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Resistant hypertension prevalence is progressively increasing, and prolonged exposure to suboptimal blood pressure control results in higher cardiovascular risk and end-organ damage. Among various antihypertensive agents, spironolactone seems the most effective choice to treat resistant hypertension once triple therapy including a diuretic fails. However success in blood pressure control is not guaranteed, adverse effects are not negligible, and no clinical tools are available to predict patient's response. Complementary to our previous study of resistant hypertension metabolism, here we investigated urinary proteome changes with potential capacity to predict response to spironolactone. Twenty-nine resistant hypertensives were included. A prospective study was conducted and basal urine was collected before spironolactone administration. Patients were classified in responders or nonresponders in terms of blood pressure control. Protein quantitation was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; ELISA and target mass spectrometry analysis were performed for confirmation. Among 3310 identified proteins, HP (haptoglobin) and HPR (haptoglobin-related protein) showed the most significant variations, with increased levels in nonresponders compared with responders before drug administration (variation rate, 5.98 and 7.83, respectively). Protein-coordinated responses were also evaluated by functional enrichment analysis, finding oxidative stress, chronic inflammatory response, blood coagulation, complement activation, and regulation of focal adhesions as physiopathological mechanisms in resistant hypertension. In conclusion, protein changes able to predict patients' response to spironolactone in basal urine were here identified for the first time. These data, once further confirmed, will support clinical decisions on patients' management while contributing to optimize the rate of control of resistant hypertensives with spironolactone. This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III co-supported by FEDER grants (PI14/01650, PI14/01917, PI14/01841, PI16/01334, IF08/3667-1, FI12/00126, CPII15/00027, CP15/00129, CP16/00116, PT13/0001/0013, PRB3 (IPT17/0019 ISCIIIS-GEFI/ERDF), REDinREN (RD12/0021/0001 and RD16/0009)) Fundación SENEFRO and Fundación Conchita Rábago de Jiménez Díaz. These results are lined up with the Spanish initiative on the Human Proteome Project. Sí

// Laura Gonzalez-Calero 1 , Paula J. Martinez 1 , Marta Martin-Lorenzo 1 , Montserrat Baldan-Martin 2 , Gema Ruiz-Hurtado 3 , Fernando de la Cuesta 2 , Eva Calvo 4 , Julian Segura 3 , Juan Antonio Lopez 5 , Jesus Vazquez 5 , Maria G. Barderas 2 , Luis M. Ruilope 3 , Fernando Vivanco 1, 6 and Gloria Alvarez-Llamas 1 1 Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain 2 Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain 3 Hypertension Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain 4 Ibermutuamur, Madrid, Spain 5 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics CNIC, Madrid, Spain 6 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain Correspondence to: Gloria Alvarez-Llamas, email: galvarez@fjd.es Luis M. Ruilope, email: ruilope@ad-hocbox.com Keywords: exosomes, hypertension, albuminuria, renin-angiotensin system, proteomics Received: March 13, 2017 Accepted: April 20, 2017 Published: May 11, 2017 ABSTRACT Albuminuria is an indicator of cardiovascular risk and renal damage in hypertensive individuals. Chronic renin–angiotensin system (RAS) suppression facilitates blood pressure control and prevents development of new-onset-albuminuria. A significant number of patients, however, develop albuminuria despite chronic RAS blockade, and the physiopathological mechanisms are underexplored. Urinary exosomes reflect pathological changes taking place in the kidney. The objective of this work was to examine exosomal protein alterations in hypertensive patients with albuminuria in the presence of chronic RAS suppression, to find novel clues underlying its development. Patients were followed-up for three years and were classified as: a) patients with persistent normoalbuminuria; b) patients developing de novo albuminuria; and c) patients with maintained albuminuria. Exosomal protein alterations between groups were identified by isobaric tag quantitation (iTRAQ). Confirmation was approached by target analysis (SRM). In total, 487 proteins were identified with high confidence. Specifically, 48 proteins showed an altered pattern in response to hypertension and/or albuminuria. Out of them, 21 proteins interact together in three main functional clusters: glycosaminoglycan degradation, coagulation and complement system, and oxidative stress. The identified proteins constitute potential targets for drug development and may help to define therapeutic strategies to evade albuminuria progression in hypertensive patients chronically treated.

Background and aims: The predictive value of traditional CV risk calculators is limited. Novel indicators of CVD progression are needed particularly in the young population. The main aim of this study was the identification of a molecular profile with added value to classical CV risk estimation. Methods: Eighty-one subjects (30-50 years) were classified in 3 groups according to their CV risk: healthy subjects; individuals with CV risk factors; and those who had suffered a previous CV event. The urine proteome was quantitatively analyzed and significantly altered proteins were identified between patients' groups, either related to CV risk or established organ damage. Target-MS and ELISA were used for confirmation in independent patients' cohorts. Systems Biology Analysis (SBA) was carried out to identify functional categories behind CVD. Results: 4309 proteins were identified, 75 of them differentially expressed. ADX, ECP, FETUB, GDF15, GUAD and NOTCH1 compose a fingerprint positively correlating with lifetime risk estimate (LTR QRISK). Best performance ROC curve was obtained when ECP, GDF15 and GUAD were combined (AUC = 0.96). SBA revealed oxidative stress response, dilated cardiomyopathy, signaling by Wnt and proteasome, as main functional processes related to CV risk. Conclusions: A novel urinary protein signature is shown, which correlates with CV risk estimation in young individuals. Pending further confirmation, this six-protein-panel could help in CV risk assessment. FEDER (PI14/01650, PI14/01917, PI14/01841, PI16/01334, IF08/3667-1, FI12/00126, CPII15/00027, CP15/00129, PT13/0001/0013, PI17/01093, PI17/01193, IPT17/0019, ISCIIIS-GEFI/ERDF, RD12/0021/0001, RD16/0009) Fundacion SENEFRO Fundacion Inigo Alvarez de Toledo Fundacion Conchita Rabago de Jimenez Diaz 3.919 JCR (2019) Q1, 16/65 Peripheral Vascular Disease; Q2, 42/138 Cardiac & Cadiovascular Systems 1.515 SJR (2019) Q1, 51/362 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine No data IDR 2019 UEM

The evaluation of cardiovascular (CV) risk is based on equations derived from epidemiological data in individuals beyond the limits of middle age such as the Framingham and SCORE risk assessments. Lifetime Risk calculator (QRisk®), estimates CV risk throughout a subjects' lifetime, allowing those. A more aggressive and earlier intervention to be identified and offered protection from the consequences of CV and renal disease. The search for molecular profiles in young people that allow a correct stratification of CV risk would be of great interest to adopt preventive therapeutic measures in individuals at high CV risk. To improve the selection of subjects susceptible to intervention with aged between 30-50 years, we have employed a multiple proteomic strategy to search for new markers of early CV disease or reported CV events and to evaluate their relationship with Lifetime Risk. Blood samples from 71 patients were classified into 3 groups according to their CV risk (healthy, with CV risk factors and with a previously reported CV event subjects) and they were analyzed using a high through quantitative proteomics approach. This strategy allowed three different proteomic signatures to be defined, two of which were related to CV stratification and the third one involved markers of organ damage. This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI070537, IF08/3667-1, PI11-02239, PI 14/01917, PI11/01401, PI11/02432, PI13/01873, PI13/01746, PI13/01581, PI14/01650, PI14/01841), PT13/0001/0013, PIE13/00051, PIE13/00045, CP09/00229, CP15/00129, IDC Salud (3371/002), the MutuaMadrileña Foundation, the SENEFRO Foundation and FONDOS FEDER (RD06/0014/1015, RD12/0042/0071). Sociedad Española de cardiología para la Investigación Básica 2017. Grant PRB3 (IPT17/0019 - ISCIII-SGEFI / ERDF. These results are in line with the Spanish initiative on the Human Proteome Project. Sí

Albuminuria development in hypertensive patients is an indicator of higher cardiovascular (CV) risk and renal damage. Chronic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) suppression facilitates blood pressure control but it does not prevent from albuminuria development. We pursued the identification of protein indicators in urine behind albuminuria development in hypertensive patients under RAS suppression. Urine was collected from 100 patients classified in three groups according to albuminuria development: (a) patients with persistent normoalbuminuria; (b) patients developing de novo albuminuria; (c) patients with maintained albuminuria. Quantitative analysis was performed in a first discovery cohort by isobaric labeling methodology. Alterations of proteins of interest were confirmed by target mass spectrometry analysis in an independent cohort. A total of 2416 proteins and 1223 functional categories (coordinated protein responses) were identified. Immune response, adhesion of immune and blood cells, and phagocytosis were found significantly altered in patients with albuminuria compared to normoalbuminuric individuals. The complement system C3 increases, while Annexin A1, CD44, S100A8 and S100A9 proteins showed significant diminishment in their urinary levels when albuminuria is present. This study reveals specific links between immune response and controlled hypertension in patients who develop albuminuria, pointing to potential protein targets for novel and future therapeutic interventions. The authors acknowledge Lucia Guerrero and Maria Cruz Casal from Hospital 12 de Octubre for their participation in samples collection. Instituto de Salud Carlos III co- supported by FEDER grants (PI11/01401, PI13/01873, PI14/01650, PI16/01334, CPII15/00027, PT13/0001/0013, IF08/3667-1, PI11/02239, PI11/02432, PI14/0917, PI14/01841, PIE13/00045, CP15/00129, PI13/01746, REDinREN (RD12/0021/0001, RD12/0042/0071 and RD16/0009)), and Fundacion SENEFRO. These results are lined up with the Spanish initiative on the Human Proteome Project (SpHPP). Sí