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Purpose. To determine the psychological trauma consequences and types of possible mental disorders in victims of а traffic accident (TA). Materials and methods. There has been made a review of current professional literature on providing the medical and psychological assistance in terms of the definition of mental disorder types in patients with psychological trauma due to TA. Results. We have determined the concept «psychic trauma», systematized the consequences of psychological trauma in victims of TA. In the context of individual and psychological characteristics of this category of people, there was determined the content in the concept of alcohol intoxication, namely, physiological (simple) and pathological intoxication as one of the main socio-epidemiological predictors of traffic accidents. Conclusion. Provision of medical and psychological assistance to the victims of TA requires the implementation of a number of specific measures, including the study of actions of a person, who suffered due to TA, with further diagnosis of his (her) psychological state, as well as initiation of the forensic psychological examination with an individual psychological study, first of all in the context of criminological features of ТА perpetrators as subjects of the crime of negligence, in the absence of medical and legal criteria for insanity, especially in drivers in a with alcoholic intoxication.

The integration of trauma-informed care practices into the care of obstetric patients requires an understanding of psychological trauma, its impact on this population, and how trauma-informed care can be adapted to improve outcomes for those patients with a previous history of trauma or for those that experience peripartum trauma. System-based changes to policies, protocols, and practices are needed to achieve sustainable change. Maternal morbidity and mortality that result from trauma-related and other mental health conditions in the peripartum period are significant. Innovative approaches to the prevention of negative birth experiences and retraumatization during labor and delivery are needed.

The article provides up-to-date scientific data on the clinical phenotype of depression in children and adolescents that were exposed to significant psychological trauma as a result of hostilities, terrorism, natural disasters, abuse, physical and sexual violence. The review presents the latest data on the prevalence of depression due to various traumatic factors, comorbidity of mental and neurological disorders, possible mechanisms of their relationship, treatment recommendations. Post-traumatic depressions (PTD) are widespread in children and adolescents and negatively affect the quality of life and significantly increase the risk of suicide and self-harming behavior. The presence of depression worsens the prognosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, the treatment response. Several psychotherapeutic interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and eye-movement desensitization, are effective in the treatment of PTD. Psychopharmacological drugs, in particular antidepressants and mood stabilizers, have limited proven efficacy in PTD in pediatric practice. The use of these drugs in comorbid mental and neurological conditions has a higher level of evidence. Conclusions. Depression in children and adolescents due to psychological trauma remains an understudied topic. Future research should focus on the efficacy of pharmacological approaches to the treatment of posttraumatic depression and comorbid mental and neurological disorders, which is especially important for countries with low access to specialized psychotherapeutic care., У статті наведені сучасні наукові дані щодо клінічного фенотипу депресій у дітей та підлітків, які зазнали значущої психологічної травматизації в результаті воєнних дій, тероризму, природних катастроф, жорстокого поводження, фізичного та сексуального насильства. Обговорюються дані щодо поширеності депресій, зумовлених різними травматичними чинниками, коморбідності з психічними та неврологічними розладами, розглянуті можливі механізми їх взаємозв’язку, терапевтичні рекомендації. Посттравматичні депресії (ПТД) поширені серед дітей та підлітків, негативно впливають на якість життя та суттєво збільшують ризик суїциду та самоушкоджуючої поведінки. Наявність депресії погіршує прогноз перебігу посттравматичного стресового розладу, ефективність його терапії. Окремі психотерапевтичні втручання, зокрема когнітивно-поведінкова терапія та десенсибілізація рухами очей, є ефективними методами терапії ПТД. Психофармакологічні лікарські засоби (ПЛЗ), зокрема антидепресанти та стабілізатори настрою, мають обмежену доведену ефективність при ПТД у педіатричній практиці. Більший рівень доказовості має застосування цих ПЛЗ при коморбідних психічних та неврологічних розладах. Висновки. Депресія у дітей та підлітків внаслідок психологічної травматизації залишається недостатньо дослідженим розладом психіки. Майбутні дослідження мають бути направлені на вивчення ефективності фармакотерапевтичних підходів до лікування посттравматичної депресії та коморбідних психічних та неврологічних розладів, що є особливо важливим для країн з низьким доступом до спеціалізованої психотерапевтичної допомоги.

Background Second victims (SVs) are health care workers traumatized by unanticipated, adverse patient events. These experiences can have personal and professional effects on SVs. Research indicates that SVs experience inadequate support following adverse events. Purpose To determine the prevalence of nurses who identified as SVs and their awareness and use of supportive resources. Methods A convenience sample of nurses was surveyed, and SV responses were compared with those who did not identify as a SV. Responses were analyzed using nonparametric methods. Results One hundred fifty-nine (44.3%) of 359 participants identified as SVs. There was a significant relationship between work tenure and SVs (P = .009). A relationship was found between SVs and awareness and use of support resources, with debriefing being the preferred method after an event. Conclusions Adverse events trigger emotional trauma in SVs who require administrative awareness, support, and follow-up to minimize psychological trauma in the clinical nurse.

Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is the intentional alteration, removal, or injury of female genitalia for non-medical reasons. Approximately 200 million females have been victims of FGM/C, and genital reconstructive procedures are increasing in demand. Objectives The objectives of this study were to assess clinical and patient-reported outcomes after FGM/C reconstruction to help guide treatment practices. Methods Adult patients undergoing anatomic reconstruction after FGM/C were retrospectively identified. Outcomes included clitoral, labial, and donor site surgical site occurrences (SSO) and the need for revision operations. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using an adapted version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), a validated outcomes instrument that assesses sexual function through 6 domains, with each domain having a maximum score of 6. Results Nineteen patients were identified in our review. Patients presented for reconstruction due to dyspareunia, inability to orgasm, chronic infections, to normalize appearance, and/or to "feel normal." There were no SSOs and two revision operations for adhesions. 74% of patients completed the FSFI postoperatively. Despite most patients seeking repair for inability to orgasm and/or dyspareunia, the median scores for these domains were 4.6 and 5.2. Patients' desire to engage in sexual activity scored lowest (3.9), and patients reported concerns over the appearance of their genitalia (50%) that affected self-confidence (85.7%). Conclusion FGM/C reconstruction is safe and contributes to improvements in physical sexual health. Psychological trauma may contribute to lessened sexual desire and self-confidence even after reconstruction. Multidisciplinary treatment is important to address the long-term psychological effects of this practice. Level of evidence iv This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Introduction: The large numbers of torture survivors suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological trauma in the United States suggests pharmacists should be aware of, and attentive to possible drug therapies for this population. Method: To this end, we systematically review the literature on pharmacotherapy for survivors of torture. Published literature that assessed use of pharmacotherapy in torture victims were searched from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsychInfo and CINAHL. Search terms “torture,” “pharmacotherapy,” “depression OR PTSD,” “refugee OR asylum seekers” and “treatment or rehabilitation” were utilized. Results: Review of controlled and uncontrolled studies reveal that antidepressants are the most widely studied medications, particularly sertraline, a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the torture survivor population expanding to refugees and asylum seekers. Anti-adrenergic medications were used as adjunctive treatment in some uncontrolled studies. In randomized controlled trials, pharmacotherapy did not differentiate from placebo in reducing symptoms. Uncontrolled trials had yielded variable outcomes from pharmacotherapy. Discussion: There is lack of strong evidence in supporting the use of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Heterogeneity in the study design, patient ethnicity and the social and political status at the time of the study may have contributed in the variable clinical responses to pharmacotherapy.

COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2). For the effect of this pandemic, the people of Bangladesh are suffering from unprecedented challenges of all ages. Coronavirus pandemic has hit the young mental health badly. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the mental health condition among young people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. In this study, a qualitative research method was used where twenty case studies were carried out to evaluate critical situations as well as the determinants of psychological health problems that young adults are facing. Result demonstrates that like other ages, young people are bound to stay at home during lockdown that causes a profound effect on their mental health. Due to COVID-19 young people are going through a variety of critical situations including financial hardship, conflict with family members, quarantine-related crisis, increasing pressure for marriage, extreme addiction to the virtual world, and addiction to different video games that threaten their psychological health, for example increasing suicidal tendency, loneliness, anxiety, depression, psychological trauma, low self-confidence anger, etc. Researchers have suggested some potential recommendations to reduce the psychological pressure of young people during pandemics.

Trans Vaginal Mesh (TVM) surgeries have been used to treat stress urine incontinency (SUI) and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Systematic reviews of clinical studies of outcomes suggest that the procedures have benefited a majority of women, while noting that a small minority of women have experienced harms. To provide a more complete picture of outcomes, we conducted a systematic review of the qualitative literature to provide a comprehensive analysis of women’s own accounts of their experience. We conducted a systematic review and thematic synthesis of the evidence from the international qualitative literature on women’s experiences of and perspectives on TVM surgery for SUI and/or POP between 1996 and 2020. We retrieved 6587 papers from PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Sociological Abstracts. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria and full-text review of eligible articles, five articles were included in our systematic review. Findings from included articles were organised under three main themes: women’s everyday lives were transformed by TVM surgery; women’s expectations of and approach to their future lives; and women’s critiques of TVM surgery. The transformation of women’s everyday lives included a struggle to obtain recognition and support for their injuries before and after corrective surgery, ongoing limitations on their social, professional and personal lives, and compounding medical and psychological trauma as a result. Women’s approaches to their future lives changed because of this transformation; we identified five main approaches, four were ways of accommodating change, a fifth involved being unable to accommodate life changes. Women’s critiques included that TVM surgeries were overused, consent processes were poor, and surgeons’ definitions of success were deficient. Women expressed concerns about the safety of TVM products and future risks of further complications and discussed multiple system failures in the health care they received. This review suggests that discounting women’s experiences has caused compound trauma and skewed the clinical evidence base; while harms occurred in a minority of women, we suggest they should be recognised as an ethically significant potential outcome. Approaches to TVM injury should attend to historical epistemic injustice and recognise women’s agency.

The aim of this study was to investigate symptomatology and diagnoses of PTSD and subthreshold PTSD and the screening properties of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) within a sample of Dari-speaking women of refugee background receiving antenatal care. This cross-sectional study administered the HTQ to 52 Dari-speaking women at a public pregnancy clinic. The trauma module from the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-5) was administered. Interview material was presented to an expert panel, blinded to the HTQ screening results, in order to achieve consensus diagnoses of PTSD using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) criteria. Three women (5.8%) met DSM-5 criteria for PTSD. Eleven women (21.15%) met criteria for subthreshold PTSD, defined as meeting two or three of the DSM-5 criteria domains. A comparison of HTQ cut-off scores was conducted and a score of ≥ 2.25 on the HTQ demonstrated excellent sensitivity 1.00 (95% CI 0.29-1.00) and specificity 0.76 (95% CI 0.61-0.87) in detecting PTSD; however, a wide confidence interval for sensitivity was found. A cut-off score of ≥ 2 provided the best balance of sensitivity 1.00 (95% CI 0.72-1.00) and specificity 0.80 (95% CI 0.65-0.91) when assessing for subthreshold PTSD. Screening for perinatal PTSD for women of refugee background is recommended, in order to identify those at risk of DSM diagnosis and also those women experiencing distressing PTSD symptomatology.

Psychiatric disorders that arise due to Covid-19 include anxiety, depression, psychological trauma and the use of drugs to deal with tension caused by the pandemic. A total of 535 respondents (49%) out of 2,364 respondents had thoughts about death. Hospitals must make changes and mitigate, accelerate and adapt faster. This article aims to identify best practice strategies for suicide prevention to improve mental health services in hospitals. This study used queries: "suicide prevention", "covid" and "hospital". The inclusion criteria are English for the issue of 01/01/2020 - 05/10/2020, open access, full-text articles, all types of articles and have keywords. The exclusion criteria were the opposite of the inclusion criteria. The author obtained articles from SpringerLink (13 articles), Pubmed (17 articles), SAGE (4 articles), ProQuest (27 articles), and ScienceDirect (20 articles). Total of 6 articles is excluded because of duplication. 51 articles are excluded because they were not compatible with PICO. Ten articles were excluded because they were a systematic review. The author has 14 articles left for eligibility selection, and all articles are selected for full article review. The recommendation given is to provide comprehensive mental health services in the hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence shows that those having experienced psychological trauma have increased risk of complex health problems. In primary health care health-promoting services are offered to individuals with complex health problems, based on an individualized approach. Trauma focused approach in healthcare help individuals increase quality of life after psychological trauma. Trauma focused services are important to help improve quality of life after psychological trauma. To examine the experience of psychological trauma and health-related problems in individuals receiving health-promoting services. METHOD: Qualitative research based on the Vancouver School of phenomenology. Participants were ten, five male and five female, selected through health-promoting services. Two interviews were taken with each participant. The ACE questionnaire was used, as a screening tool for childhood psychological trauma, combined with interview-frame with open questions. RESULTS: The results were divided into six main themes: Experience of trauma; Repeated trauma; Childhood neglect; Health-related problems in child- and adulthood; Psychiatric problems in child- and adulthood; Processing and trauma-focused approach. Participants had experienced conciderable trauma as well as complex health problems in child- and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: It is of importance that healthcare professionals pay attention to psychological traumas in relation to complex health problems to provide support for recovery. Primary health care is the first place of contact within the health care system and therefore it is important that patients‘ experience of trauma is taken into account. It is key to identify the signs of lifetime trauma in relation to health problems and focus the care according to the individual needs of the patient.

Objective. To assess the cognitive and emotional-affective spheres of functioning of patients with a new coronavirus infection who were treated in an infectious COVID hospital and to develop strategies for emergency psychological assistance.Materials and methods. The study sample consisted of patients admitted to the Center for the treatment of patients with new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) of I.P.Pavlov First St.-Petersburg State Medical University, who were assigned a consultation with a medical psychologist.Results. The predictors of more pronounced cognitive decline were determined: older age and severity of the disease, as well as predictors of a higher level of anxiety and depressive symptoms: younger age, previous traumatic situation and more severe course of the disease. Three main problem areas have been identified that require psychological intervention in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: cognitive impairment, high anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with psychological trauma of patients, conflicting or non-adherent patients.

Given the co-occurrence of substance use disorder (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder, existing SUD treatment programs are integrating the treatment of psychological trauma into their programmi...

COVID-19, the global pandemic of the decade was declared as an overall health emergency of national and international concern on 30th of January 2020 by World Health Organization.It created a worldwide panic during the recent times. Millions of new cases were being reported daily and considerable mortality was reported.The psychological trauma of loss of near and dear ones and fear and anxiety of isolation affected the attitude of general population towards healthcare workers and professionals.This COVID-19 pandemic is provoking social stigma big time and peculiar behaviour against person of a particular kind of background and also as somebody thought to have being with contact of the virus.In some instance when in the pandemic like condition the incidence of psychosocially morbid are always seems much more than in comparison to normal. The present condition which has been because of former virus, pandemic is causing some increasing worry, emotional stress and fright within population and various groups across the world. This study has attempted to compile the episodes of discrimination against COVID warriors and different aspects of managing psychosocial influences.

COVID-19 has proved to be a factor to cause excessive anxiety among people. The group affected includes a wide population from people who were living in their homes with their families, who were living alone, people working from home, also includes healthcare workers, patients and their relatives. The lack of information about anxiety disorders and the way to deal with it would cause a long-term effect on the people across the world.Lockdown, quarantines, social distancing, wearing mask became the 'New Normal'. The fear of virus made us more sick mentally. Based on evolution, we are social animals. Desire for socialization is the primary motivator for us to constantly connect with each other. While running within chaos and spending hours for work, socializing has been a vent. It helps us relax and ease our pain. A sudden stoppage to be able to talk it out has let all the stress to accumulate. So while working on prevention of the spread of Covid-19, measures need to be taken to reduce depression, anxiety and stress among the general population.This article tries to reflect on the psychological trauma which Covid-19 inflicted throughout the world.

Exposure to psychological trauma can cause disruptions in employment; however, program-level return to work (RTW) best practices for clients with trauma-related mental health conditions are limited...

A patient's complaint of "hearing voices" or "seeing things" or of similar perceptual abnormalities leaves the clinician with 2 decisions: (1) Is the patient actually experiencing a hallucination, or does the complaint reflect a different mental experience, ranging from outright fabrication to the misinterpretation or mislabeling of vivid thoughts and emotions? (2) How should the experience reported by the patient, whether determined to be a hallucination or not, be understood in the context of the patient's entire history and mental state? We report the case of a 16-year-old whose cartoon-like hallucinations had led to the diagnosis of schizophrenia and had directed attention of the patient, her parents, and her clinicians away from critical issues of anxiety, depression, learning difficulties, and traumatic school experiences. This case illustrates how the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be driven by the prominence and vividness of psychotic-like symptoms reported by a patient, the expectation that patients' chief complaints must be directly and immediately addressed, insufficient attention to collateral information, and the distortions of a "checklist" approach to psychiatric diagnosis driven by the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, insurers, and the properties of electronic medical records. Given the consequences of either underdiagnosing or overdiagnosing schizophrenia, and the current lack of validated objective tests to assist with this diagnosis, clinicians are obligated to perform a thorough clinical assessment of such patients, including a probing exploration of the patient's mental state and a systematic collection of collateral information.

Using qualitative netnography of a USA social media group with >6000 members, we show that nature tourism can provide psychological rescue and rehabilitation, at levels comparable to clinical counselling and chemotherapies, for women who have suffered trauma, abuse, injury and illness. Diagnosis, design, and duration of nature tourism psychotherapies deserve further testing, for potential application in post-pandemic mental health recovery worldwide.

Research has demonstrated that first responders may develop psychological trauma/ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the performance of their duties. Often overlooked in these studies of police, firefighters, and paramedics is an additional group of providers who also respond to these same events: news journalists and photo journalists. Although limited in scope, the research literature from 1980 to 2010 assessed an association between PTSD and some news journalists. The strength of these findings are limited due to serious methodological limitations. The present paper reviewed the journalist/PTSD literature from 2011 to 2020. There were 4558 subjects in 23 studies, which were world-wide in scope. There were 2633 male reporters (58%) and 1925 female journalists (42%). The average age of subjects was 34.37 years and the average length of experience was 10.68 years. Many reported either PTSD, PTSD symptoms, depression, and/or substance use. A detailed methodological critique is presented.

Hypo-pigmentation of skin, although is not a life threatening disease, but is considered to be a social stigma, so invariably associated with significant psychological trauma and social isolation [1]. Pityriasis Alba is one of the cause of secondary hypo-pigmentation. Others include Pityriasis Versicolour, Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis, Phenylketonuria etc. It is a type of eczema presenting as de-pigmented areas on the face, particularly in children, with or without scale [2]. Even though it is commonly encountered in dermatological practice, there is paucity of Indian studies on the subject.3A case presented in this paper of 23 years old female suffering from Pityriasis Alba of 3 months duration. The lesion started with a reddish popular lesion on lateral aspect both the elbow joint. In 3-4 days, it started converting into pale patches. An individualized homoeopathic medicine, Ignatia Amara was prescribed followed by Bacillinum which showed complete resolution of the disease. This case report suggests homoeopathic treatment as a promising complementary or alternative therapy in such type of skin lesion. Hypo-pigmentation of skin, although is not a life threatening disease, but is considered to be a social stigma, so invariably associated with significant psychological trauma and social isolation [1]. Pityriasis Alba is one of the cause of secondary hypo-pigmentation. Others include Pityriasis Versicolour, Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis, Phenylketonuria etc. It is a type of eczema presenting as de-pigmented areas on the face, particularly in children, with or without scale [2]. Even though it is commonly encountered in dermatological practice, there is paucity of Indian studies on the subject.3A case presented in this paper of 23 years old female suffering from Pityriasis Alba of 3 months duration. The lesion started with a reddish popular lesion on lateral aspect both the elbow joint. In 3-4 days, it started converting into pale patches. An individualized homoeopathic medicine, Ignatia Amara was prescribed followed by Bacillinum which showed complete resolution of the disease. This case report suggests homoeopathic treatment as a promising complementary or alternative therapy in such type of skin lesion.

Dyspnea is an uncomfortable sensation with the potential to cause psychological trauma. Patients presenting with acute respiratory failure, particularly when tidal volume is restricted during mechanical ventilation, may experience the most distressing form of dyspnea known as air hunger. Air hunger activates brain pathways known to be involved in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. These conditions are considered part of the post-intensive care syndrome. These sequelae may be even more prevalent among patients with ARDS. Low tidal volume, a mainstay of modern therapy for ARDS, is difficult to avoid and is likely to cause air hunger despite sedation. Adjunctive neuromuscular blockade does not prevent or relieve air hunger, but it does prevent the patient from communicating discomfort to caregivers. Consequently, paralysis may also contribute to the development of PTSD. Although research has identified post-ARDS PTSD as a cause for concern, and investigators have taken steps to quantify the burden of disease, there is little information to guide mechanical ventilation strategies designed to reduce its occurrence. We suggest such efforts will be more successful if they are directed at the known mechanisms of air hunger. Investigation of the antidyspnea effects of sedative and analgesic drugs commonly used in the ICU and their impact on post-ARDS PTSD symptoms is a logical next step. Although in practice we often accept negative consequences of life-saving therapies as unavoidable, we must understand the negative sequelae of our therapies and work to minimize them under our primary directive to "first, do no harm" to patients.

Individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) smoke cigarettes at much higher prevalences than the general population. Less is known about PTSD and other smoking behaviors (e.g., smoking quantity and frequency) or about smoking among individuals who experience trauma. Objective To examine differences in cigarette smoking behaviors among adults in the United States (a) with no exposure to trauma or PTSD, (b) with trauma but no PTSD, and (c) with PTSD. Methods Data came from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-II (NESARC-II, 2004-2005) and included demographics, PTSD diagnoses, traumatic events, and smoking behaviors. Odds ratios and group differences in smoking prevalence and behaviors based on PTSD diagnoses and exposure to traumatic experiences were calculated. Results Traumatic events and PTSD diagnoses were both associated with greater smoking prevalences than persons without trauma or PTSD. Individuals with PTSD who smoke were more likely to report daily smoking than those without PTSD who smoke (Cohen's d = 0.19). Cigarette users with either trauma or PTSD smoked more cigarettes per day than cigarette users without trauma or PTSD (Cohen's d = 0.35). US adults with trauma exposure or PTSD have higher smoking prevalences and more intense smoking behaviors than those without PTSD or trauma. Conclusion Trauma or PTSD may each serve as a clinical indicator of increased risk of cigarette smoking-related health problems and prompt the implementation of targeted interventions to reduce the harms of smoking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study (Felitti et al., 1998) has led to an understanding of how exposure to abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction in childhood are related to subsequent physical and mental health problems. These issues are important to consider during the perinatal period, with studies indicating that pregnant women who report adverse experiences in childhood may be at risk of experiencing mental health and substance use problems. This study examined the association of pregnant women's ACEs with symptoms of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and substance use, and examined the potential buffering effect of women's resilience against the deleterious effects of ACES on mental health and substance use. Women reported on ACES, mental health symptoms, substance use, and resilience when they were screened for participation in a perinatal psychosocial support intervention, which was integrated into obstetrical clinics in a Southern academic medical center. Almost a quarter of the 303 women in this sample reported four or more ACEs, indicating significant risk. Those reporting more overall ACEs also reported more symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and increased risk of tobacco use. Unique effects of specific ACEs subtypes were also found. Women exposed to child maltreatment reported more anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and were at risk for tobacco, cannabis, or opioid use during pregnancy. Women exposed to household dysfunction reported more posttraumatic stress symptoms and were at increased risk of tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy. Women's resilience attenuated effects of household dysfunction on posttraumatic stress symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction We would like to present the case of a young patient with acute stress disorder and recurrent nightmares following the psychological trauma caused by a severe road traffic accident. The comprehensive therapy carried out at the Department of Traumatology included medication, trauma processing and a psychological method whose aim is to cease the development of nightmares. Case Presentation Psychiatric assessment and treatment was asked for a polytraumatised female patient at the Intensive Care Unit after she had undergone a neurosurgical intervention. Her medicinal treatment was continued at the Department of Traumatology. Besides the antidepressant venlafaxine she was treated in accordance with the EMDR protocol for acute stress disorder, and we also applied imagery rescripting to prevent her from having recurrent (daily) nightmares. As a result of the therapy, her symptoms were fast relieved, the nightmares stopped almost instantly, her mood improved, rumination and anxiety decreased significantly. Conclusions In view of the fast and significant symptomatic improvement, we can expect that the EMDR therapy and its protocol for acute stress disorder have successfully reactivated information processing, and besides the subjective relief we have managed to prevent a mental crisis that could lead to a suicide risk as well as the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. We also hope that the improvement will be long-lasting.

The current study investigated experiences of mental health services with members of the LGBTQ+ community who have experienced trauma. Using survey questions participants identified multiple barrie...

Rhino-cerebral mucormycosis, a fateful fungal infection which was commonly known to affect the immunocompromised patients, is now thriving in conjunction with Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Early diagnosis and aggressive medical and surgical intervention are the key factors to extricate the patients. However, this leads to abundant hard and soft tissue loss, leaving behind a huge orofacial defect, along with certain morbidities and psychological trauma, necessitating surgical and prosthodontic rehabilitation. The present paper reviews on role of prosthodontist in various stages of treatment for mucormycosis patients. It also summarizes several treatment modalities including recent trends to rehabilitate the defect and restore the patients’ quality of life.

Introduction Opioid Use Disorders (OUD) cause great disfunction and pain to individuals, families, and societies. There are few good treatments. This paper presents a novel, easily applied, painless, therapy that can be applied as an adjunct to psychotherapies and medications. Methods The author presents a retrospective overview and 4 brief case reports. Two are typical of very positively responsive patients, one is of a positively but not remarkably responsive patient, and one of a non-responsive patient. The author used unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation (UtPBM), near infrared mode, applied to the hemisphere with the more positive hemispheric emotional valence (HEV) as a treatment to augment the patients' usual treatment. Results The case reports are from 42 consecutive patients in his practice with OUD where he has given 382 treatments over 18 months, as needed. The author's subjective clinical observations were that of the 42 patients, 26 (62%) consistently had responses to the UtPBM (as described in the case reports) that were easily observable to the patient and the author as strikingly beneficial, 8 (19%) had helpful, but not remarkable responses, and 8 (19%) had no noticeable response. These 3 characterizations will be illustrated with clinical examples. There were no side-effects reported or observed aside from 2 women who experienced anxiety which resolved with psychotherapy. Conclusions Using UtPBM as an adjunctive treatment to the author's usual in-depth psychotherapy and medication management, he found subjectively that for the majority of his patients, this treatment was a valuable, safe benefit to their treatment for OUD.

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a major public health problem worldwide, also in northern Ghana. The aim of this study was to identify factors contributing to the rising trend in teenage pregnancy and the resultant effects. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a quasi-structured questionnaire on 60 pregnant teenagers. Demographic data and factors associated with teenage pregnancy were collected/analyzed. Results: The mean age of respondents was 17.25 ± 1.93 years. Junior high school students or graduates accounted for 55%. About 35% of participants dropped out of school due to pregnancy. The following factors were identified to be associated with teenage pregnancy: low socio-economic status, no/less sexual- and reproductive-communication with parents, low level of education, no sexual and reproductive health knowledge, and unsafe sexual behaviours. The consequences of teenage pregnancy identified were: truncation of the girls’ education, psychological trauma, and worsening family relationships. The following health consequences were identified; anaemia in pregnancy, severe malaria, hypertension in pregnancy, and prolonged labour. Conclusion: The following factors may account for the rising trend in teenage pregnancy in this area: family-related problem, sociocultural factors, low education level, and the lack of adequate knowledge on reproductive health. Teenage pregnancy caused several problems in themselves and their family members.

Psychological trauma impacts two-thirds of Americans, suggesting that many intensive care unit (ICU) patients have a history of trauma. Our manuscript calls for translating the well-established system of trauma-informed care to the ICU setting – an approach we term “trauma-informed intensive care.” While trauma-informed approaches are being increasingly applied in medical settings such as emergency departments and burn units, the ICU is often overlooked, despite the fact that the ICU environment may be perceived as particularly threatening to those who have experienced trauma. Now is an ideal time to advance efforts for trauma-informed intensive care, given heightened public attention to the ICU experience as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Trauma-informed intensive care may promote more positive patient experiences and support patient recovery from critical illness.

Received 12th May 2021. Accepted 17th May 2021. Published online 28th May 2021. Issue published 1st August 2021.

Relevance. Internal Affairs employees during the anti-epidemic measures of COVID-19 period protected public order and the safety of citizens in crowded places. During the pandemic, according to departmental statistics, morbidity rates in police officers were 6.6 times higher than in general population and close to the healthcare professionals. Due to police officers' professional activities, the COVID-19 pandemic was associated not only with high contamination risks, but also with certain emotional stress and destabilization.Intention. To identify mental traumatization features in police officers who serve to protect public order and citizens safety during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methodology. 371 male employees of the Internal Affairs Headquarters in Moscow were surveyed. Three groups were identified: Group I - 127 police officers (average age 33.3 ± 1.1 years, service experience 6.1 ± 1.3 years) with positive test results and COVID-19 clinical manifestations (mild and moderate severity, inpatient and outpatient treatment) over the period from 10.04.2020 to 9.06.2020 (the restrictive measures and self-isolation period announced by the decree of the Russian Chief State Sanitary Doctor on 30.03.2020 N 9 “On additional measures to prevent the COVID-2019 spread in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic”); Group II - 118 healthy police officers (average age 30.9 ± 1.5 years, service experience 5.6 ± 1.9 years), without COVID-19 clinical manifestations but released from their duties as contacts; Group III - 126 healthy police officers (average age 32.4 ± 1.5 years, service experience 7.1 ± 1.9 years) not released from their duties during the COVID-19 pandemic, who protected public order in crowded places (patrolling streets, metro duty, etc.). Our questionnaire was intended for self-assessing mental state, and experimental psychological examination was also included. To meet the anti-epidemic requirements, respondents were surveyed online using electronic digital resources.Results and Discussion. Based on self-assessment results, police officers in all groups showed high levels of well-being, mood, performance and emotional stability on duty during the COVID-19 pandemic.Mental traumatization in police officers of the Group 1 was associated with increased personal anxiety and responses to everyday situations tended to be maladaptive, with physical and verbal aggression, irritation. In Group 2 employees, mental trauma included emotional stress and situational anxiety associated with the COVID-19 risk. Healthy police officers who were not released from their duties during the COVID-19 pandemic and continued to serve as law enforcement officers in crowded areas were prone to non-constructive responses to stress in the form of feelings of guilt, hostility, and irritability. In all respondents, constructive business relationships with direct managers and additional financial incentives helped prevent psychological trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusion. The study results justify developing an algorithm for psycho-prevention in police officers during medical and biological emergencies, including psychological support, social support and a positive social environment in service teams. This will help prevent the psychological trauma and borderline mental disorders in police officers and, accordingly, increase their personal reliability and reduce damage to the Department image.

Background Surgery may possibly be undermined by psychologic, psychiatric and psychosomatic problems, as long as these problems interfere with a patient’s capacity to cope with surgery adaptively. Recent studies have shown that interpersonal trauma, e.g. abuse or neglect, and its correlates are involved in the adaptation to surgery. This observation is heuristically coherent, given the respective traumatization is an interpersonal event occurring in a relationship. Notably, surgery inevitably leads to the violation of physical boundaries within a doctor-patient relationship. Based on the principles of psycho-traumatologic thinking, such a constellation is deemed qualified to activate posttraumatic symptoms in the traumatized. Method The present topical review summarizes the respective findings which point to a subgroup of patients undergoing surgery, in whom difficulty bearing tension and confiding in others may cause adaptive problems relevant to surgery. Although this theorizing is empirically substantiated primarily with respect to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), a pubmed-research reveals psychopathologic distress to occur prior to surgery beyond TKA. Likewise, posttraumatic distress occurs in large numbers in the context of several operations, including cardiac, cancer and hernia surgery. Conclusion Aspects of psychological trauma may be linked to the outcomes of general surgery, as well, e.g. biliary, hernia or appendix surgery. The mechanisms possibly involved in this process are outlined in terms of a hierarchical organization of specific anxiety and negative affect as well as in terms of psychodynamics which imply the unconscious action of psychologic defenses at their core. Implications Not least, we encourage the screening for trauma and its correlates including defenses prior to general surgery in order to identify surgical candidates at risk of, e.g. chronic postoperative pain, before the operation.

Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in private or public life as defined by United Nations.Violence against women is a world-wide problem and this study focused on clearing the factors in the Egyptian capital that are associated with this phenomenon during the pregnancy through asking cases who get exposed to violence during this period, and to name the common sequelae and complications due to exposure to different types of violence. Those cases visited the Gynaecology and Obstetric clinic at Kasr -Al Aini hospital during February 2018. There are serious complications of violence during pregnancy but the psychological affection seems to be the main problem after exposure to violence in this special period of female life and of course this needs a lot of support and long-term rehabilitation. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done through spreading a simple formatted questionnaire among 218 women who were receiving antenatal care or those visiting the gynecology outpatient clinic at Kasr Al-Ainy teaching hospital through February 2018. Results: the study showed that the physical form of violence (77.4%) was more common than sexual form. Regarding exposure to physical violence; hematoma was the commonest complication (82.4%). In most of cases (94%), exposure to violence affected the violated women mostly in the form of permanent psychological trauma. Recommendations: more researches on different types of violence against women are necessary in different periods of women life as well as different social levels and more empowerment of women is recommended. KEY WORDS: Gender based violence, violence during pregnancy, suffering to women, complications

Research has demonstrated that first responders may develop psychological trauma/ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the performance of their duties. Often overlooked in these studies of police, firefighters, and paramedics is an additional group of providers in this health care delivery system: the trauma surgeons, who receive the victims transported by the first responders. Although limited in scope, the research literature does identify the presence of PTSD in trauma surgeons. These studies have repeatedly cited the need for further information about psychological trauma for trauma surgeons. This paper addresses that need with a brief overview of psychological trauma, where surgeons may encounter victims, and how to cope with its aftermath.

Objective To explore the effects of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program on postoperative rehabilitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during the perioperative period of adenotonsillectomy. Design A retrospective historical control study SETTING: Service improvement project PARTICIPANTS: The study included 394 children with OSA (207 males, 187 females; age range, 2.5 y to 14 y) who underwent adenotonsillectomy. Main outcome measures The children who had undergone adenoidal ablation and bilateral tonsillectomy were divided into an ERAS group (208 patients) treated with the combined optimization measures and a control group (186 patients) that was treated with traditional measures during the perioperative period. The postoperative incidence of complications, pain scores, anxiety scores, and postoperative diets in the two groups were assessed. Results Patients in the ERAS group had significantly a lower overall complication rate and incidence of fever for 2 weeks of follow-up when compared to patients in the control group through the application of perioperative optimization measures. Furthermore, patients in the ERAS group had less post-surgical pain, better dietary intake at day 1, 3 and 7 after surgery, and had lower pre-operative anxiety scores after admission education and while waiting in the operation room. Conclusion The ERAS program consisting of combined optimization measures can reduce physical and psychological trauma during the perioperative period of adenotonsillectomy performed for children with OSA.

Cumulative lifetime trauma has a profound impact on the development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, few studies have determined participants' most distressing (i.e., "worst") life event in childhood or adulthood or examined whether this event contributes to poorer clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to (a) determine the associations between the worst life event and demographic/clinical variables and (b) examine the associations between the worst life event and psychiatric symptoms (i.e., positive, negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms). Participants (N = 150) were outpatients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who were assessed for lifetime trauma exposure, positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between demographic and clinical variables and worst life events (none, childhood, or adulthood). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between worst life events and psychiatric symptoms. More participants reported that their worst life event occurred during adulthood (31.1%) than childhood (21.3%). Adulthood trauma was associated with male gender, older age, non-Chinese ethnicity, and psychiatric comorbidities; childhood trauma was associated with a family history of depression/anxiety. Adulthood trauma was significantly associated with more severe positive psychotic symptoms, f2 = 0.19, whereas childhood and adulthood trauma exposure were both significantly associated with more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, f2 s = 0.19 and 0.25, respectively. Our findings underscore the importance of conducting assessments for worst life events and the associated risk factors to develop meaningful formulations and appropriate trauma-focused treatment plans.

OBJECTIVES: Asylum-seeking minors are known to be at increased risk of physical and mental diseases compared to both native children and adult asylum seekers. We present a nationwide register-based study based on the health assessment of 7210 newly arrived minors in Danish asylum centres from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015.METHODS: We describe socio-demographic characteristics, trauma history and symptoms of physical and mental health. To associate the reporting of traumatic events and signs of anxiety or depression, we performed logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: We found a high, albeit varying, prevalence of traumatic experiences, sleeping and eating problems, and head- and toothache. In the subgroup that was assessed for need of urgent support, more than two of every five minor scored above the threshold. In the subgroup examined by a doctor, one of every four had at least one abnormal finding.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of trauma and mental health symptoms and the association of the two were striking. Our findings underline that timely recognition and appropriate treatment of childhood traumas should be given high priority in the receiving communities.

ObjectiveTo explore the level and influencing factors of frontline nurses’ post-traumatic growth (PTG) during COVID-19 epidemic.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in February 2020 in three hospitals in China. The Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) was used to investigate the PTG of frontline nurses. Data on related factors, including demographic characteristics and subjective variables, were collected. The Event-Related Rumination Inventory was used to assess rumination. Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation was calculated for bivariate analysis. Independent sample t-tests or one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the related factors.ResultsA total of 179 frontline nurses were recruited, and 167 were included in the analyses. The mean PTG score was 70.53±17.26. The bivariate analyses showed that deliberate rumination was modestly positively correlated with PTG (r=0.557, pConclusionsThe PTG of frontline nurses was at a medium to high level and was influenced by working years, self-confidence in frontline work, awareness of risk, psychological intervention or training and deliberate rumination. It is necessary to strengthen psychological guidance and training for frontline nurses and promote their deliberate rumination on epidemic events to improve their PTG.

Although metanalytic evidence exists to support the long-term efficacy of hypnotic interventions in the treatment of trauma, assertions that hypnosis may induce trauma or exacerbate existing posttraumatic reactions through activating dissociative processes seem to persist in some circles. While multiple studies have established that hypnotic induction produces dissociative phenomena, what has not yet been clearly explicated is the degree to which varieties of dissociative phenomena differentially elicited by hypnotic induction tend to skew toward the pathological or nonpathological end of the continuum of dissociation. The authors of the current study explore the connection between hypnotic susceptibility and facets of dissociation, employing the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: A (HGSHS:A) and the State Scale of Dissociation (SSD). A significantly greater change in state dissociation was observed in their hypnosis condition as compared with a novel control condition (t (82) = 3.235

Анализируются риски психической травматизации у работников сферы здравоохранения в период пандемии COVID-19. Рассматриваются два источника психической травмы у медицинских работников: (1) переживание угрозы собственному здоровью и жизни, а также заражения родных и близких; (2) моральная травматизация в связи с перегрузкой системы здравоохранения и гибелью большого числа пациентов; моральными дилеммами при распределении ресурсов между пациентами; переживанием оставленности в опасной ситуации со стороны системы здравоохранения в условиях дефицита средств индивидуальной защиты; отсутствием солидарности со стороны несоблюдающих карантин граждан. Обсуждается уязвимость самоуважения к воздействию моральной травмы, а также указывается на его роль при совладании с ситуациями, представляющими угрозу жизни. Приводятся результаты зарубежных исследований психологических последствий пандемии для медицинских работников. Анализируются механизмы дополнительного дистресса, связанного с дискурсом героизации и дегероизации медработников. Утверждается, что навязывание социальной роли героя может привести к саморастрачиванию, ощущению себя жертвой, дистрессу и психическому истощению. Указывается на наличие противоречия между проводимой информационной политикой героизации медработников в условиях пандемии и недостатком реальной заботы об их безопасности в российских регионах. Наряду с негативными, обсуждаются возможные позитивные психологические последствия переживания кризиса. Обсуждаются меры профилактики негативных психологических последствий деятельности медработников в условиях эпидемии, которые разделяются на четыре уровня: (1) государства; (2) организации; (3) руководителей конкретных подразделений; (4) горизонтального взаимодействия между коллегами: врачами, медсестрами, санитарами. The risks of psychological trauma in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. Two sources of psychological traumatization in health care workers were considered: (1) experiencing the threat to one 's health and life, as well as infection of relatives and family members; (2) moral injury due to the collapse of health care systems and the death of many patients; moral dilemma in the allocation of resources among patients; leaving by the health care system with the lack of personal protective equipment; lack of solidarity of citizens resisted to quarantine. The vulnerability of self-esteem to moral injury and its role in dealing with dangerous situations was discussed. The results of international studies of the psychological consequences of the pandemic for health care workers were given. Mechanisms of additional distress associated with the discourse of heroization and deheroization of health care workers are analyzed. It was argued that imposing a hero 's social role can lead to victimization, distress, and exhaustion. It was pointed out that there was a contradiction between the information policy of the medical workers' glorification and the lack of their real security in Russian regions. In addition to the negative, the possible positive psychological consequences of experiencing the crisis were discussed. Measures to prevent the negative psychological effects on health care workers in the epidemic were discussed. These measures were divided into four levels: (1) states; (2) organizations; (3) heads of specific units; (4) horizontal interaction between colleagues: doctors, nurses, hospital attendants.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to dysfunctional emotional processing, thus motivating the search for physiological indices that can elucidate this process. Toward this aim, we compared pupillary response patterns in response to angry and fearful auditory stimuli among 99 adults, some with PTSD (n = 14), some trauma-exposed without PTSD (TE; n = 53), and some with no history of trauma exposure (CON; n = 32). We hypothesized that individuals with PTSD would show more pupillary response to angry and fearful auditory stimuli compared to those in the TE and CON groups. Among participants who had experienced a traumatic event, we explored the association between PTSD symptoms and pupillary response; contrary to our prediction, individuals with PTSD displayed the least pupillary response to fearful auditory stimuli compared those in the TE, B = -0.022, p = .077, and CON, B = -0.042, p = .002, groups, but they did not differ on angry auditory stimuli, B = 0.019, p = .118 and B = 0.006, p = .634, respectively. It is important to note that within-group analyses revealed that participants with PTSD differed significantly in their response to angry versus fearful stimuli, B = -0.032, p = .015. We also found a positive association between PTSD symptoms and pupillary response to angry stimuli. Our findings suggest that differential pupil response to anger and fear stimuli may be a promising way to understand emotional processing in PTSD.

Background: Menstruation hygiene and violence in disaster situation can cause serious problems for adolescent girls. Poor menstrual hygiene during disaster can increase the risk of reproductive tract infections and violence can lead to unwanted pregnancy, abortion and psychological trauma. Approximately 80% of the needs of adolescent girls are not met during disaster. They need to be prepared to be able to empower themselves in dealing with disaster situations. Pocket book is one of the media to increase knowledge. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of menstrual hygiene pocket books and prevention of violence in disaster situations on the knowledge of adolescent girls. Methods: This research method is pre experiment with one group pre test and post test design. The study was conducted in May to October 2019 at SMAN 7 Lubuk Buaya Padang with 51 respondents using proportionate random sampling. Research instrument using questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate data analysis used Chi Square with 95% confidence level. Results: There is a significant effect of the use of pocket book on the knowledge of adolescent girls about menstrual hygiene and prevention of violence in disaster situations (p=0,000). Conclusion: It is hoped that the school can utilize the pocket book to increase the knowledge and preparedness of adolescent girls in dealing with disaster situations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to disruptions in health care in the perinatal period and women's childbirth experiences. Organizations that represent health care professionals have responded with general practice guidelines for pregnant women, but limited attention has been devoted to mental health in the perinatal period during a pandemic. Evidence suggests that in this context, significant psychological distress may have the potential for long-term psychological harm for mothers and infants. For infants, this risk may extend into early childhood. In this commentary, we present recommendations for practice, research, and policy related to mental health in the perinatal period. These recommendations include the use of a trauma-informed framework to promote social support and infant attachment, use of technology and telehealth, and assessment for mental health needs and experiences of violence.

Objective: The objective of this review is to determine the incidence and prevalence of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in parents who have a child hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Introduction: Having a child admitted to an intensive care unit is known to be challenging and stressful for parents. This stress may lead to clinical stress disorders that may be improved through interventions. However, there is insufficient clarity around the incidence and prevalence of these disorders. Inclusion criteria: This review will consider studies of parents who have had a child admitted to a neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit and who have developed associated acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder related to their child's hospitalization. Methods: The proposed review will follow JBI methodology for systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence. A strategic search for eligible studies will include multiple database sources and unpublished literature. Studies will be assessed for inclusion by two independent reviewers based initially on study titles and abstracts, and subsequently on full text. Methodological quality will be assessed by two independent reviewers, with inclusion criteria focusing on sampling and statistical analysis. Data extraction will be completed, and data synthesis will pool data where possible. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42020190875)

Purpose: to examine the relationship between religiosity, social support, trauma, quality of life and experienced stigma of mental illness amongst a population diagnosed with mental ill-health. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of day service users in Northern Ireland (n = 295) covering a range of issues including religiosity, social support, quality of life and prior experience of trauma. Stigma was measured using a recognised stigma scale. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine risk factors associated with experienced stigma. Results: Univariate analysis showed significant associations between stigma and age, number of friends, social support, quality of life and prior experience of trauma. Age, quality of life, and trauma remained independently associated with stigma in a multivariate logistic regression model (x2(12) = 98.40, p Conclusion: Younger people, those with less social support, prior experience of trauma and with poorer quality of life are at increased risk of experiencing stigma related to their diagnosis of mental illness. The findings provide further understanding of stigma and are useful for those overseeing programmes to improve access to mental health treatment.

Objective This review examines trauma from violence as a risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among women attending STD clinics. The review also aims to suggest trauma informed care (TIC) integrated into STD clinics might more effectively address traumatic effects of violence linked to sexual risk behaviors among this population. Design and sample A systematic literature review was conducted to identify empirical studies examining the relationship between multiple forms of violence and sexual risk behaviors among women attending STD clinics. Results All studies found high rates of violence including childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and/or community violence associated with high rates of sexual risk behaviors among women attending these settings. Researchers recommend screening for multiple forms of violence, interdisciplinary STD clinic services, and more trauma informed sexual risk reduction interventions to address multiple forms of violence found prevalent among this population. Conclusion Women attending STD clinics very often experience multiple forms of violence during their lifetime. TIC to address traumatic effects of violence might reduce sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted disease rates for improved health outcomes among this population.

The use of seclusion is controversial and has been deemed an encroachment on human rights and dignity which can cause psychological trauma and physical injury to patients in the psychiatric setting. This quality improvement project used a quasi-experimental design to implement the TeamSTEPPS educational program, an evidenced-based program to inform nurses about verbal de-escalation to reduce patient aggressive behavior that can lead to patient seclusion. The targeted patient population included all patients admitted 2 months prior to initiation of Team STEPPS (n = 388) and 2 months following completion of the education modules (n = 342). After the implementation of the educational program there was a statistically significant difference in the rate of charting aggressive behavior (p = 0.024). The pre rate was 17.3%, and the post rate was 11.4%. While there was not a statistically significant difference in the rate of seclusion events, (p = 0.349) there was a clinically significant reduction. The pre rate was 5.9%, and the post rate was 4.4%. The results of this study support the importance of educating psychiatric nurses on verbal-de-escalation to reduce patients placed in seclusion and decrease patients' aggressive behavior in the psychiatric settings.

Background Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV compared to almost every other demographic group in the country and have worse outcomes along the care continuum. Diagnosis is a critical juncture. This study aims to explore the impact and meaning of an HIV diagnosis for Black MSM, and how this has changed over time, both for the individual’s experience living with HIV as well as for Black MSM in general. Methods From 2017 to 2018, we conducted in-depth interviews with 16 black MSM living with HIV in New York City diagnosed between 1985 and 2016. Results Inductive analysis of the qualitative data allowed three major themes to emerge: diagnosis trauma, lack of patient -centeredness in the healthcare system, and acceptance of HIV diagnosis over time. Conclusions This small pilot study signals that an HIV diagnosis experience possibly remains traumatic for black MSM even in the era of highly effective ART, and they often perceive a lack of patient-centeredness in the delivery of a new diagnosis. This has persisted over time. In most cases, black MSM in our sample overcame this trauma due to self-motivation, social support and seeking out and fostering trusting relationships with their HIV provider and the healthcare system.

The earthquake is one of the natural disasters that should be watched out for. The impact of the disaster was not only a material loss but also a loss of life. The most vulnerable earthquake victims are infants, toddlers, and children. This is because of their weak and bad protection abilities. What is caused by the main earthquake is physical trauma and psychological trauma to the victim. Trauma has a more fatal effect on child victims. The need for special actions to handle it.