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Objetivos: Os sintomas gastrointestinais são freqüentes após o uso de derivados do ácido micofenólico. Os objetivos do trabalho foram relatar a incidência de diarréia aguda e descrever os fatores de risco associados a sua ocorrência após o transplante simultâneo de pâncreas- rim (TSPR). Métodos: Inclusão de 165 pacientes submetidos a TSPR no período de Dez/00 a Maio/07. Realizada regressão logística binária, de modo que a ocorrência de diarréia aguda foi a variável dependente; as variáveis independentes incluíram idade, sexo, raça, tempo de diabetes e diálise, modalidade de diálise, ocorrência de função retardada do enxerto renal e uso de Micofenolato de Mofetil (MMF) vs Micofenolato de Sódio (MPS). P < 0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados: As médias de idade, tempo de diálise e tempo de diabetes foram: 34,9 ± 8,2 anos, 27,3 ± 18,3 meses e 21,9 ± 16,2 anos. 63% dos pacientes usaram MMF, 36,4% usaram MPS e 0,6% usaram Azatioprina. A análise multivariada mostrou que o tempo de diabetes (p = 0,049, IC 95% 1,0-1,13) e uso de MMF (p = 0,013, IC 95% 0,2-0,82) foram os principais determinantes da diarréia aguda não-infecciosa após o TSPR. O MMF esteve associado à maior necessidade de redução da dose (79,2% vs 62,3%, p = 0,024) e a episódios mais severos de diarréia aguda associados à hipotensão ortostática (42,4% vs 15,1%, p = 0,001) do que o MPS, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre o MMF e o MPS em relação à ocorrência de infecção por citomegalovírus (36,5% vs 32,8%, p = 0,6) e de rejeição aguda do enxerto renal após redução da dose (30,8% vs 26,7%, p = 0,53), respectivamente. Conclusões: A diarréia aguda após o TSPR está relacionada ao tempo de diabetes e ao uso de MMF. O uso preferencial de MPS está associado à menor necessidade de redução da dose e a episódios menos severos de diarréia aguda. No entanto, a ocorrência de rejeição aguda do enxerto renal após redução da dose é similar entre o MMF e o MPS.

Background: Simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplants require a long graft survival and recipient with to achieve more benefits than risks. In order to access the risk for this procedure, we evaluate the risk factors of death receptor with one year postoperatively in 292 simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplants evaluated 22 variables. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two variables were selected for the study, nine from receivers, eight from donors and five variables related to the surgical procedure. To determine the survival of patients, we evaluated dates of transplants, the latest consultation and dates of deaths. All independent variables were compared with the dependent variable: patient lost in a year. Those with statistical significance through univariate analyzes, were also analyzed by multiple logistic regression technique in an attempt to develop a mathematical model capable of predicting 1-year patient loss. Results: Relatively to the loss of patient in one year, the multivariate analysis identified body mass index receptor (p ≤ 0.008) and induction therapy (negative factor p ≤ 0.008) as independent risk factors. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research can be concluded that the independent variables related to one year loss of receptor are: body mass index of the donor and induction therapy.

Background. Immunosuppressive regimen is associated with several metabolic adverse effects. Bone loss and fractures are frequent after transplantation and involve multifactorial mechanisms. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 130 patients submitted to simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) and an identification of risk factors involved in de novo Charcot neuroarthropathy by multivariate analysis were used; PG0.05 was considered significant. Results. Charcot neuroarthropathy was diagnosed in 4.6% of SPKT recipients during the first year. Cumulative glucocorticoid doses (daily dose plus methylprednisolone pulse) during the first 6 months both adjusted to body weight (978 mg/kg) and not adjusted to body weight were associated with Charcot neuroarthropathy (P=0.001 and PG0.0001, respectively). Age, gender, race, time on dialysis, time of diabetes history, and posttransplantation hyperparathyroidism were not related to Charcot neuroarthropathy after SPKT. Conclusions. Glucocorticoids are the main risk factors for de novo Charcot neuroarthropathy after SPKT. Protocols including glucocorticoid avoidance or minimization should be considered.

Diabetes mellitus with resistance to insulin administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly (DRIASM) is a rare syndrome and is usually treated with continuous intravenous insulin infusion. We present here two cases of DRIASM in 16 and 18 years female patients that were submitted to pancreas transplantation alone (PTA). Both were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes as young children and had labile glycemic control with recurrent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. They had prolonged periods of hospitalization and complications related to their central venous access. Exocrine and endocrine drainages were in the bladder and systemic, respectively. Both presented immediate graft function. In patient 1, enteric conversion was necessary due to reflux pancreatitis. Patient 2 developed mild postoperative hyperglycemia in spite of having normal pancreas allograft biopsy and that was attributed to her immunosuppressive regimen. Patient 1 died 9 months after PTA from septic shock related to pneumonia. In 8 months of follow-up, Patient 2 presented optimal glycemic control without the use of antidiabetic agents. In conclusion, PTA may be an alternative treatment for DRIASM patients.

Pancreas transplantation is an invasive procedure that can restore and maintain normoglycemic level very successfully and for a prolonged period in DM1 patients. The procedure elevates the morbimortality rates in the first few months following the surgery if compared to kidney transplants with living donors, but it offers a better quality of life to patients. Although controversial, several studies have shown the stabilization or the improvement of some of the chronic complications related to diabetes, as well as the extra number of years of life that patients submitted to a double pancreas-kidney transplantation may gain. Recent studies have demonstrated clashing outcomes regarding isolated pancreas transplantations, a fact which reinforces the need for a more discerning selection of patients for this procedure.

Background. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) is one of the treatments for insulin-dependent chronic renal failure patients. Methods. One-year patient and kidney allograft survival rates of 150 patients undergoing SPKT were subjected to Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. Uni- and multivariate methods identified risk factors involved in allograft and patient survival. Results. One-year patient and kidney allograft survival rates were 82% and 80%, respectively. Delayed graft function (DGF) (P .001; hazard ratio [HR]5.41) and acute kidney rejection episodes (P .016; HR 3.36) were related to 1 year patient survival as well as intra-abdominal infection (IAI) rates. (IAI). One-year kidney allograft survival was related to DGF (P .013; odds ratio [OR] 3.39), acute rejection (P .001; OR 4.74), and IAI (P .003, OR 6.29). DGF was related to a time on dialysis 27 months (P .046; OR 2.59), cold kidney ischemia time 14 hours (P .027; OR 2.94), donor age 25 years (P .03; OR 2.82), and donor serum sodium concentration 155 mEq/L (P .0001; OR 1.09). Female kidney to male recipient in 17% of the cases did not increase the risk of DGF. We observed an important correlation between donor serum sodium and creatinine (P .0001), which suggested undertreatment of diabetes insipidus secondary to brain death. Conclusions. DGF, acute rejection, and IAI were the main determinants of survival after SPKT. Improving the care of deceased donors may reduce DGF occurrence.

Background Diabetes is a disease of increasing worldwide prevalence and is the main cause of chronic renal failure. Type 1 diabetic patients with chronic renal failure have the following therapy options: kidney transplant from a living donor, pancreas after kidney transplant, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant, or awaiting a deceased donor kidney transplant. For type 2 diabetic patients, only kidney transplant from deceased or living donors are recommended. Patient survival after kidney transplant has been improving for all age ranges in comparison to the dialysis therapy. The main causes of mortality after transplant are cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, infections and neoplasias. Five-year patient survival for type 2 diabetic patients is lower than the non-diabetics' because they are older and have higher body mass index on the occasion of the transplant and both pre- and posttransplant cardiovascular diseases prevalences. The increased postransplant cardiovascular mortality in these patients is attributed to the presence of well-known risk factors, such as insulin resistance, higher triglycerides values, lower HDL-cholesterol values, abnormalities in fibrinolysis and coagulation and endothelial dysfunction. In type 1 diabetic patients, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant is associated with lower prevalence of vascular diseases, including acute myocardial infarction, stroke and amputation in comparison to isolated kidney transplant and dialysis therapy. Conclusion Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients present higher survival rates after transplant in comparison to the dialysis therapy, although the prevalence of cardiovascular events and infectious complications remain higher than in the general population.

Introduction Adverse gastrointestinal events are frequent after mycophenolate use. The objectives of the present study were to report the incidence of acute noninfectious diarrhea, to determine the risk factors, and to compare the severity of reactions between mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) after simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation (SPKT). Methods We included 165 SPKT patients from December 2000 to May 2007. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed, using acute noninfectious diarrhea as the dependent variable. P Results Mean age and duration of dialysis and of diabetes were 34.9 ± 8.2 years, 27.3 ± 18.3 months, and 21.9 ± 16.2 years, respectively. Sixty-three percent used MMF, 36.4% used EC-MPS, and 0.6% used azathioprine. Multivariate analysis showed that the duration of diabetes ( P = .049, confidence interval [CI] 1.0– 1.13) and MMF use ( P = .013, 95% CI 0.2–0.82) were the main determinants of acute diarrhea after SPKT. MMF dose reduction (79.2% vs 62.3%, P = .024) and severity of diarrhea associated with orthostatic hypotension were more pronounced among MMF than EC-MPS patients (42.4% vs 15.1%, P = .001). There was no difference between MMF and EC-MPS after dose reduction in relation to the occurrence of acute kidney rejection (30.8% vs 26.7%, P = .53). Conclusions Acute noninfectious diarrhea after SPKT was related to the duration of diabetes and to prescription of MMF. Preferential use of EC-MPS was associated with a lower necessity of dose reduction and less severe episodes of acute diarrhea compared with MMF, although dose reduction was equally associated with acute episodes of kidney rejection.

O transplante simultâneo de pâncreas/rim tem indicações específicas, riscos e benefícios. O procedimento, cada vez mais realizado, traz vantagens se comparado ao paciente em diálise, em relação à qualidade de vida, anos de vida ganhos e evolução das complicações crônicas. Se o paciente tiver a opção de realizar o transplante de rim com doador vivo, que apresenta sobrevida semelhante do enxerto e do paciente aos dez anos, o procedimento deverá ser considerado. O transplante de pâncreas após rim, quando efetivo, pode melhorar a evolução das complicações cardiovasculares, mas em contrapartida provoca maior mortalidade nos primeiros meses após a cirurgia. O transplante isolado de pâncreas também ocasiona a maior mortalidade pós-operatória, resultado da complexidade do procedimento e da imunossupressão. O transplante de ilhotas tem sua indicação para um seleto grupo de diabéticos com instabilidade glicêmica. Pancreas and kidney transplants have specific indications, benefits and risks. The procedure has become more common and more often as long-term success has improved and risks have decreased. Compared with a patient being on dialysis, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant offers a distinct advantage when it comes to mortality, quality of life and diabetic complications. Since there can be a living-donor kidney transplant,, a possibly similar patient and graft survival by 10 years follow-up, this procedure should be considered. Pancreas after kidney transplants, when successful, can improve microvascular complications compared with kidney transplant alone, but immediate mortality may be higher. Solitary pancreas transplantation can improve the quality of life in selected patients, but it may also increase the immediate risk of mortality due to the complexity of the surgery and the risks of immunosupression. The results of Islet transplantation differ from the higher metabolic performance achieved by whole pancreas allotransplantation and its applicability is limited to selected adult diabetic patients. Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Medicina Departamento de Cirurgia Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Hospital São Lucas Serviço de Nefrologia Universidade de São Paulo Núcleo de Terapia Celular e Molecular Sistema de Saúde Centro de Pesquisa Médica Notre-Dame Intermédica USP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Clínica Médica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Departamento de Medicina Interna Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Serviço de Transplante de Pâncreas UNIFESP, Depto. de Medicina Depto. de Cirurgia SciELO

In this paper, the authors evaluate if the use of a venous drainage system in the cava vein (instead of the external iliac vein) presents differences in pancreatic transplantation. Between December 2000 and 2004, 105 pancreas-kidney transplants were performed. Patients in group A (n=49) underwent complete liberation of the right iliac vein for venous drainage. In group B (n=56), the venous drainage system was placed in the cava vein or in the confluence. Analyzed clinical parameters included: insulin replacement, vascular thrombosis in the graft, intraabdominal collections, graft loss, reoperation, and deaths. When compared to the external iliac vein, venous drainage to the cava vein did not result in significant differences. Venous drainage to the cava vein is a valuable alternative when the right iliac fossa has been previously approached. It is a practical, rapid procedure and it is not necessary to expose the internal iliac vein.

Background. Belzer solution is considered to be the best preservation media used for pancreas transplantation; however, its high cost accounts for approximately 14.5% of all resources allocated by the Brazilian government toward each pancreatic transplant. The objective of the present study was to test a reduction of Belzer solution during pancreas harvest, thereby lowering procedural cost. Methods. The patients received pancreas-kidney transplantations during the period from January 2003 to August 2004. Patients were divided into two groups. Patients assigned to Group A (n=30) received only Belzer solution (2 L through the aorta artery), whereas patients in Group B (n= 16) were perfused first with 1 L of Eurocollins solution followed by 1 L of Belzer solution. The two groups were assessed for differences in the following clinical parameters: the need for insulin replacement or antifungal and anticytomegalovirus treatment, pancreatitis, acute cellular rejection, graft vascular thrombosis, fistulas, intra-abdominal collection, graft loss, deaths, pancreatic ischemia time, and average hospitalization time. Results. No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the parameters analyzed (P