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Stroke has been linked to various physical and mental disorders, with both stroke and its comorbidities significantly impacting public health. In this population-based study, we evaluate the relationships between stroke, physical conditions, mental disorders, and their effect on quality of life. Data were gathered from a nationally representative sample of 36,309 civilian participants aged 18 years and older in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. We examined the prevalence of past-year stroke, its sociodemographic characteristics, and its associations with past-year mental disorders (according to the DSM-5) and physical conditions. Furthermore, we explored the connections between stroke and health-related quality of life, accounting for comorbidities. The past 12-month stroke prevalence was estimated at 0.82%. Participants with stroke exhibited a significantly higher past 12-month mental disorder prevalence than those without stroke. Specifically, individuals with stroke faced a higher risk of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, tobacco use disorder, and opioid use disorder compared to those without stroke. Stroke was also positively associated with 24 out of the 27 physical conditions assessed in this study. Participants with stroke experienced lower mental and physical quality of life compared to those without stroke. Stroke was significantly related to numerous mental and physical disorders. The association of stroke with diminished health-related quality of life was not only mediated by these comorbidities but should also be considered as inherently linked to stroke itself., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Hypothesis: In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Psychotics-Like Experiences according to age group and their association with psychiatric disorders through these different age-group, as well as their impact on quality of life., Study Design: Using data from the second wave of the NESARC, a large general population study, we considered 6 mutually exclusive groups according to the age at the interview: 20-29 years; 30-39 years; 40-49 years; 50-59 years; 60-69 years; 70+ years. We determined the frequency of PLEs defined as positive, negative, depressive, mania and disorganization symptoms with reference to the PANSS, and the association between the presence of PLEs in the previous year and the presence of lifetime psychiatric disorders and quality of life across different age groups., Study Results: The prevalence of PLEs decreased across age from a 34.7 % in the 20-29 years age group, to 19.7 % in the 70+ years age group. Across all age groups, individuals who reported PLEs in the previous year had higher risk of having any psychiatric disorder, (i.e any mood disorder, any anxiety disorder any substance abuse and any personality disorder) compared to individuals not reporting PLEs. All dimensions of quality of life on the SF12 scale were negatively associated with the presence of a PLE regardless of age group., Conclusion: We found that the frequency of PLEs decreased with age and that the presence of PLE is associated with psychiatric disorders and with impaired quality of life in all age groups., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Parent history of severe mental illness (PHSMI) may have long-term consequences in adult offspring due to genetic and early environmental factors in preliminary studies. To compare the outcomes associated in subjects with PHSMI to those in patients without PHSMI. The participants with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders were recruited in the ongoing FACE-SZ cohort at a national level (10 expert centers) and evaluated with a 1-day-long standardized battery of clinician-rated scales and patient-reported outcomes. PHSMI was defined as history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorders in at least one parent and was included as explanatory variable in multivariate models. Of the 724 included patients, 78 (10.7%) subjects were classified in the PHSMI group. In multivariate analyses, PHSMI patients had a better insight into schizophrenia and the need for treatment and reported more often childhood trauma history compared to patients without PHSMI. More specifically, those with paternal history of SMI reported more severe outcomes (increased childhood physical and emotional abuses, comorbid major depression and psychiatric hospitalizations). PHSMI is associated with increased risk of childhood trauma, major depressive disorder and psychiatric hospitalization and better insight in individuals with schizophrenia. Specific public health prevention programs for parents with SMI should be developed to help protect children from pejorative psychiatric outcomes. PHSMI may also explain in part the association between better insight and increased depression in schizophrenia., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

Background: Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) constitute subthreshold symptoms of psychotic disorders, and belong to five distinct dimensions: Positive, Negative, Depressive, Mania and Disorganization. PLEs are associated with various psychiatric disorders. However, few studies examined their association with physical disorders., Objective: Our aims were (1) to assess the associations between various physical disorders and PLEs in a U.S. representative sample, and (2) to examine these associations according to the five dimensions of PLEs., Method: We used data from the wave II (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-II), a large national sample representative of the US population (N = 34,653). Participants were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule 4. Twenty-two PLEs were examined. Lifetime prevalence and adjusted Odds-Ratio (aOR) reflecting the association of sixteen physical disorders (including notably metabolic conditions and heart diseases) with PLEs were calculated., Results: All studied physical disorders were associated with the presence of PLEs. Particularly the presence of any physical condition, any heart disease and diabetes were more frequent in participants with at least one PLE compared with the group without any PLE (aOR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.62-1.87, aOR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.33-1.55 and aOR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.24-1.54, respectively). Almost all physical disorders were associated with the five dimensions of PLEs., Conclusions: PLEs were associated with a large range of physical disorders, with a gradual dose effect. To assess PLEs in the general population could help with the screening of subjects with physical disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no competing interests to report., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diverse lines of research testify a link, presumably causal, between immune dysregulation and the development, course and clinical outcome of psychiatric disorders. However, there is a large heterogeneity among the patients' individual immune profile and this heterogeneity prevents the development of precise diagnostic tools and the identification of therapeutic targets. The aim of this review was to delineate possible subgroups of patients on the basis of clinical dimensions, investigating whether they could lead to particular immune signatures and tailored treatments. We discuss six clinical entry points; genetic liability to immune dysregulation, childhood maltreatment, metabolic syndrome, cognitive dysfunction, negative symptoms and treatment resistance. We describe the associated immune signature and outline the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs so far. Finally, we discuss advantages of this approach, challenges and future research directions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of authors has any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations to report that could inappropriately influence or bias this work., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Fibromyalgia has been associated with various physical and mental disorders. However, these comorbidities need to be quantified in a population-based study., Method: We compared participants with and without self-reported fibromyalgia to assess (a) The prevalence of self-reported fibromyalgia and its sociodemographic characteristics in a US representative sample, (b) The associations between self-reported fibromyalgia and lifetime and past 12-month mental and physical disorders and (c) The quality of life associated with self-reported fibromyalgia. This cross-sectional study used a large national sample (n = 36,309) of the US population, the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Face to face interviews were conducted, collecting sociodemographic characteristics, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5 structured diagnosis and self-reported medical conditions (including fibromyalgia)., Results: The past 12-month prevalence of self-reported fibromyalgia was estimated at 2.05%. Participants with self-reported fibromyalgia were significantly at higher risk to report a lifetime history of mental disorder (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.32). Self-reported fibromyalgia was also positively associated with 24 of the 27 physical conditions assessed in this study. Participants with self-reported fibromyalgia were more likely to report a past 12-month history of suicide attempts (aOR = 5.81), substance use disorders (aOR = 1.40), mood disorders (aOR = 2.67), anxiety disorders (aOR = 2.75) and eating disorders (aOR = 2.45). Participants with self-reported fibromyalgia had lower levels of both mental and physical quality of life than those without fibromyalgia., Conclusions: Participants with self-reported fibromyalgia have a higher prevalence of comorbid mental and physical disorders, and lower mean levels of mental and physical quality of life than their counterparts without fibromyalgia., Significance: We showed here a strong association of self-reported fibromyalgia with both mental and physical comorbidities. We showed that among participants with self-reported fibromyalgia, more than 8 out of 10 had at least three other physical comorbidities, and almost half had at least three mental comorbidities. This is a cross-sectional study using a representative sample of the US population with highly reliable psychiatric diagnosis that makes our results generalizable. Practitioners managing fibromyalgia should search and treat these comorbidities., (© 2020 European Pain Federation - EFIC®.)

Acyl coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP), also known as diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) is a multifunctional protein with an intracellular action (as ACBP), as well as with an extracellular role (as DBI). The plasma levels of soluble ACBP/DBI are elevated in human obesity and reduced in anorexia nervosa. Accumulating evidence indicates that genetic or antibody-mediated neutralization of ACBP/DBI has anorexigenic effects, thus inhibiting food intake and inducing lipo-catabolic reactions in mice. A number of anorexiants have been withdrawn from clinical development because of their side effects including an increase in depression and suicide. For this reason, we investigated the psychiatric impact of ACBP/DBI in mouse models and patient cohorts. Intravenously (i.v.) injected ACBP/DBI protein conserved its orexigenic function when the protein was mutated to abolish acyl coenzyme A binding, but lost its appetite-stimulatory effect in mice bearing a mutation in the γ2 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor (GABA A R). ACBP/DBI neutralization by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a specific mAb blunted excessive food intake in starved and leptin-deficient mice, but not in ghrelin-treated animals. Neither i.v. nor i.p. injected anti-ACBP/DBI antibody affected the behavior of mice in the dark-light box and open-field test. In contrast, ACBP/DBI increased immobility in the forced swim test, while anti-ACBP/DBI antibody counteracted this sign of depression. In patients diagnosed with therapy-resistant bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, ACBP/DBI similarly correlated with body mass index (BMI), not with the psychiatric diagnosis. Patients with high levels of ACBP/DBI were at risk of dyslipidemia and this effect was independent from BMI, as indicated by multivariate analysis. In summary, it appears that ACBP/DBI neutralization has no negative impact on mood and that human depression is not associated with alterations in ACBP/DBI concentrations.

Purpose: The association of obesity with a large range of physical conditions and numerous psychiatric disorders has been extensively studied. Our study sought the extent to which physical conditions or psychiatric disorders associated with obesity mediate the association of obesity with unemployment or disability., Methods: Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III, 2012-2013), we estimated the prevalence of unemployment as a function of obesity taking into account these comorbidities. Data on self-reported height and weight were available for 35,725 respondents. Clinician-diagnosed physical conditions were self-reported and lifetime psychiatric disorders were assessed with a semistructured interview., Results: The adjusted prevalence of obesity was 30.4%. Participants with obesity were more likely than participants without obesity to report at least one of the 31 assessed physical conditions (64.46% vs. 46.87%; P < .001). Participants with obesity were more likely to report at least one of the 24 assessed psychiatric diagnoses than respondents without obesity (60.57 vs. 56.75%; P < .001). The rates of unemployment were higher in participants with obesity than in those without obesity (15.75% vs. 11.26%; P < .001). Similarly, participants with obesity reported higher rates of disability than those without obesity. Although the number of physical conditions and psychiatric disorders partly explains this association, obesity remained significantly associated with unemployment and greater disability when controlling for the number of physical conditions and psychiatric disorders., Conclusions: Obesity is associated with high rates of unemployment and with high disability. This is not explained solely by the high rate of physical conditions and psychiatric disorders associated with obesity., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: To what extent Psychotic Like Experiences (PLEs) are associated with nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders and whether the number of PLEs is associated with higher rates of psychiatric disorders remains unclear., Methods: The sample was composed of 34,653 civilian participants, aged 18 years and older from wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). This was a representative sample of the non-institutionalized U.S., Population: Twenty-two PLEs were assessed. Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders (any mood, anxiety, substance use and personality disorders, PTSD, ADHD, and suicide attempts) according to the number of PLEs were calculated., Results: Almost a third (26.69%) of respondents reported experiencing at least one type of PLEs. There was a gradual association between the number of PLEs and the presence of a nonpsychotic psychiatric disorder (ranging from 5.68%in participants with no PLEs up to 99.53% in those with five or more PLEs). This association with PLE was significant for each of the 25 psychiatric disorders examined regardless of the number of PLEs. Lifetime prevalence of PLEs were significantly higher among the younger respondents, women, non-married, unemployed, high educational level and those with low family income., Conclusion: There is a gradual increase in the magnitude of the association of the numbers of PLEs for each of the 25 nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders examined. Having at least one PLE is strongly associated with the presence of a psychiatric disorder., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The other authors declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Receiving a diagnosis of cancer may be associated with increased risk of mental disorders. Yet, in this context, no factor predicts the onset of a mental disorder besides the diagnosis of cancer itself. If patients with a history of mental disorder are at particular risk is unknown., Methods: Data were derived from a large national sample of the US population. Face-to-face surveys were conducted on 36309 adults during 2012-2013 period. Data were used to examine the associations among the past-year prevalence of mental disorders (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5), the treatment-seeking rates and a recent cancer diagnosis. Data were analysed according to the antecedents of mental disorder in participants and according the presence of a recent cancer diagnosis., Results: Participants recently diagnosed with cancer (n = 1300) were significantly at higher risk to present suicide attempt (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-10.04), post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.71-2.96), bipolar disorder (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.46-3.38) and drug use disorder (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.13-3.39). The prevalence of most of the mental disorders considered was significantly higher for participants with a history of mental disorder compared with participants without such a history. Conversely, a recent diagnosis of cancer was not associated with significant differences in the incidence of mental disorders in participants with no history of mental disorder., Conclusions: Patients with a history of mental disorder receiving a cancer diagnosis are at high risk of relapse and should be closely monitored., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Despite the severity of the loss of a parent and the frequency of parental divorce, few studies compared their impact on mental health in the general adult population. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and psychiatric comorbidity of parental loss and parental divorce during childhood and adolescence. Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of US adults (n = 43,093). Of the 43,093 participants, parental divorce during childhood or adolescence was reported by 5776 participants, whereas 3377 experienced parental death during childhood or adolescence. Participants reporting a history of parental divorce present a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders, particularly alcohol and drug use disorders compared with control subjects. While participants experiencing the death of a parent reported a poorer overall health, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder after 17 years of age was not significantly higher than that of the control subjects.

Background: Little is known about the prevalence and comorbidity of Major Depressive Episode (MDE) during pregnancy in the general population. This study presents nationally representative data on the prevalence, correlates, and psychiatric comorbidities of depression in women during pregnancy and postpartum in the United States., Method: Data were drawn from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The NESARC is a survey of 43,093 adults aged 18 years and older residing in households in the United States of whom 14,549 were women 18 to 50 years old with known past-year pregnancy status. Diagnoses of depression and other mood, anxiety, and drug disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule - DSM-IV version., Results: The overall prevalence of MDE during pregnancy was 12.4%. Among pregnant and postpartum women, depression was associated with younger age, ethnicity other than Latino, being widowed, divorced, separated or never married, traumatic events within the past 12 months and pregnancy complication. Strong associations were found between MDE during pregnancy and postpartum and nearly all 12-month psychiatric disorders. Past-year depressed pregnant and postpartum women were more likely than nondepressed pregnant women to use substances (including alcohol, illicit drugs and cigarettes). Past-year pregnant and postpartum women were significantly less likely to receive past-year treatment for depression than nonpregnant women although not after adjusting for background sociodemographic characteristics., Conclusions: These results indicate that depression during pregnancy and postpartum is associated with a large range of psychiatric disorders. The high frequency of psychiatric comorbidities, the elevated use of any substances and the high rate of unmet needs should be kept in mind when considering the management of depression during pregnancy and postpartum., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)