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Language-dependent recall refers to the language-specific retrieval of memories in which the retrieval success depends on the match between the languages of encoding and retrieval. The present study investigated language-dependent recall in terms of memory accuracy, false memory, and episodic memory characteristics in the free recall of fictional stories. We also asked how language-dependent memories were influenced by language proficiency and visual imagery. One hundred and thirty-seven native Turkish (L1) speakers who were second-language learners of English (L2) were divided into four groups in which they read fictional stories and then recalled them: (1) Turkish reading–Turkish recall, (2) English reading–English recall, (3) English reading–Turkish recall, (4) Turkish reading–English recall. Regardless of the match between L1 or L2, accuracy was higher when participants read and recalled the stories in the same language than when they did it in different languages, showing the language-dependent recall effect. Notably, the effect of match or mismatch between encoding and retrieval languages on accuracy did not depend on L2 proficiency and visual imagery. In addition, false memories were salient, particularly for participants who read the stories in L2 but retrieved them in L1. Overall, our findings suggest that accuracy-oriented memory research provides a comprehensive investigation of language-dependent recall, addressing the links of language-dependent memories with accuracy, false memory, and episodic memory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeners are sensitive to speakers' co-speech iconic gestures. Concurrent visual and verbal information compete for attentional resources during multimodal comprehension. The current study examined the role of individual differences in visual-spatial vs. verbal abilities on individuals' differential sensitivity to gestural vs. spoken expressions. Turkish-speaking adults (N = 83) were tested on their sensitivity to concurrent gesture vs. speech in an online task (Kelly, S. D., Özyürek, A., & Maris, E. (2010a). Two sides of the same coin. Psychological Science, 21(2), 260–267) and were administered spatial and verbal working memory measures. Participants were slower and less accurate when gesture and speech were incongruent to one another compared to the baseline condition, in which they expressed congruent information. People with higher spatial working memory capacity were more efficient in processing gestures whereas people with higher verbal working memory capacity were more sensitive to spoken expressions. These suggest that not all people are equally sensitive to co-speech gestures and some people may benefit more from gestures during comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]