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Despite the advances in understanding the relationship between smoking and depressive symptomatology, scarce research has investigated cognitive variables underlying in such relation. The main aim of this study is to examine the mediating effect of two rumination subtypes (brooding and reflection) in the link between depressive symptoms and both cigarette dependence level and tobacco craving in treatment-seeking smokers. Participants were 275 adult daily smokers seeking treatment to quit smoking (61.5% females; Mage = 45.3 years; SD = 10.9). Multiple mediation analysis was conducted to explore the mediating effects of rumination (brooding and reflection) in the relation between depressive symptoms, cigarette dependence level, and craving. Results showed a significant indirect effect of depressive symptoms through the joint of both rumination subtypes on cigarette dependence (β = 0.089; 95% BootCI [0.006, 0.168]), and craving (β = 0.123; 95% BootCI [0.048, 0.205]). The specific analysis of each mediator showed that only brooding subtype had a significant effect on the relation between depressive symptoms and tobacco craving (β = 0.101; 95% BootCI [0.023, 0.186]). Findings of the present study provide further evidence for the role of rumination in smoking-related variables and for the potential value of introducing rumination-focused interventions into smoking-cessation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depressive symptoms and craving are related to smoking maintenance; however, little is known about the association between trajectories of depressive symptoms and smoking craving after quitting.Objectives: We examined if depressive symptom change relates to change in craving following smoking cessation treatment.Methods: Participants were 362 (64.1% female; 35.9% male) adult treatment seeking smokers who quit smoking after treatment. Depressive symptoms and craving trajectories were evaluated during smoking cessation treatment until 6 months follow-up. A latent growth curve model was used to study the correlation between trajectories.Results: Depressive symptoms and smoking craving reduced significantly after quitting. Change in depressive symptoms was significantly related to change in craving symptoms over time.Conclusions: Quitting smoking was related to a reduction in depressive symptoms and craving. Clinically, the reduction of depressive symptoms is associated with reduce craving. The data suggest depression plays an important role in craving change following treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis (ID: CRD42016051017) of smoking cessation interventions for patients with current depression. We examined the effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments in improving abstinence rates and depressive symptoms. The following electronic databases were used for potentially eligible studies: PUBMED, PSYCINFO, DIALNET and WEB OF KNOWLEDGE. The search terms used were: smoking cessation, depressive disorder, depression, mood, depressive, depressed, smoking, smokers, nicotine, nicotine dependence, and tobacco cigarette smoking. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality assessment tool (EPHPP). Of the 6,584 studies identified, 20 were eligible and included in the review. Trial designs of studies were 16 randomized controlled trials and 4 secondary studies. Studies included three types of intervention: psychological (6/30%), pharmacological (6/30%) or combined (8/40%). Four trials comprised special populations of smokers. Four studies received a strong methodological quality, 7 were scored as moderate and 9 studies received a weak methodological rating. Analyses of effectiveness showed that smoking cessation interventions appear to increase short-term and long-term smoking abstinence in individuals with current depression. Subgroup analyses revealed stronger effects among studies that provided pharmacological treatments than in studies using psychological treatments. However, the evidence is weak due to the small number of studies. Smoking abstinence appears to be associated with an improvement in depressive symptoms. Heterogeneity in protocols in similar types of treatment also prevent firm conclusions being drawn on the effectiveness of any particular treatment model to optimally manage abstinence among depressed smokers. Further research is required to strengthen the evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is an interconnection between history of major depressive disorder and smoking, there has been relatively limited scientific attention oriented on the interplay between history of major depressive disorder and smoking maintenance processes. The current study sought to address whether history of major depressive disorder and post-cessation craving interact in the prediction of relapse among treatment-seeking smokers. Separate models were evaluated as a function of sex. Participants (n= 319,Mage = 41.7, 62.1% female) were treatment-seeking smokers who were abstinent at the end of six weekly 1-hour sessions involving psychosocial treatment for cessation. Participants completed a baseline assessment and reported post-cessation craving. Smoking status was assessed at 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up after the end of treatment. There was a significant interactive effect evident for females (B= 0.05,OR= 1.05,p= 0.013), but not males. The form of the interaction indicated females with history of major depressive disorder and greater post-treatment craving evinced the highest rate of relapse. Findings suggest that history of major depressive disorder and post-treatment craving are related to increased risk of relapse for female, but not male, smokers. Sex differences play a fundamental role in the explanation of the interaction of history of major depressive disorder and craving post-treatment in smoking relapse. Considering sex differences related to smoking relapse may help to tailor smoking cessation treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study examined whether personality disorders (PDs) are associated with cigarette smoking, and the possible influence of nicotine dependence, sociodemographic variables, and the presence of any lifetime Axis I mental disorder in these relationships. The sample was made up of 1,081 adult participants from the Spanish general population and was stratified by smoking status (519 smokers and 562 non-smokers). PDs were assessed by means of the International Personality Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Module DSM-TV. Results indicated that participants with a paranoid, a narcissistic, a borderline, an antisocial, or an obsessive-compulsive PD had a higher probability for being smokers and for being nicotine-dependent. The only exception was the schizoid PD, because participants with this Axis II disorder had a lower probability for being nicotine-dependent smokers. The association between PDs and smoking was maintained even after adjusting for all covariates. Findings are discussed in relation to the influence of Axis II disorders on smoking cessation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence of depression in cocaine-dependent users is relevant for treatment of these persons. This study assessed the presence of depressive symptomatology with a published Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory for a sample of 115 Spanish cocaine-dependent users who were in outpatient treatment at Centers of Drug Dependence of Galicia, Spain. The mean score was 13.7 (SD = 10.3), with 24.3% of the sample having scores which indicate clinical depression (cut off ≥ 21). These data underscore the need to assess the presence of depression in cocaine-dependent users who require treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of psychopathological characteristics of people with cocaine dependence demanding treatment in centers of drug abuse is a relevant topic, due to the relevant increase of these demands in the last year. The objective of the present study is to analyze the presence of certain psychopathological symptoms and the disconfort perceived by the subject with the SCL-90-R in a sample of 115 subjects in treatment for cocaine dependence. The results obtained indicate that the scales of symptoms with more punctuation are these of depression, obsession-compulsion, paranoid ideation and interpersonal sensibility. The 36.5% of the sample would be located in the psychiatric population according the norms of this questionnaire. This suggests the necessity to evaluate these psychopathological characteristics for an appropriate design of the treatment of these people wich cocaine dependence what suffer other disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Substance use and depression co-occurrence is a frequent phenomenon and an important public health concern. Given the clinical implications and the high prevalence of both disorders, effective interventions are needed.Methods: The aim of this study is to review Behavioural Activation (BA) intervention effects to improve substance use behaviour and depression. A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. The Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool (EPHPP) was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts, reviewed selected studies, and extracted data.Results: Of the 7286 studies identified, eight met inclusion criteria. Designs of the studies included six randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and two pre-post design studies. One trial received weak methodological quality, six moderate, and one strong. Three studies addressed smoking behaviour; two targeted opiate dependence; two focused on alcohol/drug dependence; and, one on crystal methamphetamine abuse. Results showed that BA had a positive effect on substance use outcomes in seven of the eight reviewed studies, and improved depression over time in six studies.Conclusions: Although studies conducted so far are limited by their heterogeneity and sample sizes, results are promising. There is a need of well controlled and powered studies to establish and to confirm the effectiveness of BA for the treatment of substance use and depression. Future studies should include stronger methodological designs, larger sample sizes, and long-term follow-ups.Trial Registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42016039412 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explores the shared and specific associations of brooding rumination and anxiety sensitivity to depression and anxiety symptomatology in a sample of treatment-seeking smokers. Methods: The sample was composed of 275 treatment-seeking adult smokers. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relations of both variables with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results: Greater brooding rumination and anxiety sensitivity predicted higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. A specific relationship emerged after controlling for comorbid symptoms (depressive or anxiety symptoms) where brooding rumination was associated with depressive symptoms and anxiety sensitivity with anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: The findings showed that the variables examined are transdiagnostically related to emotional symptoms, but this relationship was symptomatologyspecific when controlling for comorbid symptoms (depressive or anxiety symptoms). Due to the impact of affective symptoms on abstinence outcomes, these findings have relevant clinical implications. In the context of smoking cessation treatment, identifying shared and specific vulnerabilities might contribute to tailoring and designing more precise and effective interventions for quitting smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study sought to further examine the relation between avoidance, environmental reward, depressive symptoms and cigarette dependence. Method: The sample included 275 adult treatmentseeking daily smokers (Mage = 45.36, SD = 10.96; 61.5% female). To examine the relationships between the study variables, correlation and serial mediation analyses were conducted. Results: A significant positive relationship between cigarette dependence, avoidance, and depressive symptoms, and a negative relationship with environmental reward was found. Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect pathway from avoidance to cigarette dependence through depressive symptoms; and also a significant indirect serial pathway from avoidance to cigarette dependence through environmental reward and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the importance of avoidance, environmental reward and depressive symptoms in cigarette dependence. Our findings contribute to the understanding of behavioral and psychological factors related to cigarette dependence, which is a well-known barrier to abstinence. Thus, it could be useful to assess and address such variables in the context of smoking-cessation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between tobacco and depressive symptoms has been examined. However, there is little information on the evolution of these symptoms when an individual quits. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of depressive symptoms over time (pre-, post-treatment, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up) in relation to smoking status 12 months after having received a psychological treatment for smoking cessation.Method: The sample was made up of 242 adults who received cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation (64.4% women; mean age=41.71 years). The BDI-II was used to assess depressive symptomatology. Participants were classified into three groups according to smoking status at 12-months follow-up (abstainers, relapsers, and smokers).Results: There were no significant differences in depressive symptoms among the three groups at pretreatment. At the end of treatment, abstainers and relapsers presented less depressive symptomatology than smokers. At follow-up, abstainers continued to present less depressive symptomatology than smokers, whereas in relapsers, symptoms began to increase as the relapses occurred. Regarding the evolution of depressive symptomatology, the abstainer and relapser groups showed a significant reduction at the end of treatment. Only in the group of abstainers did the decrease continue during 12 months follow-up.Limitations: The decrease of the initial sample size from 562 to 242 participants. Variables such as self-esteem and self-efficacy were not assessed.Conclusions: Smoking cessation is associated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology, that is maintained over time. In contrast, relapse is associated with an increase of such symptoms. These findings signify the potential importance of addressing depressive symptomatology in smoking cessation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depressive symptoms are related to smoking cessation outcomes. We examined the effects of behavioral activation (BA), as part of a cognitive behavioral intervention to quit smoking, in terms of abstinence rates according to depressive symptom level. We also analyzed whether BA could differentially benefit participants with higher versus lower anhedonia.Methods: The sample was composed of 183 smokers (Mage = 45.3; 62.8% female) who participated in a randomized clinical trial assessing the effects of a BA intervention compared to a standard intervention. Smoking outcomes were biochemically confirmed point prevalence abstinence, and abstinence days after treatment during one year follow-up. The intensity of depressive symptomatology and anhedonic symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II.Results: No differences in abstinence rates were found in relation to depressive symptom level. The BA condition (vs. standard condition) predicted greater abstinence rates (OR = 1.91) in participants with lower scores on depressive symptoms, whereas in participants with higher scores, it did not (OR = 1.17). Moreover, the BA condition predicted greater abstinence rates in participants with lower scores on anhedonia. When examining days of abstinence during the one-year follow-up period, a significant interaction was found between depressive symptoms and treatment condition, favoring the BA condition.Conclusion: BA implemented as part of a cognitive behavioral intervention to quit smoking improves long-term abstinence rates, especially among those with fewer depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]