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Background: Diabetes is traditionally known as a “silent disease,” exhibiting no symptoms until it progresses to severe target organ damage. Aims & Objective: The study was conducted to determine the knowledge of foot care ,knowledge regarding foot care practice and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients. Material and Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted at a primary health centre, Pondicherry, 107 subjects were selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from December 2020 to March 2021, among type 2 diabetes who attended the diabetic clinic. A validated pretested questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of foot care, knowledge regarding foot care practice and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results: Among 107 diabetes patients 68(75.6%) of them had poor knowledge and only 2 (2.2%) of them had good practice. There was highly significant (p

Background and aims: Improving foot-care knowledge and practice is the foundation of curbing diabetic foot disease and subsequent amputation. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a foot-care education module on change in knowledge and behaviour among patients living with diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods: A total of 120 participants with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM were recruited) from Addington Hospital Medical Outpatient Department and randomised them into three groups. A pre- and post-test questionnaire was administered to participants on recruitment and six weeks later. All groups received baseline treatment and Group 1 did not receive any further treatment. Participants in Group 2 received a foot-care handout with instructions. Group 3 received a teaching session, foot-care handout with instructions and pictures on practices as well as five lower-limb exercises. Group 2 and 3 participants were requested to follow the instructions on the handouts.Results: Transfer of knowledge of foot care was successful and practice of foot care improved among all groups following the intervention. Groups 2 and 3 showed significant improvement in behaviour and this was highest in Group 3. Knowledge transfer of exercises was successful in Group 3.Conclusion: A face-to-face education module improves foot-care knowledge and practice among patients with DM.

Diabetes mellitus dapat mengenai semua organ tubuh dan menimbulkan berbagai macam keluhan dengan gejala yang sangat bervariasi. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh model pendampingan keluarga & kartu kendali faktor risiko kaki diabetic terhadap praktik perawatan kaki pada klien diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Lokasi penelitian di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan. Waktu pelaksanaan penelitian akan belangsung pada bulan juli s/d Oktober 2019 Populasi dalam penelitian ini masyarakat yang menderita DM di wilayah kecamatan Pasar Minggu dengan besar sampel sesuai dengan rumus penghitungan jumlah sampel dan teknik pengambilan sampel dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil Penelitian adanya hubungan bermakna pendampingan dengan praktik perawatan kaki diabetik p=0.003 dan hubungan bermakna kartu kendali factor risiko kaki diabetic dengan praktik perawatan kaki DM p=0.000. Adanya peningkatan nilai rerata rerata mean pre dan posttest praktik perawatan kaki DM pada kelompok intervensi dan kelompok control. Hasil uji T, posttest mean rerata kelompok intervensi lebih tinggi dari kelompok control dengan nilai p=0.000. Rekomendasi agar perlu pendampingan pada klien yang memiliki risiko tinggi luka diabetic. Dan perlunya disosialisai dan diterapkan kartu kendali factor risiko kaki diabetic.

Foot burns represent a small part of the body with many challenges. The impact of diabetes on clinical outcomes adds further issues in management that clinicians must consider in their management. These factors have serious implications on morbidity and long term sequelae. Our aim is to analyse epidemiological trends of foot burns and examine the differences between diabetic and non-diabetics at Concord hospital from 2014 to 2019.A retrospective audit from 2014-19 at Concord General Repatriation Hospital Burns Unit summarised patient demographics, burn injury, diabetic status, operations and length of stay. All foot burn injuries from 2014-19 of all ages and gender that attended Concord burns hospital were included in this study.We treated 797 patients who presented with foot burns, of which 16.2% were diabetic. The average age was higher in diabetics (60.72 years) than non-diabetics (39.72 years) and more males suffered burns compared to females in both groups (p0.001). There was a larger portion of elderly patients (greater than 65 years old, 15.1% of total) who sustained foot burns in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic group (p0.001). The most affected season was summer (27.0%), but diabetic patients were 1.7 times more likely to sustain injury in winter than non-diabetics. Diabetics were 3.8 times more likely to have contact burns compared to non-diabetic patients (p0.001). In a multivariable linear regression analysis, factors that contributed to increased length of stay included elderly status, place of event, diabetic status, number of operations, ICU admission, wound infection, amputation, and admission [F (16, 757 = 41.149, p0.001, RWith the increase of diabetes, our multidisciplinary approach to diabetic foot care should include nursing, medical and surgical disciplines to identify patients at risk. The data highlights that a focus on prevention and education for diabetes is central to optimize glycaemic control and burn management, whilst providing a multidisciplinary network on discharge.

This literature review conducted to explore the best available intervention for diabetic foot care. Online databases (ProQuest, CINAHL, Science Direct and Google Scholar) were searched to retrieve relevant articles. The keywords diabetic foot care, diabetic foot care program, diabetic foot care intervention, diabetic foot education were used for data retrieval and PICO analysis. After screening analysis was completed, only 15 (from 7423) articles, published within 2007-2017, were included in a qualitative synthesis of the data. The articles were categorized as: systematic review (n=1), randomized control trial (n=3), quasi-experimental (n=3), pre-test-post-test (n=4), cohort (n=2), cross-sectional (n=1) and surveys (n=1). Themes synthesized from the analysis were: effective approach (group or individual), project leader, specialized skills required and adaptation of technology. A combination of identified approaches would help design a technology-friendly program for managing diabetic foot care.

Background & objective: Diabetic-foot care or diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) care is a vital aspect of care for diabetic patients. It is conceived that nurses placed in a diabetic hospital are knowledgeable and efficient in the management of diabetic ulcer care. But how efficiently they are providing this service has not yet been formally evaluated. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the nurses’ “diabetic foot care behavior” at the BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders), Dhaka. Methods: This study was carried out on nurses having at least one year of experience in “diabetic foot” care (preventive, curative and rehabilitative services) in BIRDEM General Hospital (the largest Diabetic Footcare Hospital in Bangladesh) between July 2019 to December 2019. A total of 207 Senior Staff nurses or nurses working in the surgical wards or in the outpatient departments (OPDs) were consecutively included in the study. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of nurses pertaining to diabetic foot care. The questionnaire, among others, included variables like age, gender, professional experience, and qualifications. The knowledge section comprised 15 items focusing on risk factors, descriptions, and the management of diabetic ulcers. The options provided for each question were “True,” or “False,”. A score of ‘1’ was given for each correct answer and ‘0’ for each wrong answers. All the 15 responses were then summed up to find the integrated score obtained by the respondents. The summed-up score was then converted into percentage of score obtained. The knowledge level of the respondents was evaluated in terms of Likert scale 0-4, where ‘0’ means poor knowledge (knowledge score ≤ 60%) and ‘4’ means highly satisfactory level of knowledge (knowledge score 91-100%) and ‘1’, ‘2’ and ‘3’ means fair (knowledge score 61-70%), average (knowledge score 71-80%) and satisfactory knowledge (knowledge score 81-90%) respectively. Results: About 50% of the respondents were 40 or > 40 years old with mean age of the respondents being 37.4±10.4 years. The respondents were predominantly female (80%) married (75.4%). Approximately 80% of the respondents had diploma (basic nursing degree) degree alone, 14.5% obtained graduate (BSc Nursing) degree as well. Over half (51.1%) of the respondents had > 10 years of professional experience with average years of experience being 14.6 ± 0.7 years, but two-thirds (68.1%) had < 5 years and only 13% had > 10 years of wound-care experience. Nearly 40% had specific training on wound care. One-third (34.3%) of the nurses were placed in Internal Medicine Unit, 33.8% in Surgery Unit, 14.4% in Emergency Unit. Over two-thirds (68.6%) of the nurses were service nurses, 18.4% were supervisor, 3.9% were intensive care nurses and 8.2% were polyclinic nurses. The respondents’ level of knowledge was evaluated in terms Likert scale 0 – 4 (as described in the Methods section). Accordingly 30% of the respondents had poor, 8% fair, 47.1% average 2.9% satisfactory and 12% highly satisfactory level of knowledge. Conclusion: The study concluded that nurses generally possess an inadequate level of knowledge pertaining to DFUs, despite a positive attitude towards learning or acquiring knowledge about DFU and its care. A comprehensive educational program focusing on evidence-based practice is deemed necessary to ensure better clinical practices by the nurses. Ibrahim Card Med J 2020; 10 (1&2): 57-65

This study was conducted descriptively for the purpose of evaluating the knowledge levels concerning diabetic foot care and self-care activities in individuals with diabetes. The study was carried out with 120 patients who had applied to the internal medicine clinic and endocrine polyclinic in a public hospital in the city center of Turkey. It was determined that Diabetes Self-Care Scale (DSCS) score averages were significantly different between the patients in the age group of 56 to 65 years, who had been diagnosed diabetes for 21 years, and went to doctor every month ( P < .05). It was found that the Diabetes Foot Knowledge Questionnaire score average was 2.3 ± 1.5 (minimum = 0; maximum = 5), the DSCS score average was 76.6 ± 15.5 (minimum = 46; maximum = 124), and the FSOG score average was 55.5 ± 10.8 (minimum = 30; maximum = 74). It should be stated to the patients that an appropriate foot care in diabetes is certainly important to prevent wound development.

Diabetic foot is one of the most common and distressing complication of diabetes resulting to major physical limitation, psychological and fiscal significances for the patient and their families. Great information and skill on regards to diabetic foot care will lessen the danger of diabetic foot difficulties and that will diminish the odds of removal of the limb. A descriptive study was adopted for assessing the level of knowledge and practice of Foot care among diabetic clients. A total of100 diabetic clients were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were gathered utilizing self-structured questionnaire by a structured interview method. The outcomes portray that majority of the diabetic clients, 61% had inadequate knowledge, 28% had moderate knowledge and only 11% of the diabetic clients had average knowledge. The examination also uncovers that 23% of the diabetic clients had good practice and 77% had poor practice. The mean knowledge and practice score were 5.82 ± 2.53& 6.97±1.18 respectively. There is the strong connection (r= 0.698, p=0.0001) between Knowledge and Practice. There is statistically significant association of demographic variables noted with the knowledge and practice of foot care between age, Gender, Educational Status, Occupation, Duration of Diabetes, Current Diabetes Treatment, Presence of Co morbid (P values

Aim This study aimed to develop an educational video for diabetic foot care in the traditional languages (Buginese and Makassarese) and evaluate the change in the patients’ knowledge level after they viewed the video. Methods The study was performed in the following three phases: development of the video content using a Delphi Study that involved wound-care nurses, evaluation of the video’s content validity by the expert panel, and evaluation of the video in the community setting by showing it to patients who spoke the traditional languages, were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), and were at risk of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Results Five themes emerged from the Delphi study, including observation of pre-ulcer signs, washing feet, cutting toenails, wearing socks, and checking footwear. Content validity evaluation recommended these items to be constructed for video education using the traditional languages. Evaluation in the community setting confirmed that there was a significant improvement (p = 0.001) in the knowledge about foot care among patients diagnosed with diabetes and at risk of DFU. Conclusion This study produced an educational video that used the trans-cultural approach by using traditional languages to overcome the communication barrier in the process of knowledge transfer. We found that the educational video in traditional languages enhanced the patients’ knowledge about diabetic foot care and thus could enable them to detect the risks for DFU and prevent DFU.

Background and Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global pandemic. Among the spectrum of diabetic complications, diabetic foot is a leading cause of morbidity and hence awareness and education regarding primary healthcare inclusive of self-care pertaining to diabetic foot care is of paramount importance. Aim: The aim of the study was to educate patients of DM regarding the disease and its associated complications, specifically pertaining to diabetic foot care. Methodology: The study was carried out in three phases, first was to assess the diabetic patients related to their awareness on disease complications and diabetic foot care, through pretest questionnaire, the second phase was to sensitize patients and educate them on the same, the third phase was to re assess the knowledge gained by the patients through posttest assessment. Results: The study evaluated the absolute and relative learning gain regarding the awareness and knowledge of foot care among diabetic individuals. The absolute learning gain was 40.92% and the relative learning gain was 76.48% and normalized learning gain was 0. 88, the normalized gain was assessed to be high. Conclusion: The study concluded that training and sensitizing individuals with diabetes will definitely help reduce morbidity of diabetic foot and hence the medical and paramedical staff need to spread awareness regards the same.

Aims: To assess diabetic patients’ knowledge and practices regarding foot care. Methods: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study in 1030 patients between November 2017 and February 2018.The descriptive survey instrument was developed by the investigators. Survey content and format were based on prior surveys and guidelines. The survey sought socio-demographic characteristics of the patients and the level of knowledge about diabetic foot care practice. Results: 29.5% of patients had bad foot care, 49.6% of patients had moderate foot care and 20.8% of patients had good foot care. There were no significant differences between patient groups in regard to age, gender, foot infection history and having undergone amputation surgery. We found that patients who good at foot care had higher education status (p < 0.001), were more likely live in a city (p < 0.001), had higher income (p < 0.001), had been trained about foot care (p < 0.001) and were more likely to have type I DM (p = 0.015). Disease duration was longer in those who had good foot care compared to the other groups (p = 0.010). Conclusions: The mean knowledge and practice scores of our patients were moderate, indicating that much is to be done for the education of patients on this matter. We also found that knowledge about the importance of this practice, education status and disease duration had significant influence on the practice of foot-care in patients with DM. © 2019 Primary Care Diabetes Europe

Background Diabetic foot care is vital as it is preventable complication but dangerous even a small trauma can end with serious consequences. Diabetes may cause nerve damage that affects feet sensation. Diabetes may also reduce blood flow to the feet, making it harder to heal an injury or resist infection. Because of these problems, patients may lose notice of early foot abnormalities. Diabetic patients’ awareness regarding how to care for their feet plays a significant role in preventing these complications. Methods A correlation cross-sectional study was conducted targeting all diabetic patients aging 20 years or more. Online questionnaire was used for data collection. Questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms by the researchers and their relatives and friends. The questionnaire included patient personal data, patients’ knowledge regarding diabetic foot, attitude and practice regarding the risk of diabetic foot among diabetic patients. Results A total of 1,000 diabetic patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria completed the study questionnaire. Exact of 77.5% of the patients know that Diabetics can get gangrene in the foot, 74.9% know diabetics can develop ulcers in the foot, 66.7% reported that Diabetes can reduce blood flow to the feet of diabetic patients, 66.6% agreed that diabetic patients can suffer from a lack of sensation in the feet. Exact of 84.5% of the study participants agreed that Diabetics should check for any wounds on their feet daily, 78.7% agreed that Diabetics should visit a doctor when there is any infection or wound in the feet, 76.6% think that diabetic patients should wear specialized shoes to avoid diabetic foot according to the doctor's instructions. A total of 822 (82.2%) of the study patients wash their feet daily, and 295 (29.5%) usually wear cotton socks regularly and 39.6% sometimes wear the stock. Only 192 (19.2%) regularly walk barefoot and 41.7% sometimes do. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study results showed that nearly two out of each three diabetic patients were knowledgeable for diabetic foot and its care. High knowledge was associated with young age, high education and having family member with diabetes mellitus (DM). Also, patients had a good attitude towards diabetic foot care and the effect of diabetes on foot health with to some level accepted practice except for some issues.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic multifactorial metabolic illness that is characterized by numerous chronic complications. Diabetes affects almost every system of the body. Among these diabetic foot is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Its main objective was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and foot care practices in diabetic patients suffering from diabetic foot lesions. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was designed to be conducted at Civil Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Total 150 diabetic patients were selected by systematic random sampling method. Ratio of Type II diabetes was 91.3% whereas 23.3% patients were having family history of diabetes. 44.35% patients were having some knowledge about diabetes related complications whereas 45.44% patients were having a positive attitude towards control and prevention of diabetes related complications. Good foot care and footwear practices were being carried out by just 33.62% of the patients. Education regarding reducing increased body weight, knowledge about foot care practices, early detection and management of peripheral neuropathy and strict glycemic control could be very helpful in decreasing the diabetic foot complication.

The article is dedicated to the 85th birthday of the famous scientist, honored worker of science of the Russian Federation, honored worker of science of the Republic of Mordovia, honored doctor of the Republic of Mordovia, laureate of State prize, head of the scientific-pedagogical surgical school, doctor of medical Sciences professor Piksin Ivan Nikiforovich. I. N. Piksin is the author of fundamental studies of the biomedical effects of quantum radiation at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels in patients with acute destructive diseases of the lungs, purulent-septic diseases, lactational mastitis and other pathologies. The team of the scientific-pedagogical school led by I. N. Piksin explores the problems of diagnosis and treatment of gastroduodenal bleeding, mechanical jaundice, pancreatitis, suppurative diseases of the lung and pleura, surgical diseases of the heart, blood vessels, prevention of complications of limb injuries, diabetes and diabetic foot care, pediatric orthopedics. Under the leadership of I. N. Piksin, new minimally invasive technologies have introduced: transthoracic drainage and rehabilitation therapy of purulent cavities of the lung and pleura, percutaneous and transhepatic cholecystocholangiography, diagnostic and treatment interventions in space-occupying lesions of the abdomen and thyroid gland, ultrasound techniques of diabetes in acute destructive pancreatitis and others. He is considered as one of organizers of higher medical education system in the region. The professor is actively working on improvement in training of medical and scientific personnel for various regions of the Russian Federation.

Background: Diabetic foot care management is directed at patients with a history of complications, especially those with rising levels of hemoglobin A1c, and those who have had diabetes for several years. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt a French-language version of the Diabetic Foot Self-care Questionnaire of the University of Malaga (DFSQ-UMA) for use in France. Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to relevant international guidelines (International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research), and the factor structure was determined. Internal consistency was measured using the Cronbach α. Item-total and inter-item correlations were assessed. Results: The French data set comprised 146 patients. The mean ± SD patient age was 62.60 ± 15.47 years. There were 47 women and 99 men. The structure matrix (with three factors) was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The 16-item questionnaire had a Cronbach α of 0.92. The mean value for inter-item correlations was 0.48 (range, 0.17–0.86). The rotated solution revealed a three-factor structure that accounted for 48.10% of the variance observed. A significant inverse correlation was observed between questionnaire scores and hemoglobin A1c levels (r = –0.17; P < .01). Conclusions: This study validates the French-language version of the DFSQ-UMA, which can be used as a self-reported outcome measure for French-speaking patients in France.

Aims To ascertain the effects of improvements in diabetic foot services over 18 years on incidence of diabetic foot ulceration. We also compared survival time from first ulcer development with presence of neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, age and healing. Methods Persons with new ulceration and those at high risk of ulcer development were referred to community podiatry from 1998. Their details were recorded, with verbal consent, on a central database. The effects of neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, healing and age on survival were analysed by Cox proportional hazards ratios. Results The incidence of first ulcer presentation decreased from 11.1 to 6.1 per 1000 persons between 2003 to 2017 (P, What's new? Prevention of diabetic foot ulceration has been difficult to acheiveSurvival after diabetic foot ulceration has historically been poorThis study has shown reduction in first diabetes related foot ulceration with improved foot care services Participant survival after development of first diabetic foot ulceation was longer than in recent reports especially for those under 65 years of age, where ulcers healed, and in those without peripheral vascular diseaseAdequate commissioning of diabetic foot care services is necessary to prevent first foot ulcerationCounselling for younger patients with diabetic foot ulceration can be more posisitve

As the number of people being diagnosed with diabetes continues to increase, practice nurses need to understand the associated conditions. Linda Nazarko explains diabetic foot care, the development of ulcers, and methods to support people with diabetes Around 1.4 million people in the UK had diabetes mellitus (DM) in 1996 ( Diabetes UK, 2010 ). There are now 3.59 million people who have been diagnosed ( Diabetes UK, 2017 ). In the past, diabetic foot care was managed by podiatrists; however, in recent years practice nurses have begun to undertake diabetic foot assessments ( Lakha and Lee, 2018 ). DM increases the risk of foot problems and the person with diabetes is vulnerable to major complications, including ulcers and amputations. A person with DM is 30 times more likely to require an amputation than a person without diabetes ( Khanolkar et al, 2008 ). Every day, 20 people with diabetes have a lower limb amputation in England ( Diabetes UK, 2016 ). Routine foot care assessments and risk ratings can enable the nurse to determine the patient's level of risk and know when to refer; they can also determine the frequency of monitoring. The practice nurse can also educate and support the person with diabetes to manage their health to reduce the risks of foot problems. Simple interventions such as smoking cessation, inspecting feet daily, seeking help if there are any concerns, and wearing suitable footwear can reduce the risk of ulcers and amputations and improve quality of life. This article aims to enable the practice nurse to understand the components of diabetic foot care, the reasons why people with diabetes develop foot ulcers, and to enable the practice nurse to provide appropriate care and support to people with diabetes.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) recurrence. Methods A total of 573 patients with DFUs were recruited and divided into an initial group (395 patients) and a recurrence group (178 patients). The factors related to recurrence were analyzed using multivariate regression. Results The recurrence group had longer diabetes duration (odds ratio [OR] 192; 95% confidence interval 120, 252 vs. 156; 96, 240); lower glycated hemoglobin levels (OR 8.1; 95% CI 6.8, 9.6 vs. 9.1; 7.4, 10.5), and higher rates than the initial group of amputation (37.5% vs. 2.0%), history of vascular intervention (21.3% vs. 3.9%), retinopathy (77.7% vs. 64.7%), callus (44.4% vs. 20.8%), foot deformity (51.2% vs. 24.6%), and outdoor sports shoe wearing (34.0% vs. 21.2%). Multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes duration (OR 1.004), callus (OR 2.769), vascular intervention (OR 2.824) and amputation (OR 22.256) were independent risk factors for DFU recurrence. Conclusion Diabetes duration, callus, history of vascular intervention, and amputation were independent risk factors for recurrent DFUs in a cohort of Chinese patients with active DFU. The prevention and treatment of DFUs, especially callus treatment, foot care, and blood glucose control, should be improved in China.

Diabetic foot ulcers have a major health and economic cost, frequently leading to hospitalization, amputation, and impacting quality of life. Prevention and early detection of diabetic foot ulcers are key to enabling an improved outlook for this common complication of diabetes. Intelligent insole technology measuring and feeding-back pressure information to the patient on a daily basis has been shown to reduce the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in high-risk diabetes patients. Timely and frequent pressure “alerts” support offloading adherence. Computer vision techniques involving machine learning can develop models capable of automatically detecting diabetic foot ulcers from foot images. Automatic recognition of foot ulcers improves screening and early detection and is further advanced through developments in cloud computing, which mean that this “artificial intelligence” technology can be employed in any location, not limited by mobile device capabilities. These novel technologies present opportunity for changing the future outlook of diabetic foot care.

All hospitals in England should have a specialist team dedicated to caring for inpatients with diabetes, a national clinically led review1 has advised. For some patients, uncoordinated inpatient diabetes care and a lack of specialist staff can cause complications that lead to longer hospital stays and a higher risk of mortality, says the latest report from the national Getting It Right First Time programme, which aims to share examples of good practice to reduce unwarranted variations in clinical care. The report is based on visits to 108 NHS trusts, during which inpatient care, type 1 diabetes care, and diabetic foot care were identified as …

Aims To assess the impact of diabetic foot care delivery in preventing lower extremity amputation (LEA). Methods We systematically searched the MEDLINE database for research evaluating the association between any aspect of diabetic foot care delivery and risk of LEA. Meta-analysis was conducted by calculating a pooled odds ratio through a random effects model. Results Our search retrieved 5093 articles. In total, 58 articles were included: 9 addressing healthcare access, 4 educating health professionals, 2 implementing guidelines, 6 receiving chiropody/podiatry care services and 37 implementing structured diabetic foot care services (SDFC). All of these aspects of diabetic foot care seemed to have a positive impact on preventing LEA. Only SDFC literature met criteria for performing a meta-analysis. For SDFC impact on preventing overall and major LEA but not for minor LEA compelling evidence was observed [aggregated odds ratio (OR) of 0.45 (95% CI 0.37–0.57), 0.40 (95% CI 0.32–0.51), and 0.87 (95% CI 0.67–1.14), respectively]. However, high heterogeneity (superior to 60%) was observed for all outcomes. Conclusions Results support a reduction in diabetic LEA frequency in association with structured diabetic foot care, and, in particular, major LEA. Less evidence is available for the remaining aspects of diabetic foot care delivery.

In the previous chapter, we have learnt about various foot complications in diabetes mellitus which is collectively known as the diabetic foot syndrome. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are the most devastating foot complications that affect an individual in all aspects of life. In this chapter, we shall focus on few case histories of patients with diabetic foot ulceration along with their clinical presentation. This would be very useful for readers to understand the clinical presentation on DFU, its associated problems, overall ill effects of diabetes mellitus for DFS which could also affect other domains of life significantly. We shall only present the case history of few patients here and deal with possible non-surgical management techniques in the upcoming chapters. The patients were recruited for a research study at Centre for Diabetic Foot Care, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic non-infectious disease with complications such as diabetic foot, which has the potential for amputation if left untreated. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a behavior-based theory that can be applied to DM patients including foot care to minimize risk. Some studies related to TPB particularly about physical activity and diet have been explored, however, studies on foot care are still lacking. Objective: This study aims to apply the Theory of Planned Behavior (Intentions, Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Behavioral Control) on the patient's foot care. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study. There were 93 patients diagnosed with type 2 DM recruited at 9 public health centers (Puskesmas) using accidental sampling on April 2018. TPB-based foot care questionnaire from the IWGDF (International Working Group on Diabetic Foot) Diabetic Foot guidelines was used. Data were analyzed in the form of frequency distribution. Results: Of the total number of respondents, 25 males and 68 females with average age of 53.05 ± 8.04 years, approximately 87.1% of them have the intention to wear footwear according to size. The majority of patients think that washing feet every day is a form of good and positive practice. They also agreed that the family expects the patient to examine the presence of bone / joint protrusions independently and believes that monitoring the foot deformities performed by other DM patients is very important as well as having control that the patient can check for signs of boils in the legs and there is a high likelihood of blisters / sores if the socks used are not suitable. Conclusion: The majority of respondents have good intentions, positive attitudes, social support and behavioral controls for foot care.

Diabetic foot care is a foot treatment performed on diabetics to prevent ulcers (sores). The steps that must be done are, check the blood sugar levels regularly, wash your feet with warm water, check for injuries to the feet, do nail care and use footwear. Audio visual media is one of the media of counseling that attracts and stimulates more senses than media leaflets. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of audio visual media and leaflets on improving knowledge of foot care knowledge in people with diabetes mellitus. This research is a type of Pre Experimental research with the design of one group pretest and postest. The study was conducted by dividing respondents into 2 groups classified as 1) groups given health education through media leaflets and 2) groups given health education through Audiovisual media. The population of this study amounted to 106 people with a sample of 102 people, each of 52 samples in each health center determined by purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis used is the Wilcoxon Sign Range Test and Mann-Whitney test analysis. The results showed that Leaflet and Audiovisual media were able to provide an increase in changes in the level of knowledge (p = 0.032 and 0.017) after counseling. So this study proves the use of audio visual media is more effective for health education activities in improving knowledge of Deabetic foot care.

Aim The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a foot care (FC) camp to enhance diabetic foot care knowledge (DFCK) and diabetic foot care behaviours (DFCB) among diabetic participants in Indonesia. Methods A two-group pre- and post-test quasi-experimental design was used in this study. A total of 72 participants completed a 5-week programme. The participants’ DFCK and DFCB were examined in the fifth week using the Modified Diabetic Foot Care Knowledge (MDFCK) and the Modified Diabetic Foot Care Behaviours (MDFCB) questionnaires. Data were analysed by descriptive and independent t-tests. Results The mean score of DFCK (DFCK and DFCB in this study represent the score of knowledge and behaviors which gathered from MDFCK and MDFCB's questionnaires) in the experimental group after completing the FC camp was significantly better than that in the control group ( p Conclusions The FC camp was found to enhance DFCK and DFCB among diabetic patients. Therefore, this programme can be utilised for nursing practice in order to prevent diabetic foot ulcers and foot amputation.

Objective The objective of this study is to measure the level of knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care and determine the factors that affect the level and knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care among among patients with diabetes.. Methodology Three hundred thirty adult patients with diabetes at the outpatient clinics were given self-administered questionnaires on knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care. The scores were computed based on their answers. A score of >70% was gauged as good, 50 to 70% as satisfactory and

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer represents a major global medical, social and economic problem. It is the commonest major end-point of diabetic complications. Patients with a Diabetic foot ulcer need to be assessed holistically to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Aim: This study aimed to determine the relationship between diabetic patients' knowledge regarding diabetic foot ulcer care and their wound status at Port Said general hospitals. Subjects and Methods: A descriptive correlational design was applied in the current study. The study was conducted in surgical outpatient clinics at hospitals affiliated to the ministry of health in port said city. A convenient sample included 109 patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Two tools were used for data collection; Foot care knowledge questionnaire and Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment. Results of the study showed more half of the studied had satisfactory Knowledge regarding diabetic foot ulcer care. Although the majority of patients had wound regeneration. Conclusion: there no statistically significance relation between patient's knowledge regarding diabetic foot care and their wound status. The current study recommended that, further studied should be carried out to investigate risk factors for the development of diabetic foot ulcer and wound healing rate.

No Abstract

Background: Diabetes has been reported more in the last two decades probably because of the reach of primary health centers in our country. Yet this disease represents only the tip of iceberg of its actual size. This disease has been surprising us from a very long time and the more we know the more questions it throws at us. One such recent study suggests that magnesium supplementation helps in diabetics. This has been proved but does it help in controlling in diabetic foot disease is the question. This paper puts in an effort to find the answer. Methods: Totally thirty patients were selected in the Department of General surgery who were admitted for diabetic foot. They were divided into two groups of fifteen each randomly and group 1 was given magnesium supplementation along with standard diabetic foot care and the other group was given only standard diabetic foot care. After a month the patients response to the same were compared. Result: The patients in group 1 were benefitted and so the treatment was also offered to further patients. Conclusion: Magnesium therapy has a advantage in addition to the standard diabetic foot care.

Successful management of diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is crucial for preventing long-term morbidity and lowering risk of amputations. This can be achieved with a multifaceted approach involving a multidisciplinary team, with the patient at the centre. However, not all healthcare setups enable this, and the rate of lower limb amputations continues to rise. It is therefore time to consider new approaches to diabetic foot care, capitalising on engagement from patients in self-management while supported by their informal caregivers (ICGs) to help improve outcome. The role of ICGs in DFU care has the potential to make a significant difference in outcome, yet this resource remains, in most cases, underutilised. Limited research has been conducted in this area to reveal the true impact on patient outcomes and the caregivers themselves. This narrative review aims to explore how ICGs can benefit DFU management with applicability to different healthcare setups while benefiting from established experience in the care of other chronic health conditions.

Diabetic foot disease is a significantly under‐recognized leading cause of global amputation, hospitalization, disability and mortality burdens.1-4 Fortunately, these large burdens appear to be substantially reducible with evidence‐based diabetic foot services.1, 3-5 In this issue of ANZ Journal of Surgery, Gurney et al.6 report large variations in diabetes‐related amputation rates in New Zealand. They conclude, ‘these observations could help to inform the funding and provision of diabetic foot care services across New Zealand’.6...

Infection is the greatest cause of tissue necrosis in the diabetic foot and is responsible for the majority of lower extremity amputations in diabetes. Infection plays a crucial role in the natural history of the diabetic foot, complicating ulceration in the neuropathic foot, the Charcot foot and the neuroischaemic foot. Signs and symptoms of infection may be minimal but nevertheless pathology proceeds rapidly. Infection in the diabetic foot is a medical emergency. An important advance in diabetic foot care has been the realisation that diabetic foot patients undergo repeated crises from the rapid onset of foot infection and need a special form of easily accessible care in the diabetic foot clinic. Early diagnosis followed by timely intervention with debridement and wound care, antibiotics and revascularisation, if the infected foot is ischaemic, can save many infected diabetic feet.