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Objective: To explore the impact of drawing on students’ understanding of histology. To determine if students who draw images can score better than those who do not. Study design: Quasi experimental. Place and duration of study: Histology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, from January 2017 to September 2017. Methods: This histological study was carried out during the Endocrinology and reproduction module (ENR) in January, 2017. There students were divided into two groups, A and B of 50 students assigned by random sampling. During the first half of the module Group A drew the microscopic image of the slide in the practical notebook as a normal practice. Group B was shown images only and the task of drawing the images in the practical note book was excluded. At the end of four weeks MCQ paper of 50 questions of higher order thinking to check their concepts of applied histology was given to students. For the next half of the module the groups were flipped over by a cross-over design and Group A only saw the microscopic image and Group B drew the histological image. A second test of MCQs of higher level of application of knowledge was given at the end of four weeks. Results: Analysis of data showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores obtained by the drawing group and non-drawing group (p>0.05) in both test I and test II. However there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the same group when they draw the microscopic image and when they do not (p

BOTRYOMYCOSIS; also known as bacterial pseudomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection that affects the skin, and sometimes the viscera. Here we report a rare case of orbital botryomycosis in a patient who presented with painful nodular lesion in right eye following repair of tissue for Road Traffic Accident(RTA). MRI revealed foreign body granuloma or pseudotumour subsequent histopathology proved botryomycosis and she was treated with antibiotics and surgery . INTRODUCTION: Botryomycosis; also known as bacterial pseudomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection that affects the skin, and sometimes the viscera.(1) Botryomycosis is an uncommon chronic bacterial infection that generally presents as cutaneous lesion or rarely with visceral involvement. It was first considered a fungal infection, thus the term botryomycosis (from Greek, botrys – bunch of grapes, mycosis – fungal origin). Later, the bacterial etiology was discovered and other terms were reported, including actinophytosis, staphylococcal actinophytosis, bacterial pseudomycosis and granular bacteriosis (2,3). Many species of bacteria have been implicated most commonly staphylococcus aureus, but also pseudomonas aeruginosa, E coli & streptococcus species. (5) Winslow summarized the literature and subcategorized botryomycosis into integumental and visceral forms.(4)The integumental form is more common and is characterized by localized granulomatous skin infections often associated with trauma, foreign body and wound contamination. It usually involves the exposed parts. Visceral effects liver, lung, kidney, prostate, caecum, brain, lymph tissue. Surgery, abrasions and lacerations in road accidents, piercing of pinna are documented etiological factors that may lead to the development of botryomycosis. Chronic cutaneous irritation and lichenified lesions of the scalp often predispose to botryomycosis. Diabetes, alcoholism, poor hygiene, cystic fibrosis and general debility are the known predisposing factors. Botryomycosis is also reported in children. In most cases infection remains localized

PURPOSE : The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of positive serology among patients who underwent elective cataract surgery. METHODS : Retrospective study of 800 cases who underwent thorough laboratory work up as a part of clinical study. 490 were male (61.25%) and 310(38.75%) were female. 35 cases (4.37%) were positive for serology. Hepatitis A in 9(1.13%) cases , Hepatitis B in 6 (0.75%)cases ,hepatitis C in 10 (1.3%)cases ,HIV positive in 8 (1%)cases , VDRL in 2 (0.25%)cases. All cases were grouped as high risk cases for Operating theatre (OT) supportive staffs and surgeons and operated with extra caution. RESULTS : Retrospective analysis of incidence of positive serology in camp cases were found significant. All were operated with all safety measures to protect surgeons and other supportive staffs. CONCLUSIONS : Study proves that serological work up is necessary for all the cases posted for elective cataract surgery. Serology positive patients need special attention to safe

1. Professor. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. 2. Post Graduate. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. 3. Professor & HOD. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. 4. Assistant Professor. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. 5. Post Graduate. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. 6. Post Graduate. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. 7. Post Graduate. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. 8. Post Graduate. Department of Ophthalmology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre.