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Isabelle Pin, Isa Cerveri, Lucia Cazzoletti, Andrei Malinovschi, Josep M. Antó, Simone Accordini, Deborah Jarvis, David Gislason, Ane Johannessen, Bénédicte Leynaert, Pierpaolo Marchetti, Diogenes S. Ferreira, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Alessandro Marcon, Christer Janson, Rain Jögi, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, Angelo Corsico, Joachim Heinrich, Joost Weyler, Vieillissement et Maladies chroniques : approches épidémiologique et de santé publique (VIMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), 2610, 4350 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, 99/0034-02 97/0035, 97/0035-02, 99/0034-04, 99/0034-06, 99/0034-07, 99/350 90MR/10, 91AF/6 SEPAR R01 HL62633-01 018996 911631 Russell Sage Foundation, RSF ResMed Foundation AstraZeneca GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Novartis U.S. Public Health Service, USPHS: R01 HL62633-01 Chiesi Farmaceutici, Chiesi Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, FAS Boehringer Ingelheim VÃ¥rdalstiftelsen Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, FAG Commercial Aircraft of China, COMAC Wellcome Trust, WT: WT 084703MA Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 633212 Growing Spine Foundation, GSF Gobierno del Principado de Asturias Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, BMRF Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, AAFA Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, MISAN Union Chimique Belge, UCB Medical Research Council, MRC: 92091, G0901214 National Institute for Health Research, NIHR British Lung Foundation, BLF European Commission, EC: EU-PEAL PL01237 National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: G.0402.00 Asthma Foundation of Victoria Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: FR1526/1-1, HE 3294/10-1, MA 711/4-1, MA 711/6-1, NO 262/7-1 Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNSF: 3100-059302, 3200-042532, 3200-052720, 3247-065896, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104284, 3247BO-104288, 33CSCO-108796, 33CSCO-134276/1, 4026-028099, 4026-28099 Eesti Teadusfondi, ETF: 1088 ForskningsrÃ¥det för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap, FAS Eesti Teadusagentuur: 562 Bundesamt für Gesundheit, BAG Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Generalitat de Catalunya Consell Català de Recerca i Innovació: 1999SGR 00241 Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium: SF0180060s09 Hjärt-Lungfonden Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: C03/011, C03/09 Háskóli Íslands, HI Norges ForskningsrÃ¥d: 101422/310, 214123 Medicinska ForskningsrÃ¥det, MFR Cancéropôle Ile de France Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 381/05.93 Ministeriet Sundhed Forebyggelse SUVA Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica, SEPAR: FIS 09/01511, FIS PS09/00716, FIS PS09/02185, FIS PS09/03190, SEPAR 1001/2010 Horizon 2020 Universiteit Antwerpen Comité des Maladies Respiratoires de l'Isère Comissió Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovació Tecnològica, CIRIT: 1997 SGR 00079, 1999 SGR 00214 Servicio Murciano de Salud Regione del Veneto Regione Piemonte Astma- och Allergiförbundet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux Office Fédéral de l'Education et de la Science, OFES Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, BMBWF Helmholtz Zentrum München Lungenliga Schweiz Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, MARM: G03/176 Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé INCLIVA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria: 91/0016-060-05/E, 92/0319, 93/0393, PS09/00716, PS09/01511, PS09/02185, PS09/02457, PS09/03190 Fundació Autònoma Solidària, FAS Servicio Andaluz de Salud, SAS, The ALEC study is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement number 633212. ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. National funders who supported data collection in the original studies are listed in Appendix E4 in this article's Online Repository at www.jaci-inpractice.org. The funders had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication.Conflicts of interest: D. S. Ferreira reports grants from the Asthma Foundation of Victoria, Allen and Hanburys, National Health and Medical Research Council. I. Pin reports travel grants and honoraria from Novartis, Zambon, and AstraZeneca, and nonfinancial support from AGIR?dom. R. J?gi reports grants from Estonian Research Council Personal Research (grant no. 562), and consultancy, lecture, and travel fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer, and Novartis. The rest of the authors report no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.Financial support for ECRHS I: The coordination of this work was supported by the European Commission, and the authors and participants are grateful to the late C. Baya and M. Hallen for their help during the study and K. Vuylsteek and the members of the COMAC for their support. The following grants helped to fund the local studies: Australia: Asthma Foundation of Victoria, Allen and Hanbury's, Belgium: Belgian Science Policy Office, National Fund for Scientific Research, Estonia: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 1088), France: Minist?re de la Sant?, Glaxo France, Institut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine, Contrat de Plan Etat-R?gion Languedoc-Rousillon, Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie des travailleurs salari?s, Comit? national contre les maladies respiratoires et la tuberculose (90MR/10, 91AF/6), Ministre delegu? de la sant?, R?seau national de sant? publique, France, Germany: Helmholtz Zentrum Munich and Bundesminister f?r Forschung und Technologie, Italy: Ministero dell'Universit? e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Regione Veneto (grant RSF no. 381/05.93), Norway: Norwegian Research Council project no. 101422/310, Portugal: Glaxo Farmac?utica Lda, Sandoz Portugesa, Spain: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (nos. 91/0016-060-05/E, 92/0319, and 93/0393), Hospital General de Albacete, Hospital General Juan Ram?n Jim?nez, Direcci?n Regional de Salud P?blica (Consejer?a de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias), Consell Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovaci? Tecnol?gica (1997 SGR 00079), and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sweden: The Swedish Medical Research Council, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Association against Asthma and Allergy, Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 4026-28099), and UK: National Asthma Campaign, British Lung Foundation, Department of Health, South Thames Regional Health Authority.Financial support for ECRHS II: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Belgium: Antwerp: Fund for Scientific Research (grant code G.0402.00), University of Antwerp, and Flemish Health Ministry, Estonia: Tartu: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 4350), France: (All) Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique?Direction de la Recherche Clinique de Grenoble 2000 number 2610, Ministry of Health, Minist?re de l'Emploi et de la Solidarit?, Direction G?nerale de la Sant?, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Bordeaux: Institut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine, Grenoble: Comite des Maladies Respiratoires de l'Isere, Montpellier: Aventis (France), Direction Regionale des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales Languedoc-Roussillon, Paris: Union Chimique Belge-Pharma (France), Aventis (France), Glaxo France, Germany: Erfurt: GSF?National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code FR1526/1-1), Hamburg: GSF?National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code MA 711/4-1), Iceland: Reykjavik: Icelandic Research Council and Icelandic University Hospital Fund, Italy: Pavia: GlaxoSmithKline Italy, Italian Ministry of University and Scientific and Technological Research (MURST), and Local University Funding for Research 1998 and 1999, Turin: Azienda Sanitaria Locale 4 Regione Piemonte (Italy), Azienda Ospedaliera Centro Traumatologico Ospedaliero/Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico?Istituto Clinico Ortopedico Regina Maria Adelaide Regione Piemonte, Verona: Ministero dell'Universit? e della Ricerca Scientifica (MURST), Glaxo Wellcome s.p.a., Norway: Bergen: Norwegian Research Council, Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association, Glaxo Wellcome AS, and Norway Research Fund, Spain: Fondo de Investigacion Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Consejeria de Sanidad, Barcelona: Sociedad Espanola de Neumolog?a y Cirug?a Toracica, Public Health Service (grant code R01 HL62633-01), Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Consell Interdepartamentalde Recerca i Innovaci? Tecnol?gica (grant code 1999SGR 00241), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Centros de Epidemiolog?a y Salud P?blica, C03/09, Red de Bases moleculares y fisiol?gicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias, C03/011 and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente G03/176, Huelva: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Galdakao: Basque Health Department, Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitaria (97/0035-02, 97/0035, 99/0034-01, 99/0034-02, 99/0034-04, 99/0034-06, 99/350, and 99/0034-07), European Commission (EU-PEAL PL01237), Generalitat de Catalunya (CIRIT 1999 SGR 00214), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Sociedad Espa?ola de Neumolog?a y Cirug?a Tor?cica (SEPAR R01 HL62633-01), Red de Centros de Epidemiolog?a y Salud P?blica (C03/09), Red de Bases moleculares y fisiol?gicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias (C03/011), and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente (G03/176, 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Sweden: G?teborg, Umea, AND Uppsala: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma and Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer and Allergy Foundation, and Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS), Switzerland: Basel: Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science, and Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, UK: Ipswich and Norwich: Asthma UK (formerly known as National Asthma Campaign).Financial support for ECRHS III: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Belgium: Antwerp: South and Antwerp City: Research Foundation Flanders (grant code G.0.410.08.N.10), Estonia: Tartu: the Estonian Ministry of Education (SF0180060s09), France: (All): Minist?re de la Sant?, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique national 2010, Bordeaux: INSERM U897 Universit? Bordeaux segalen, Grenoble: Comite Scientifique AGIRadom 2011, and Paris: Agence Nationale de la Sant?, R?gion Ile de France, domaine d'int?r?t majeur, Germany: Erfurt: German Research Foundation (HE 3294/10-1), Hamburg: German Research Foundation (MA 711/6-1, NO 262/7-1), Iceland: Reykjavik: The Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund, University of Iceland Research Fund, ResMed Foundation, California, USA, Orkuveita Reykjavikur (Geothermal plant), and Vegager?in (The Icelandic Road Administration, Italy: All Italian centers were funded by the Italian Ministry of Health, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, in addition, Verona was funded by Cariverona Foundation and Education Ministry (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit? e della Ricerca), Norway: Norwegian Research Council (grant no. 214123), Western Norway Regional Health Authorities (grant no. 911631), and Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Spain: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (PS09/02457, PS09/00716, PS09/01511, PS09/02185, PS09/03190), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sociedad Espa?ola de Neumolog?a y Cirurg?a Tor?cica (SEPAR 1001/2010), Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (PS09/02457), Barcelona: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS PS09/00716), Galdakao: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS 09/01511), Huelva: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS PS09/02185) and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS PS09/03190), Sweden: All centers were funded by The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, The Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association, The Swedish Association against Lung and Heart Disease, Swedish Research Council for health, working life and welfare, G?teborg: also received further funding from the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. Umea: also received funding from Vasterbotten Country Council ALF grant, Switzerland: The Swiss National Science Foundation (grants nos. 33CSCO-134276/1, 33CSCO-108796, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO-104284, 3247-065896, 3100-059302, 3200-052720, 3200-042532, and 4026-028099), The Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, The Federal Office of Public Health, The Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargan, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Z?rich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel-Stadt/Basel, Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais, and Zurich, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics, European Commission 018996 (GABRIEL), Wellcome Trust WT 084703MA, and UK: Medical Research Council (grant no.92091), support also provided by the National Institute for Health Research through the Primary Care Research Network., Financial support for ECRHS III: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Estonia: Tartu: the Estonian Ministry of Education ( SF0180060s09 ), France: (All): Ministère de la Santé, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique national 2010, Bordeaux: INSERM U897 Université Bordeaux segalen, and Paris: Agence Nationale de la Santé, Région Ile de France, domaine d'intérêt majeur, Germany: Erfurt: German Research Foundation ( HE 3294/10-1 ), Hamburg: German Research Foundation ( MA 711/6-1 , NO 262/7-1 ), Iceland: Reykjavik: The Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund, University of Iceland Research Fund, ResMed Foundation , California, USA , Orkuveita Reykjavikur (Geothermal plant), and Vegagerðin (The Icelandic Road Administration, Italy: All Italian centers were funded by the Italian Ministry of Health , Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, in addition, Verona was funded by Cariverona Foundation and Education Ministry (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca), Norway: Norwegian Research Council (grant no. 214123 ), Western Norway Regional Health Authorities (grant no. 911631 ), and Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Spain: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PS09/02457, PS09/00716, PS09/01511, PS09/02185, PS09/03190), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirurgía Torácica ( SEPAR 1001/2010), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PS09/02457), Barcelona: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PS09/00716), Galdakao: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS 09/01511), Huelva: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PS09/02185) and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Oviedo: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PS09/03190), Sweden: All centers were funded by The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, The Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association , The Swedish Association against Lung and Heart Disease , Swedish Research Council for health, working life and welfare, Göteborg: also received further funding from the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research . Umea: also received funding from Vasterbotten Country Council ALF grant, Switzerland: The Swiss National Science Foundation (grants nos. 33CSCO-134276/1 , 33CSCO-108796 , 3247BO-104283 , 3247BO-104288 , 3247BO-104284 , 3247-065896 , 3100-059302 , 3200-052720 , 3200-042532 , and 4026-028099 ), The Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, The Federal Office of Public Health, The Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargan, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich, the Swiss Lung League , the canton's Lung League of Basel-Stadt/Basel, Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais, and Zurich, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft , UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics , European Commission 018996 (GABRIEL), Wellcome Trust WT 084703MA, and UK: Medical Research Council (grant no. 92091 ), support also provided by the National Institute for Health Research through the Primary Care Research Network ., Conflicts of interest: D. S. Ferreira reports grants from the Asthma Foundation of Victoria , Allen and Hanburys , National Health and Medical Research Council . I. Pin reports travel grants and honoraria from Novartis , Zambon , and AstraZeneca , and nonfinancial support from AGIRàdom. R. Jõgi reports grants from Estonian Research Council Personal Research (grant no. 562 ), and consultancy, lecture, and travel fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer, and Novartis. The rest of the authors report no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., Financial support for ECRHS II: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Belgium: Antwerp: Fund for Scientific Research (grant code G.0402.00 ), University of Antwerp , and Flemish Health Ministry, Estonia: Tartu: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 4350 ), France: (All) Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique—Direction de la Recherche Clinique de Grenoble 2000 number 2610, Ministry of Health , Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité, Direction Génerale de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Bordeaux: Institut Pneumologique d’Aquitaine, Grenoble: Comite des Maladies Respiratoires de l’Isere, Germany: Erfurt: GSF— National Research Centre for Environment and Health , Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code FR1526/1-1 ), Hamburg: GSF— National Research Centre for Environment and Health , Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code MA 711/4-1 ), Turin: Azienda Sanitaria Locale 4 Regione Piemonte (Italy), Azienda Ospedaliera Centro Traumatologico Ospedaliero/Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico—Istituto Clinico Ortopedico Regina Maria Adelaide Regione Piemonte, Verona: Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca Scientifica (MURST), Glaxo Wellcome s.p.a., Norway: Bergen: Norwegian Research Council , Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association , Glaxo Wellcome AS , and Norway Research Fund, Spain: Fondo de Investigacion Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01 , 99/0034-01 , and 99/0034-02 ), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Consejeria de Sanidad, Barcelona: Sociedad Espanola de Neumología y Cirugía Toracica, Public Health Service (grant code R01 HL62633-01 ), Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01 , 99/0034-01 , and 99/0034-02 ), Consell Interdepartamentalde Recerca i Innovació Tecnológica (grant code 1999SGR 00241 ), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Centros de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, C03/09, Red de Bases moleculares y fisiológicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias, C03/011 and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente G03/176, Huelva: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01 , 99/0034-01 , and 99/0034-02 ), Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitaria ( 97/0035-02 , 97/0035 , 99/0034-01 , 99/0034-02 , 99/0034-04 , 99/0034-06 , 99/350 , and 99/0034-07 ), European Commission ( EU-PEAL PL01237 ), Generalitat de Catalunya ( CIRIT 1999 SGR 00214), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica ( SEPAR R01 HL62633-01 ), Red de Centros de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (C03/09), Red de Bases moleculares y fisiológicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias (C03/011), and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente (G03/176, Sweden: Göteborg, Umea, AND Uppsala: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research , Swedish Asthma and Allergy Foundation , Swedish Cancer and Allergy Foundation , and Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research ( FAS ), Switzerland: Basel: Swiss National Science Foundation , Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science , and Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, UK: Ipswich and Norwich: Asthma UK (formerly known as National Asthma Campaign)., Financial support for ECRHS I: The coordination of this work was supported by the European Commission , and the authors and participants are grateful to the late C. Baya and M. Hallen for their help during the study and K. Vuylsteek and the members of the COMAC for their support. The following grants helped to fund the local studies: Australia: Asthma Foundation of Victoria , Allen and Hanbury's, Belgium: Belgian Science Policy Office , National Fund for Scientific Research, Estonia: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 1088 ), France: Ministère de la Santé, Glaxo France , Institut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine , Contrat de Plan Etat-Région Languedoc-Rousillon , Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie des travailleurs salariés, Comité national contre les maladies respiratoires et la tuberculose (90MR/10, 91AF/6), Ministre delegué de la santé, Réseau national de santé publique, France, Germany: Helmholtz Zentrum Munich and Bundesminister für Forschung und Technologie, Italy: Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Regione Veneto (grant RSF no. 381/05.93 ), Portugal: Glaxo Farmacêutica Lda, Sandoz Portugesa, Spain: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (nos. 91/0016-060-05/E , 92/0319 , and 93/0393 ), Hospital General de Albacete, Hospital General Juan Ramón Jiménez, Dirección Regional de Salud Pública (Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias), Consell Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovació Tecnològica (1997 SGR 00079), and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sweden: The Swedish Medical Research Council , the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation , the Swedish Association against Asthma and Allergy, Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 4026-28099 ), and UK: National Asthma Campaign , British Lung Foundation , Department of Health , South Thames Regional Health Authority ., The ALEC study is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement number 633212. ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. National funders who supported data collection in the original studies are listed in Appendix E4 in this article's Online Repository at www.jaci-inpractice.org . The funders had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication., Commission of the European Communities, Medical Research Council (MRC), and Ageing Lungs European Cohorts ALEC

Cecilia Linde, Lars H. Lund, Gianluigi Savarese, Camilla Hage, U. Lofstrom, Jean-Claude Daubert, Erwan Donal, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], CIC-IT Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), 20110610, Stockholm County Council, 20090376, Stockholm County Council, 20100419, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, 20080409, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, 2013-23897-104604-23, Swedish Research Council, Center for Gender Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Fédération Française de Cardiologie/Société Française de Cardiologie, France, 20110120, Stockholm County Council, 00556-2009, Stockholm County Council, 20110406, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, 20080498, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Troccaz, Olivier

Ivan Curjuric, Kari E. North, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Nora Franceschini, Rachel Nadif, Matthias Wjst, Stefano Guerra, George T. O'Connor, Francine Kauffmann, Adaikalavan Ramasamy, Deborah Jarvis, Jemma B. Wilk, Florent Monier, Medea Imboden, David P. Strachan, Ashok Kumar, Emmanuelle Bouzigon, Manolis Kogevinas, Dirkje S. Postma, Florian Kronenberg, Judith M. Vonk, Gerard H. Koppelman, Mark Lathrop, Florence Demenais, Miriam F. Moffatt, Janine Altmüller, Laura R. Loehr, Joachim Heinrich, Valérie Siroux, Christian Schindler, Juan R. González, Stephanie J. London, Gian Andri Thun, Dana B. Hancock, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Epidemiology & Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel]-Medical School University of Basel, Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fondation Jean Dausset, Variabilité Génétique et Maladies Humaines, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-School of public health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Behavioral Health Epidemiology Program, Research Triangle Institute International (RTI International), Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU)-Boston University [Boston] (BU)-Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology & Epidemiology, University of Groningen [Groningen]-University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG)-Beatrix Children's Hospital-Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Institut d'oncologie/développement Albert Bonniot de Grenoble (INSERM U823), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-EFS-CHU Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF)-Catalunya ministerio de salud, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Generalitat de Catalunya, Institute of Epidemiology [Neuherberg] (EPI), German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Center München (GmbH), Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)-UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health-Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Cologne Center for Genomics-University of Cologne, Arizona Respiratory Center, Division of genetic epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University [Austria] (IMU)-HMNC Brain Health-Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre National de Génotypage (CNG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique d'Evry (IG), Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda] (NHLBI), Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, Epidemiology, National School of Public Health-Medical School of Athens, EGEA: INSERM-Ministry of Research 'Cohortes et Collections' grant (4CH06G). French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, University Paris Diderot-Paris 7, grants from the French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (grant AFSSETAPR- SE-2004), the French National Agency for Research (grants ANR 05- SEST-020- 02/05-9-97 and ANR 06-CEBS), PHRC-Paris, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD)) SAPALDIA: Swiss National Science Foundation (grants no 4026-28099,3347CO- 108796, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO-104284, 32-65896.01,32- 59302.99, 32-52720.97, 32-4253.94), the Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, the Federal Office of Public Health, the Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Zurich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel Stadt/ Basel Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino and Zurich, Freie Akademische Gesellschaft (FAG), UBS Wealth Foundation. ECRHS: The co-ordination of ECRHS II was supported by the European Commission, as part of their Quality of Life programme. The following bodies funded the local studies in ECRHS II: Albacete: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Consejeria de Sanidad, Barcelona: SEPAR, Public Health Service (grant code: R01 HL62633-01), Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02) CIRIT (grant code: 1999SGR 00241) Red Respira ISCII, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Basel: Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Federal Office for Education & Science, Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA), USC NIEHS Center grant 5P30 ES07048, Bergen: Norwegian Research Council, Norwegian Asthma & Allergy Association (NAAF), Glaxo Wellcome AS, Norway Research Fund, Erfurt: GSF-National Research Centre for Environment & Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant code FR 1526/1-1), Galdakao: Basque Health Dept, Grenoble: Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique-DRC de Grenoble 2000 no. 2610, Ministry of Health, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, CHU de Grenoble, Ministere de l'Emploi et de la Solidarite, Direction Generale de la Sante, Comite des Maladies Respiratoires de l'Isere, Hamburg: GSF-National Reasearch Centre for Environment & Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant code MA 711/4-1), Ipswich and Norwich: Asthma UK (formerly known as National Asthma Campaign), Huelva: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Paris: Ministere de l'Emploi et de la Solidarite, Direction Generale de la Sante, UCB-Pharma (France), Aventis (France), Glaxo France, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique-DRC de Grenoble 2000 no. 2610, Ministry of Health, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, CHU de Grenoble, Tartu: Estonian Science Foundation, Umeå: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences & Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma & Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer & Allergy Foundation, Uppsala: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences & Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma & Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer & Allergy Foundation, Financial support for ECRHS I for centres in ECRHS II was provided by: Ministère de la Santé, Glaxo France, Insitut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine, Contrat de Plan Etat-Région Languedoc-Rousillon, CNMATS, CNMRT (90MR/10, 91AF/6), Ministre delegué de la santé, RNSP, France, GSF, and the Bundesminister für Forschung und Technologie, Bonn, Germany, Norwegian Research Council project no. 101422/310, Ministero Sanidad y Consumo FIS (grants #91/0016060/00E-05E and #93/0393), and grants from Hospital General de Albacete, Hospital General Juan Ramón Jiménenz, Consejeria de Sanidad Principado de Asturias, Spain, The Swedish Medical Research Council, the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, the Swedish Association against Asthma and Allergy, Swiss National Science Foundation grant 4026-28099, National Asthma Campaign, British Lung Foundation, Department of Health, South Thames Regional Health Authority, UK. A.R. was supported by the Department of Health, UK and the European Commission as part of GABRIEL contract number 018996 under the Integrated Program LSH-2004-1.2.5-1. Genotyping of the discovery cohort and part of B58C was funded by the GABRIEL asthma genetic consortium supported by a contract from the European Commission(018996) and grants from the French Ministry of Research, the Wellcome Trust (WT084703MA), and Asthma UK. Replication cohorts: ARIC: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C), R01HL087641, R01HL59367 and R01HL086694, National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402, and National Institutes of Health contract HHSN268200625226C. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant Number UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. Work for this manuscript was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS, Z01ES043012). FHS: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278). Dr. Wilk by a Young Clinical Scientist Award from the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI). A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. B58C: British 1958 Birth Cohort was funded by the Medical Research Council grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust grant 068545/Z/02 (http://www.b58cgene.sgul.ac.uk/). Genotyping was funded by the Wellcome Trust grant 076113/B/04/Z, by the United States National Institutes of Health and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation U01 DK062418 and by the European Commission Framework Programme 6 (018996). Dutch Asthma Study: The Dutch Asthma study has been funded by the Netherlands Asthma Foundation grants AF 3.2.07.015, and AF 98.48 and a grant from the University Medical Center Groningen, Nadif, Rachel, University of Oxford, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), HMNC Brain Health-Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology-Innsbruck Medical University = Medizinische Universität Innsbruck (IMU), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Joram Huckriede, Femke de Vries, Michael Hultström, Kanin Wichapong, Chris Reutelingsperger, Miklos Lipcsey, Pablo Garcia de Frutos, Robert Frithiof, Gerry A. F. Nicolaes, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Swedish Research Council, Swedish Kidney Foundation, Netherlands Thrombosis Foundation, Biochemie, RS: Carim - B01 Blood proteins & engineering, and RS: Carim - B02 Vascular aspects thrombosis and Haemostasis

Niaz Ahmed, M Brozman, Jyrki Ollikainen, Ana Paiva Nunes, Antonio Dávalos, Lubomír Jurák, Miroslava Nevsimalova, Andrea Zini, Paolo Frigio Nichelli, Anna Peeters, Kennedy R. Lees, Roman Herzig, Michael V. Mazya, E Hurtikova, Robert Mikulik, Staffan Holmin, G Tsivgoulis, Tiago Moreira, Irene Escudero-Martínez, Laura Dorado, Guido Bigliardi, R Cavallo, R Tassi, Danilo Toni, Daniel Strbian, Jose Antonio Egido, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Order of Saint John in Sweden, Friends of Karolinska Institute, Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, European Commission, Biogen, Stryker, Covidien, Phenox, Ragnar Söderberg Foundation, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, The Erling-Persson Family Foundation, VINNOVA (Sweden), Junta de Andalucía, Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, Charles University (Czech Republic), Neurologian yksikkö, HUS Neurocenter, Clinicum, UCL - SSS/IONS - Institute of NeuroScience, UCL - SSS/IONS/NEUR - Clinical Neuroscience, UCL - (SLuc) Service de neurologie, Tampere University, and Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation

Denis Vivien, Cyrille Orset, Saema Ansar, Kajsa Arkelius, Lund University [Lund], Physiopathologie et imagerie des troubles neurologiques (PhIND), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de recherche clinique [CHU Caen] (CRC), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] (UNICANCER/CRLC), UNICANCER-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-UNICANCER-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), This work was supported by the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20170883), Franke and Margareta Bergqvist Foundation, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Olle Engqvist Foundation, Thure Carlsson Foundation, Crafoord Foundation (20190857), Brain Foundation (FO2019-0308). Open access funding provided by Lund University., and Bodescot, Myriam

Escudero-Martinez, Irene, Mazya, Michael, Teutsch, Christine, Lesko, Norbert, Gdovinova, Zuzana, Barbarini, Leonardo, Fryze, Waldemar, Karlinski, Michal, Kobayashi, Adam, Krastev, Georgi, Paiva Nunes, Ana, Pasztoova, Katarina, Peeters, André, Sobolewski, Piotr, Vilionskis, Aleksandras, Toni, Danilo, Ahmed, Niaz, SITS Investigators, Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Order of Saint John in Sweden, European Commission, Stryker, Covidien, Phenox, Fundación Progreso y Salud, and Junta de Andalucía

Concepción Sánchez-Moreno, Begoña de Ancos, Antonio Checa, Diana González-Peña, Craig E. Wheelock, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, and Margit and Folke Pehrzon Foundation

Lars H. Lund, Ulrika Ljung Faxén, Camilla Hage, Cecilia Linde, Erwan Donal, Emil Najjar, Jean-Claude Daubert, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], CIC-IT Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas, The Swedish Heart & Lung Foundation, Stockholm Country Council, Fédération Française de Cardiologie/Société Française de Cardiologie, France, and Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Jan Frystyk, Jean-Claude Daubert, Harvest F. Gu, Kerstin Brismar, Lars H. Lund, Camilla Hage, Mette Bjerre, Cecilia Linde, Erwan Donal, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Aarhus University Hospital, Service de cardiologie et maladies vasculaires [Rennes] = Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery [Rennes], CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], CIC-IT Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands, Federation Francaise de Cardiologie/Societe Francaise de Cardiologie, France, Center for Gender Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Family Erling-Persson Foundation, Swedish Research Council, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation [20080498, 20110406, 20080409, 20100419], Stockholm County Council [20090376, 20110610, 00556-2009, 20110120], and Swedish Research Council [2013-23897-104604-23]

Gunnar Norstedt, Amira Alkharusi, Thomas Nyström, Anneli Björklund, Leandro Fernández-Pérez, Mercedes de Mirecki-Garrido, Antonio Castrillo, Fahad Zadjali, Zuheng Ma, Amilcar Flores-Morales, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Danish Council for Independent Research, Fundación Universitaria de Las Palmas, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (España), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Sultan Qaboos University, Gobierno de Canarias, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, and Novo Nordisk Foundation

Cecilia Linde, Camilla Hage, Lars Lund, Jean-Claude Daubert, Erwan Donal, Emmanuel Oger, Hans Persson, Dmitri Matan, KaRen Investigators, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIC-IT Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Swedish Research Council (grants 2013-23897-104604-23 and 5232014-2336), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (grants 20120321 and 20150557), Stockholm County Council (grants 20110120 [LHL] and 20150493 [HP]), Fédération française de cardiologie/Société française de cardiologie (08/20-679), France, AIG Europe Limited, Stockholm, Sweden, and Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands (no formal grant nr), Medtronic Europe(no formal grant nr)., and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Camilla Hage, Erwan Donal, Jean-Claude Daubert, Anna Andreasson, Lars H. Lund, Cecilia Linde, Kerstin Brismar, Ulrika Ljung Faxén, Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], CIC-IT Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de cardiologie et maladies vasculaires [Rennes] = Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery [Rennes], CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], 523-2014-2336, The Swedish Research Council, 20150557, Swedish Heart & Lung Foundation, 20110120, Stockholm Country Council, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Marcela González-Gross, Frédéric Gottrand, Dénes Molnár, Magdalena Cuenca-García, Augusto César Ferreira de Moraes, Iris Iglesia, Odysseas Androutsos, Anthony Kafatos, Luis Gracia-Marco, Kurt Widhalm, Sonia Gómez-Martínez, Luis A. Moreno, Christina Breidenassel, Michael Sjöström, Heráclito Barbosa Carvalho, Marika Ferrari, European Commission, Ministerio de Sanidad (España), Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)

Mariana F. Fernández, Henrique Barros, Sylvaine Cordier, Alex Burdorf, M. Carmen González-Galarzo, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Martine Vrijheid, Regina Gražulevičienė, Vasiliki Melaki, Ana Cristina Santos, Jens Peter Bonde, Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Daniela Zugna, Franca Rusconi, Jan Alexander, Ana M. García, Loreto Santa-Marina, Laura Ellen Birks, Inger Kull, Asta Danileviciute, Nicolás Olea, Aitana Lertxundi, Merete Eggesbø, Kinga Polańska, Wojciech Hanke, Anna Bergström, Manolis Kogevinas, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Maribel Casas, Nathalie Costet, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF)-Catalunya ministerio de salud, Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), University of Valencia, Norwegian Institute of Public Health [Oslo] (NIPH), University of Porto Medical School and Institute of Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Sachs' Children's Hospital, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université d'Angers (UA), Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, The Generation R Study, Pediatrics, Epidemiology, Cancer Research Program (IMIM), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Sachs' Children's Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM), University Hospital of Heraklion, Department of Public Health [Copenhagen], Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Universidade do Porto-University of Porto Medical School and Institute of Public Health, Public health, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Université de Turin-CPO-Piemonte, European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) as part of the Environmental Health Risks in European Birth Cohorts project [226285, 241604], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [CD12/00563, G03/176, CB06/02/0041, FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647, 11/01007, 11/02591, CP11/00178, FIS-PI06/0867, FIS-PS09/00090], Administracao Regional de Saude Norte (Regional Department of Ministry of Health), Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development [2100.0076, VIDI 016.136.361], Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional, Spanish Ministry of Health [FIS-07/0252, FIS-PI041436, FIS- PI081151, FIS-PI042018, FIS-PI09/02311], European Union Commission [QLK4-1999-01422, QLK4-2002-00603, FP7-ENV-212502], Consejeria de Salud de la Junta de Andalucia [183/07, 0675-2010], European Union [FP7-ENV-2011, 282957, HEALTH. 2010.2.4.5-1], Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana, Generalitat de Catalunya [CIRIT1999SGR, 00241], March of Dimes Birth Defect Foundation, Obre Social Cajastur, Universidad de Oviedo, Department of Health of the Basque Government [2005111093, 2009111069], Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa [DFG06/004, DFG08/001], European Commission [FP6-036224], Norwegian Ministry of Health, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [N01-ES-85433], National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [1 UO1 NS 047537], Agustinus Foundation, Norwegian Research Council, Functional Genomics [151918/S10], Environmental Exposures and Health Outcomes [213148], Compagnia San Paolo Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Piedmont Region, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, French Ministry of Health, French Ministry of Labor, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Health Foundation, French National Research Agency, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, National Centre for Research and Development, Poland [PBZ-MEiN-/8/2/2006, K140/P01/2007/1.3.1.1], Norwegian Financial Mechanism within the Polish-Norwegian Research Fund [PNRF-218-AI-1/07], European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (Fp7) [603946], Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, European Union Integrated Project NewGeneris, 6th Framework Programme [FOOD-CT-2005-016320], Health Impacts of Long-term Exposure to Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water project [Food-CT-2006-036224], Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Quadro Comunitario de Apoio III, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Developing a Child Cohort Research Strategy for Europe project, European Commission's Seventh Framework 29 Program: the Mechanisms of the Development of Allergy [261357], Danish Epidemiology of Science Centre, Pharmacy Foundation, Egmont Foundation, European Commission Seventh Framework Programme, Contaminant Mixtures and Human Reproductive Health Project [212502], European Research Council [ERC-2014-CoG-648916], Programa Operacional de Saude - Saude XXI, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), APH - Amsterdam Public Health, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Public and occupational health, Public Health, and Erasmus MC other

Filipe De Vadder, Fredrik Bäckhed, Gilles Mithieux, Carine Zitoun, Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary, A. Duchampt, Université de Lyon, Nutrition et cerveau (U1213, U855), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine [Sweden], Wallenberg Laboratory, Göteborgs Universitet (GU)-Göteborgs Universitet (GU), Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (CBMR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Di Carlo, Marie-Ange, and This work was funded by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and the University Lyon 1, Swedish Research Council, the NovoNordisk foundation, Torsten Söderberg’s foundation, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Göran Gustafsson’s foundation, IngaBritt och Arne Lundbergs foundation,Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research. F.D.V. is a recipient of EMBO Long-Term Fellowship ALTF 1305-2014 (Marie Curie Actions LTFCOFUND2013, GA-2013-609409). F.B. is a recipient of ERC Consolidator Grant (European Research Council, Consolidator grant 615362 -METABASE).

Joëlle Magné, Didier Borderie, Jean-François Huneau, Véronique Mathé, François Mariotti, Cécile Bos, Karolinska Institute - Center Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine , Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire (PNCA), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AP HP, Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Cochin [AP-HP], French Ministry of Research Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation Fredrik and Ingrid Thuring Foundation Lars Hiertas Minne Foundation, Karolinska Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)

Linnea Qvist, Jeremy P. Langrish, Kjell Larsson, Ulf Nilsson, Anders Blomberg, Viktor Johansson, Anne Lindberg, Eva Rönmark, and The Swedish Heart & Lung Foundation, ALF-funds from Umeå University, Sweden and Visare Norr (a research foundation sponsored by the Northern Sweden healthcare authority and Umeå University)

Ester Roos-Engstrand, Ian Mudway, Anders Blomberg, Rosamund Dove, Jamshid Pourazar, Mittal Shah, Pheneatia Leong-Smith, Annelie F. Behndig, Annika Johansson and Frida Holmström, Univ Hospital, Umeå, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, a Wellcome Trust Value in People Award, UK, Umeå University, Sweden, Västerbotten County Council, Sweden, and King Gustaf V’s and Queen Victoria’s foundation, Sweden.

Jackie A. Cooper, Holly J. Exeter, Michael V. Holmes, Montse Guardiola, Ziad Mallat, Kay-Tee Khaw, Per Eriksson, Anders Franco-Cereceda, Claire Perret, Sonia-Athina Karabina, Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne, Ferdinand M. van’t Hooft, Jutta Palmen, Philippa J. Talmud, Steve E. Humphries, Lasse Folkersen, Ka Wah Li, S. Matthijs Boekholdt, Ewa Ninio, University College of London [London] (UCL), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Research Unit on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition = Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition [CHU Pitié Salpêtrière] (IHU ICAN), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Physiopathologie des maladies génétiques d'expression pédiatrique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), University of Pennsylvania, This work was funded by the British Heart Foundation RG008/014 (S.E. Humphries and P.J. Talmud), RG/10/001/27643 (Z. Mallat), PG07/133/24260 (S.E. Humphries and P.J. Talmud), FS08/048/25628 (P.J. Talmud), and FS/13/6/29977 and by the Medical Research Council UK (Population Health Scientist Fellowship G0802432: M.V. Holmes). S.E. Humphries and Z. Mallat hold Chairs funded by the British Heart Foundation. The EPIC-Norfolk study is sup-ported by a programme grant from the Medical Research Council UK (G1000143). The Advance Study of Aortic Pathology (ASAP) study was funded by the Swedish Research Unit Council (12660), the Swedish Heart-Lung foundation (20120272), and through a private donation from Fredrik Lundberg., Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology, and Couvet, Sandrine

Cuenca García, Magdalena, Ruiz, Jonatan R., Ortega, Francisco B., Labayen, Idoia, González Gross, Marcela, Moreno, Luis A., Gomez Martinez, Sonia, Ciarapica, Donatella, Hallström, Lena, Wästlund, Acki, Molnar, Dénes, Gottrand, Frederic, Manios, Yannis, Widhalm, Kurt, Kafatos, Anthony, De Henauw, Stefaan, Sjöström, Michael, Castillo, Manuel J., Moreno LA, Gottrand F, De Henauw S, González Gross M, Gilbert C, Kafatos A, Libersa C, Sánchez J, Kersting M, Sjöstrom M, Molnar D, Dallongeville J, Hall G, Maes L, Scalfi L, Meléndez P, Fleta J, Casajús JA, Rodríguez G, Tomás C, Mesana MI, Vicente Rodríguez G, Villarroya A, Gil CM, Ara I, Revenga J, Lachen C, Alvira JF, Bueno G, Lázaro A, Bueno O, León JF, Garagorri JM, Bueno M, López JP, Iglesia I, Velasco P, Bel S, Marcos A, Wärnberg J, Nova E, Gómez S, Ligia Díaz E, Romeo J, Veses A, Puertollano MA, Zapatera B, Pozo T, Martínez D, Iliescu C, Von Berlepsch J, Sichert Hellert W, Koeppen E, Erhardt E, Csernus K, Török K, Bokor S, Angster M, Kovács O, Repásy J, Codrington C, Plada M, Papadaki A, Sarri K, Viskadourou A, Hatzis C, Kiriakakis M, Tsibinos G, Vardavas C, Sbokos M, Protoyeraki E, Fasoulaki M, Wilhelms RF, Stehle P, Pietrzik K, Breidenassel C, Spinneker A, Al Tahan J, Segoviano M, Berchtold A, Bierschbach C, Blatzheim E, Schuch A, Pickert P, Castillo MJ, Gutiérrez Á, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Artero EG, España Romero V, Jiménez Pavón D, Chillón P, Cuenca Garcýá M, Arcella D, Azzini E, Barrison E, Bevilacqua N, Buonocore P, Catasta G, Censi L, Ciarapica D, D' Acapito P, Ferrari M, Galfo M, Le Donne C, Leclercq C, Maiani G, Mauro B, Mistura L, Pasquali A, Piccinelli R, Polito A, Spada R, Sette S, Zaccaria M, Montagnese C, De Vriendt T, Matthys C, Vereecken C, de Maeyer M, Ottevaere C, Huybrechts I, Widhalm K, Phillipp K, Dietrich S, Kubelka B, Boriss Riedl M, Manios Y, Grammatikaki E, Bouloubasi Z, Cook TL, Eleutheriou S, Consta O, Moschonis G, Katsaroli I, Kraniou G, Papoutsou S, Keke D, Petraki I, Bellou E, Tanagra S, Kallianoti K, Argyropoulou D, Kondaki K, Tsikrika S, Karaiskos C, Meirhaeghe A, Bergman P, Hagströmer M, Hallström L, Hallberg M, Poortvliet E, Rizzo N, Beckman L, Wennlöf AH, Patterson E, Kwak L, Cernerud L, Tillgren P, Sörensen S, Sánchez Molero J, Picó E, Navarro M, Viadel B, Carreres JE, Merino G, Sanjuán R, Lorente M, Sánchez MJ, Castelló S, Thomas S, Allchurch E, Burguess P, Astrom A, Sverke A, Broberg A, Masson A, Lehoux C, Brabant P, Pate P, Fontaine L, Sebok A, Kuti T, Hegyi A, Maldonado C, Llorente A, García E, von Fircks H, Hallberg ML, Messerer M, Larsson M, Fredriksson H, Adamsson V, Börjesson I, Fernández L, Smillie L, Wills J, Valtueña J, Albers U, Pedrero R, Meléndez A, Benito PJ, Lorente JJ, Cañada D, Urzanqui A, Ortiz JC, Fuentes F, Torres RM, Navarro P., VITAGLIONE, PAOLA, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (España), Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (España), Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research, Cuenca García, Magdalena, Ruiz, Jonatan R., Ortega, Francisco B., Labayen, Idoia, González Gross, Marcela, Moreno, Luis A., Gomez Martinez, Sonia, Ciarapica, Donatella, Hallström, Lena, Wästlund, Acki, Molnar, Déne, Gottrand, Frederic, Manios, Yanni, Widhalm, Kurt, Kafatos, Anthony, De Henauw, Stefaan, Sjöström, Michael, Castillo, Manuel J., Moreno, La, Gottrand, F, De Henauw, S, González Gross, M, Gilbert, C, Kafatos, A, Libersa, C, Sánchez, J, Kersting, M, Sjöstrom, M, Molnar, D, Dallongeville, J, Hall, G, Maes, L, Scalfi, L, Meléndez, P, Fleta, J, Casajús, Ja, Rodríguez, G, Tomás, C, Mesana, Mi, Vicente Rodríguez, G, Villarroya, A, Gil, Cm, Ara, I, Revenga, J, Lachen, C, Alvira, Jf, Bueno, G, Lázaro, A, Bueno, O, León, Jf, Garagorri, Jm, Bueno, M, López, Jp, Iglesia, I, Velasco, P, Bel, S, Marcos, A, Wärnberg, J, Nova, E, Gómez, S, Ligia Díaz, E, Romeo, J, Veses, A, Puertollano, Ma, Zapatera, B, Pozo, T, Martínez, D, Iliescu, C, Von Berlepsch, J, Sichert Hellert, W, Koeppen, E, Erhardt, E, Csernus, K, Török, K, Bokor, S, Angster, M, Kovács, O, Repásy, J, Codrington, C, Plada, M, Papadaki, A, Sarri, K, Viskadourou, A, Hatzis, C, Kiriakakis, M, Tsibinos, G, Vardavas, C, Sbokos, M, Protoyeraki, E, Fasoulaki, M, Wilhelms, Rf, Stehle, P, Pietrzik, K, Breidenassel, C, Spinneker, A, Al Tahan, J, Segoviano, M, Berchtold, A, Bierschbach, C, Blatzheim, E, Schuch, A, Pickert, P, Castillo, Mj, Gutiérrez, Á, Ortega, Fb, Ruiz, Jr, Artero, Eg, España Romero, V, Jiménez Pavón, D, Chillón, P, Cuenca Garcýá, M, Arcella, D, Azzini, E, Barrison, E, Bevilacqua, N, Buonocore, P, Catasta, G, Censi, L, Ciarapica, D, D' Acapito, P, Ferrari, M, Galfo, M, Le Donne, C, Leclercq, C, Maiani, G, Mauro, B, Mistura, L, Pasquali, A, Piccinelli, R, Polito, A, Spada, R, Sette, S, Zaccaria, M, Vitaglione, Paola, Montagnese, C, De Vriendt, T, Matthys, C, Vereecken, C, de Maeyer, M, Ottevaere, C, Huybrechts, I, Widhalm, K, Phillipp, K, Dietrich, S, Kubelka, B, Boriss Riedl, M, Manios, Y, Grammatikaki, E, Bouloubasi, Z, Cook, Tl, Eleutheriou, S, Consta, O, Moschonis, G, Katsaroli, I, Kraniou, G, Papoutsou, S, Keke, D, Petraki, I, Bellou, E, Tanagra, S, Kallianoti, K, Argyropoulou, D, Kondaki, K, Tsikrika, S, Karaiskos, C, Meirhaeghe, A, Bergman, P, Hagströmer, M, Hallström, L, Hallberg, M, Poortvliet, E, Rizzo, N, Beckman, L, Wennlöf, Ah, Patterson, E, Kwak, L, Cernerud, L, Tillgren, P, Sörensen, S, Sánchez Molero, J, Picó, E, Navarro, M, Viadel, B, Carreres, Je, Merino, G, Sanjuán, R, Lorente, M, Sánchez, Mj, Castelló, S, Thomas, S, Allchurch, E, Burguess, P, Astrom, A, Sverke, A, Broberg, A, Masson, A, Lehoux, C, Brabant, P, Pate, P, Fontaine, L, Sebok, A, Kuti, T, Hegyi, A, Maldonado, C, Llorente, A, García, E, von Fircks, H, Hallberg, Ml, Messerer, M, Larsson, M, Fredriksson, H, Adamsson, V, Börjesson, I, Fernández, L, Smillie, L, Wills, J, Valtueña, J, Albers, U, Pedrero, R, Meléndez, A, Benito, Pj, Lorente, Jj, Cañada, D, Urzanqui, A, Ortiz, Jc, Fuentes, F, Torres, Rm, and Navarro, P.

Birgit Teucher, Elio Riboli, Jytte Halkjær, Nita G. Forouhi, Françoise Clavel, Francesca L. Crowe, Joline W.J. Beulens, Kim Overvad, Edith J. M. Feskens, Dagmar Drogan, Geertruida J. van Woudenbergh, Giovanna Tagliabue, Kay-Tee Khaw, Matthias B. Schulze, Giovanna Masala, Ivonne Sluijs, Pilar Amiano, Heiner Boeing, Anne Tjønneland, M-Doleres Chirlaque, Peter M. Nilsson, Guy Fagherazzi, Olov Rolandsson, Nadia Slimani, Paul W. Franks, Claudia Langenberg, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Annemieke M.W. Spijkerman, Daphne L. van der A, Nicholas J. Wareham, Christina C. Dahm, J. Ramón Quirós, Carlotta Sacerdote, Stephen J. Sharp, Eva Ardanaz, Isabelle Romieu, Dora Romaguera, Rosario Tumino, Amalia Mattiello, Aurelio Barricarte, Anneleen Kuijsten, Piia-Piret Eomois, María José Sánchez, InterAct Consortium, [van Woudenbergh, GJ, Kuijsten, A] Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands. [Drogan, D, Boeing, H, Schulze, MB] German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam- Rehbruecke, Germany. [van der A, DL, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B, Spijkerman, AMW] National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. [Romaguera, D, Riboli, E] Imperial College London, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom. [Ardanaz, E, Barricarte, A] Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain. [Amiano, P] Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain. [Beulens, JWJ, Sluijs, I] University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [Dahm, CC., Overvad, K] School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. [Chirlaque, MD] Murcia Regional Health Authority, Spain . [Clavel, F, Fagher-azzi, G] Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), France. [Crowe, FL] University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. [Eomois, P, Teucher, B] German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. [Franks, PW] Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. [Halkjaer, J, Tjonneland, A] Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Khaw, KT] University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. [Masala, G] Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy. [Mattiello, A] Federico II University, Naples, Italy. [Quiros, JR] Asturias Health & Health Care Council, Oviedo, Spain. [Rolandsson, O] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umea University, Umea , Sweden. [Romieu, I] International Agency for Research of Cancer, Lyon, France. [Sacerdote, C] Center for Cancer Prevention, Torino, Italy. [Sanchez, MJ] Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain. [Tagliabue, G] Cancer Registry and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. [Tumino, R] Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, Ragusa, Italy. [Forouhi, NG, Sharp, S, Langenberg, C, Wareham, NJ] MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom., The EPIC-InterAct project was funded by the European Union (Integrated Project LSHM-CT-2006-037197 in the Framework Program 6 of the European Community). In addition, EPIC-InterAct investigators acknowledge funding from the following agencies:-DLvdA, AMWS, and HBBdM: Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), EA and AB: Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucı´a, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain), JWJB and IS: Verification of diabetes cases was additionally funded by NL Agency grant IGE05012 and an Incentive Grant from the Board of the UMC Utrecht, AM: Compagnia di San Paolo, MDC: Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health, Murcia Regional Government (Nu 6236), and CIBER Epidemiologı´a y Salud Pu´ blica (CIBERESP), Spain, FC: Cancer Research UK, AT, JH, CCD, and KO: Danish Cancer Society, OR: Va¨sterbotten County Council, PWF: Swedish Research Council, Novo Nordisk, Swedish Diabetes Association, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, JRQ: Regional Government of the Principality of Asturias (Spain), PN and LG: Swedish Research Council, RT: AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS-Ragusa, Sicilian Regional Government, KTK: Medical Research Council UK, Cancer Research UK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., Epidemiology and Data Science, ACS - Diabetes & metabolism, ACS - Heart failure & arrhythmias, and APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases

Lyle J. Palmer, Rachel J. Ackerman, Ida Surakka, Claudia Langenberg, Lasse Folkersen, Mark Lathrop, Beverley Balkau, Alan R. Shuldiner, Mao Fu, Philippe Froguel, Douglas P. Kiel, Liana K. Billings, Toby Johnson, Samuli Ripatti, Josée Dupuis, James S. Pankow, Daniel R. Barnes, David Karasik, Nicholas J. Wareham, Pierre Meneton, Elin Grundberg, Ingrid B. Borecki, Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik, Yi-Hsiang Hsu, Nancy L. Pedersen, Serge Hercberg, Nabila Bouatia-Naji, Cécile Lecoeur, Per Eriksson, Lene Christiansen, Benjamin F. Voight, Jose C. Florez, Michael A Province, Jaakko Kaprio, Kirsten Ohm Kyvik, Jennie Hui, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Ping An, Christine Dalgård, James B. Meigs, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Harvard University [Cambridge], Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Framingham Heart Dis Epidemiol Study, Partenaires INRAE, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (BROAD INSTITUTE), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Northwestern University [Evanston], Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (UREN), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National Research Service Award Institutional Training Grant [T32-DK-007028-35], National Institutes of Health (NIH) Loan Repayment Award National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) [1-L30-DK-089944-01], Endocrine Society Lilly Endocrine Scholars Award, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Distinguished Scientist Clinical Award, NIH/National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) [R21-AR-056405], NIDDK [R0I-DK-078616, R01-DK-078616, NIDDK K24-DK-080140, 5-R01-DK-07568102, 5-R01-DK-06833603], NIAMS, National Institute on Aging Grant [R01-AR/AG-41398], Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Clinical Scientist Development Award, European Commission [HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, Health-F2-2008-200647], National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) [HHSN268201100005C, HHSN2682011000 06C, HHSN268201100007C, HEISN268201100008C, HHSN26 8201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, HHSN268201100012C, R01-HL-087641, R01-HL-59367, R01-HL-086694], National Human Genome Research Institute contract [U01-HG-004402], NIH [HHSN26 8200625226C, U01-HL-72515, R0I-DK-04261, R01-AG-18728], Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, Healthway, Western Australia [199411995], University of Maryland General Clinical Research Center Grant [M01-RR-16500], Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center [P30-DK-072488], Baltimore Diabetes Research and Training Center [P60-DK-079637], Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Conseil Regional Nord-Pas-de-Calais: Fonds europeen de developpement economique et regional, Genome Quebec Genome Canada, British Medical Research Council, NIH from the NIMBI [5-R01-HL-08770003, 5-R01-BL-08821502], European Commission under the program Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources of Fifth Framework Programme [QLG2-CT-2002-01254], European Community's Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013], ENGAGE Consortium, Danish Medical Research Council, Danish Heart Association, Danish Diabetes Association, GenomEUtwin, NHLBI's FHS [N01-HC-25195], Affymetrix, Inc. [N02-HL-6-4278], NIH National Center for Research Resources Shared Instrumentation Grant [1-S10-RR-163736-01A1], Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Swedish Research Council [12660], Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, and [HEALTH-F4-2007-201413]

Lena Hjelte, Annika Hollsing, Morten W. Fagerland, Marita Gilljam, Tacjana Pressler, Olav-Trond Storrøsten, Henriette Santi, K. Nilsson, Anna Andersson, Lena Mared, Gjermund Fluge, I.E. Moen, and This work was supported by Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Stiftelsen Frimurare-Barnhuset i Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, Norwegian and Swedish Cystic Fibrosis Associations, and by an unrestricted grant from Solvay Pharma, which has made the meetings

Josefin Skogsberg, Hasanuzzaman Bhuiyan, Roland Nilsson, Anders Hamsten, Dominique Langin, Sigurd Vitols, Jesper Tegnér, Peter Arner, Johan Björkegren, Gaby Åström, Andrea Dicker, Erik Walum, Peteris Alberts, Mikael Rydén, Aline Mairal, The Computational Medicine Group, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Department of medicine [Stockholm], Computational Biology Unit, Linköping University (LIU), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Unité de recherche sur les obésités, IFR 31 Louis Bugnard (IFR 31), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Biovitrum AB, Biovitrum, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, This study was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (P.Ar. and J.B.), the Swedish Diabetes Association (P.Ar.), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (P.Ar., J.B., and A.H.), the Novo Nordic Foundation (P.Ar.) and the King Gustaf V and Queen Victoria Foundation (P.Ar., J.B.) and the European Commission, 6th Framework Program (contract LSHM-CT-2005-01873)., and Simon, Marie Francoise