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Cancer is an important public health burden in India and around the Globe. Incident cases of cancer are reported continuously, and trends in incidence rates vary among five yearly age group. In India National census is carried out after every 10 years since 1951, the latest census is carried out in 2011. As Incident cases of cancer are reported continuously for 5 year age group and estimation of rates and trends for a given year of interest fall in-between two census period population estimation of five yearly age group, which serves as Denominator sense importance. Denominator serves as the most essential part of any cancer registry program as it used for calculation of various rates for five yearly age group such as age-standardized rate, crude rate, truncated rate, cumulative risk etc., Calculated by different registries and Individual Researchers, Government organizations, etc. Currently most of the registries used individual exponential growth rate and differential distribution method to estimate the growth rate. However, it is found that the calculated rates and risk be suffering from bias most of the time since some method over and underestimate the growth rate while some does not able to maintain consistency. Here, an attempt is made to adjust the world standard population with two census period to estimate the five yearly age group for a given year of interest of a geographical region falls in-between two census period. It is also shown here that how the proposed model "age-adjusted population growth model" maintain the overall growth as in exponential growth model and difference distribution method also maintains the estimated growth rate is as found in difference distribution method. Further, it is tried to highlight the points how these method overcomes the problems compared with other methods that are currently used by registries.

Background: Cancer is becoming the most important public health burden around the globe. As per the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2008. The burden of cancer cases for India in the year 2020 is calculated to be 1,148,757 (male 534,353; female 614,404) compared to 979,786 in 2010. The pattern of cancer incidence is varying among geographical regions, esophageal cancer for example being high in China, lung cancer in USA, and gallbladder cancer in Chile. The question remains why? Is it due to the diversity in genome pool, food habits, risk factor association and role of genetic susceptibility or some other factors associated with it? In India, the North East (NE)-India region is seeing a marked increase in cancer incidence and deaths, with a very different cancer incidence pattern compared to mainland India. The genome pool of the region is also quite distinct from the rest of India. Northeastern tribes are quite distinct from other groups; they are more closely related to East Asians than to other Indians. In this paper an attempt was made to see whether there is any similarity among the pattern of cancer incidence cases for different sites of NE-India region to South or East-Asia. Materials and Methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Pearson Correlation coefficient test was assessed to evaluate the linkage of North-East India region to other regions. A p value

SUMMARYThe name Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878) is commonly applied to members of a species complex that includes the well-known Asian lung fluke of medical and veterinary importance. Unambiguous molecular and morphological evidence showing the presence of a member of the complex in India has recently been published. In the present study we report the occurrence of 2 more members of the P. westermani complex in northeastern (NE) India. Surveys of the freshwater crabs Maydelliatelphusa lugubris in NE India revealed 2 morphologically distinct types of lung fluke metacercariae. Phylogenetic analyses, using DNA sequences from ITS2, 28S and cox1 gene regions indicate that these lung metacercariae belong to P. westermani complex. Type 1 metacercariae have a more basal position within the complex whereas type 2 metacercariae are closely related to the relatively derived forms of P. westermani from NE Asia (Japan, Korea, China) and Vietnam. A third type of metacercaria (type 3), detected in another crab host, Sartoriana spinigera in Assam, was phylogenetically close to P. siamensis, also a member of the P. westermani group. Molecular evidence has demonstrated the existence of 3 genotypes of lung flukes within the Paragonimus westermani complex in NE India. Two of these were previously unknown.