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Melatonin (MT; N -acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that has been demonstrated to play an important role in plant growth, development, and regulation of environmental stress responses. Studies have been conducted on the role of the exogenous application of MT in a few species, but the potential mechanisms of MT-mediated stress tolerance under salt stress are still largely unknown. In this study, naked oat seedlings under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) were pretreated with two different concentrations of MT (50 and 100 μM), and the effects of MT on the growth and antioxidant capacity of naked oat seedlings were analyzed to explore the regulatory effect of MT on salt tolerance. The results showed that pretreating with different concentrations of MT promoted the growth of seedlings in response to 150 mM NaCl. Different concentrations of MT reduced hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and malondialdehyde contents. The exogenous application of MT also increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxide activities. Chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaf volume, and proline increased in the leaves of naked oat seedlings under 150 mM NaCl stress. MT upregulated the expression levels of the lipid peroxidase genes lipoxygenase and peroxygenase , a chlorophyll biosynthase gene ( ChlG ), the mitogen-activated protein kinase genes Asmap1 and Aspk11 , and the transcription factor genes (except DREB2 ), NAC , WRKY1 , WRKY3 , and MYB in salt-exposed MT-pretreated seedlings when compared with seedlings exposed to salt stress alone. These results demonstrate an important role of MT in the relief of salt stress and, therefore, provide a reference for managing salinity in naked oat.

Melatonin ( N -acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, MT) is a molecule with pleiotropic effects including antioxidant activity, regulated plant growth, development, and reduced environmental stress in plants. However, only a few studies have analyzed the effect of exogenous MT on drought stress in naked oat seedlings. Therefore, in this study, we studied the effects of exogenous MT on the antioxidant capacity of naked oat under drought stress to understand the possible antioxidant mechanism. The results showed that a pretreatment of 100 μM MT reduced the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (O 2− •) contents. MT also enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the leaves of naked oat seedlings under 20% PEG-6000 drought stress. MT upregulated the expression levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) Asmap1 and Aspk11 , and the transcription factor (TF) genes (except for NAC ), WRKY1 , DREB2 , and MYB increased in drought with MT pretreatment seedlings when compared with seedlings exposed to drought stress alone. These data indicated that the MT-mediated induction of the antioxidant response may require the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MAPK, followed by triggering a downstream MAPK cascade such as Asmap1 and Aspk11, to regulate the expression of antioxidant-related genes. This study demonstrated that MT could induce the expression of MAPKs and TFs and regulate the expression of downstream stress-responsive genes, thereby increasing the plant’s tolerance. This may provide a new idea for MT modulation in the regulation of plant antioxidant defenses. These results provide a theoretical basis for MT to alleviate drought stress in naked oat.

Melatonin (MT; N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine), a natural derivative of tryptophan, is a central biomolecule synthesised by almost all organisms, including animals and plants. As an antioxidant, MT is involved in many cell responses associated with the protection of plants against abiotic stress. However, there are few studies on the function of MT in microalgae. Our work focused on the relationship between exogenous MT and salt stress in the single-celled eukaryote Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, evaluating for growth, cell morphology, malondialdehyde (MDA) content (the peroxidation product of the cell membrane), activity of antioxidant enzymes and MT concentration under 100 mM NaCl treatment. Growth of Chlamydomonas was promoted at MT concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 μM, but at 10 and 100 μM, MT was associated with negative effects on growth. MT at 1 μM maintained intact cell morphology and cellular aggregation in an unfavourable salt environment. MT concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 μM MT led to increased activity of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) but reduced MDA. In conclusion, by increasing relative enzyme activity and maintaining a balanced redox state, exogenous MT may improve salt tolerance of C. reinhardtii to allow normal growth. A suitable concentration of exogenous MT improved the growth of C. reinhardtii in a salt environment and increased the activity of antioxidant system–related enzymes to protect cells. These results provide insight into the function of MT in a model green alga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]