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Alpha-methyl CoA racemase (AMACR) is overexpressed in several human cancers, most notably colon and prostate. AMACR expression in the prostate has been investigated primarily in patients, in an older age group, treated for prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy. No studies have assessed the age distribution of AMACR expression in normal men. Archival paraffin-embedded prostate tissue from 41 organ donor men (age range, 13-63 years) with no evidence of prostate neoplasia was stained with a monoclonal antibody for AMACR. Intensity was graded on a scale of 0 to 3. Semi-quantitative analysis of staining in acinar cells was used to generate a composite score (CS) [Sigma(% area x intensity)] for each case. Nondonor cases with foci of prostate cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) were used as external positive controls for AMACR. These sections were also stained for Ki-67, to assess proliferative index. The 41 cases encompassed different age groups (13-20 years, N = 11; 20-45 years, N = 17; >45 years, N = 13). Acinar cells showed granular cytoplasmic staining. Focal positive staining was also seen in the prostatic urethra and the periurethral glands. There was wide variation in the level of expression within each age group. The level of expression seen in subjects younger than 45 years was higher (mean CS = 41.3; median CS = 22.5) than that seen in subjects older than 45 years (mean CS = 8.8; median CS = 9.0) with a P value of 0.01. Most cases in the control set of prostatic adenocarcinoma cases showed moderate to strong staining. A negative correlation was seen evaluating CS and age in subjects 20 years of age and older (r = -0.47). Ki-67 staining was variable. 1) AMACR expression can be seen in benign prostatic glandular epithelium, across all age groups. However, it is age-related, with significantly lower expression in subjects younger than 45 years. This could account for the negative staining reported in benign glands, due to biased sampling of the older population. 2) Focal positive staining is seen in the prostatic urethra and periurethral glands in 71% of the cases, with no age correlation. This is of concern because this epithelium could potentially be misinterpreted as foci of PIN. 3) The low expression of AMACR in benign glands in the older age group makes this marker useful in detecting malignancy. However, AMACR staining should be interpreted with caution and the diagnosis of PIN or prostate cancer should be rendered only with convincing histologic evidence. 4) Ki-67 staining was very variable and showed no correlation with age and AMACR expression levels. AMACR expression had no correlation with proliferative index.

Objective: To assess the effects of hydrosalpinx fluid on human cytotrophoblast viability and function in vitro. Design: Human cytotrophoblasts obtained from third-trimester placentas were cultured in vitro with hydrosalpinx fluid, and cell viability and protein production were assayed. Setting: A university hospital. Patient(s): Ten hydrosalpinx fluid samples obtained from seven women with clearly diagnosed hydrosalpinges. Intervention(s): Recovery of hydrosalpinx fluid by transvaginal aspiration or at the time of surgery. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cell viability was assessed by the XTT assay. Secretion of trophoblast oncofetal fibronectin (tropho-uteronectin) and β -hCG by cultured trophoblasts was determined by Western blot and ELISA of the culture media. Result(s): With increasing concentrations of hydrosalpinx fluid from 0% to 20%, there was a significant increase in trophoblast cell viability (1.63-fold increase in 20% hydrosalpinx fluid). Likewise, both Western blot and ELISA assays demonstrated a significant increase in trophouteronectin production by trophoblasts with increasing hydrosalpinx fluid concentrations (3.76-fold increase in 20% hydrosalpinx fluid). β -Human chorionic gonadotropin production also increased significantly in the presence of hydrosalpinx fluid (3.31-fold increase in 20% hydrosalpinx fluid). Conclusion(s): These findings suggest that hydrosalpinx fluid improves human trophoblast viability in vitro and enhances the production of tropho-uteronectin and β -hCG by these cells.

A case of locally invasive, long-standing desmoplastic and amelanotic malignant melanoma is described in an 84-year-old man. Histologic examination of the involved periorbital tissue showed neoplastic foci exhibiting a novel pattern reminiscent of microvascular proliferation. These regions were characterized by malignant, S-100-positive tumor cells lining vessel-like spaces in transverse sections and forming tubuler-like structures in longitudinal sections. Recent data indicate that melanoma cells may express genes and patterns of differentiation in vitro akin to endothelial cells. Because angiosarcoma often involves facial and scalp skin of elderly individuals, awareness of angiomatoid differentiation in melanoma has important diagnostic implications. HUM PATHOL 31:1520-1522.

Objective: The rarer allele of a polymorphism within the promoter region at position –308 of the gene for tumor necrosis factor α is associated with increased gene transcription. In this study we tested the hypothesis that this rarer allele is associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Study Design: We conducted a case-control study of women admitted to our labor and delivery unit. To assess data from a single racial group with a high incidence of preterm birth we restricted our analysis to African American women, who contributed 73.6% of the samples collected during the study period. Case patients (n = 55) were defined as women who were delivered before 37 weeks' gestation after idiopathic preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Control subjects (n = 110) included women who were delivered after 37 weeks' gestation and had no history of preterm delivery. We also performed subgroup analyses of women with idiopathic preterm labor and delivery (n = 29) and women who were delivered preterm after preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes (n = 26). Results: Although carriers (homozygotes plus heterozygotes) of the rarer allele of the polymorphism at position –308 in the gene for tumor necrosis factor α were not significantly more common among women who were delivered preterm (n = 24/55, 44%) than among control subjects (n = 33/110, 30%, P = .08, odds ratio 1.81, 95% confidence interval 0.92-3.54), carriers of the rarer allele were more common among women who were delivered preterm after preterm premature rupture of membranes (n = 15/26, 58%) than among control subjects ( P = .008, odds ratio 3.18, 95% confidence interval 1.33-7.83). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate an association between allelic variants of the polymorphism at position –308 in the gene for tumor necrosis factor α and preterm birth after preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. We hypothesize that host susceptibility to environmental factors, such as hyperresponsiveness of the gene for tumor necrosis factor α to genital tract infection, may promote preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes and subsequent preterm delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1297-302.)