobius vermicularis (n = 31), eosinophilic infiltration (n = 10), mucinous cystadenoma (n = 8), carcinoid tumor (n = 6), granulomatous inflammation (n = 5), adenocarcinoma (n = 4; one of them mucinous), and mucocele (n = 3), adenomatous polyp (n = 1), taenia sup (n = 1), ascaris lumbricoides (n = 1), appendiceal diverticula (n = 1), and B cell non-hodgkin lymphoma (n = 1). None of the 11 patients with subsequent diagnosis of tumor were suspected of cancer prior to the appendectomy.Even when the macroscopic appearance of appendectomy specimens is normal, histopathological assessment will allow early diagnosis of many unusual diseases.