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Introduction: Checkpoint inhibitor drugs including ipilimumab have been reported to induce intestinal injury.Objective: We aimed to evaluate the risk of chronic (> 6 weeks) enterocolitis following ipilimumab administration, and the likelihood that an enteritis vs colitis or enterocolitis is seen.Patients and Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry, and conference proceedings. We included: (1) randomized controlled trials comparing ipilimumab administration with placebo/standard care/other active chemotherapy regimens and (2) prospective observational studies. Separate meta-analyses were performed for randomized controlled trials and observational studies.Results: Of 4760 records, we included ten unique randomized controlled trials (n = 5814 subjects) and 34 unique prospective observational studies (n = 3699 subjects). In randomized controlled trials, the pooled relative risk of ≥ grade 3 enterocolitis or ≥ grade 3 diarrhea associated with ipilimumab was 13.31 (95% confidence interval 6.01-29.48, I2 = 0%, ten trials) and 6.72 (95% confidence interval 3.30-13.65, I2 = 63%, ten trials), respectively. In observational studies, the 3-monthly risk of developing grade 3 or higher enteritis, colitis, or enterocolitis was 4% (95% confidence interval 3-7, I2 = 77.40%, 25 studies). Randomized controlled trials and observational studies did not distinguish between acute and chronic enterocolitis. Of the included observational studies, the pooled risk of incurring small bowel involvement associated with ipilimumab was 1% (95% CI 0-4, I2 = 0%, four studies) per every 3-month time period.Conclusions: Insufficient data exist to quantify or distinguish the risk of acute vs chronic enterocolitis following ipilmumab use. Because of the serious impact of chronic enterocolitis on quality of life and further cancer treatment, future trials evaluating the safety of immunotherapy should report gastrointestinal events in greater detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adverse events during donation negatively impact the likelihood of subsequent donation. Syncope is a possible complication of blood donation in healthy individuals. This systematic review aims to identify risk factors for syncope in healthy blood donors.Study Design and Methods: Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, Web of Science, Transfusion Evidence Library, and PubMed libraries up to November 2016 were searched. Inclusion criteria were observational and interventional trials, case series including more than 10 participants, randomized controlled trials, and clinical trials. Papers required data pertaining to syncopal events separate from presyncope for inclusion. Incomplete text or non-English language versions were excluded. Papers were evaluated using the CHARMS 2014 checklist.Results: From 3316 papers, 1297 unique citations were identified, and 11 were selected for data extraction. Sex, estimated blood volume, age, donor status, blood pressure, heart rate, weight, previous reaction, caffeine, sleep, and donation site were identified as risk factors for syncope during blood donation.Conclusion: Possible risk factors for syncope in healthy blood donors have been identified that could allow for improved screening prior to donation and potential reduction in donor attrition due to negative experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]