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Background: The objective of this study was to test the toxicology and microbiological of methanolic extract of Marrubium vulgare "MEMV" in rat and its efficiency in the treatment of systemic candidiasis. Methods: Forty (40) male rats (Wistar type) were divided into four groups (10 rats /group) where the toxicological, microbiological and histological studies were applied. Later, the infection with 107 cells /ml of Candida albicans and the curative treatment were applied by the daily administration with a gavage of 800 mg/kg of MEMV. Results: The toxicology studies indicated that the dose of MEMV at 800 mg/kg of body weight was not harmful. The microbiological and histological analysis showed that the treatment with MEMV of rat colonized with 107 cells/ml of Candida albicans limits the multiplication of the yeast in the intestine and colon of the colonized rat. The translocation of Candida albicans in liver, spleen and lungs in rat which was treated with 800 mg/kg of MEMV was significantly lower than in controls to seven post-infection days. However, we did not detect yeast in the kidneys and hearts of the infected treated groups and the infected untreated ones. Conclusion: Our results suggest that MEMV limits the gastrointestinal colonization and dissemination of Candida albicans in the other organs.

Artemisia herba alba asso, peel and leaves of Citrus aurantium grown in the western Algerian city (Mascara) were subjected to hydrodistillation by Clevenger dispositive. The essential oils obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and used for the study of the antifungal activity against five clinical strains of Candida albicans. The results of chemical analysis revealed 40 constituents in Artemisia essential oil, where the major components were camphor (34.89%) and chrysantenone (19.60%). While, the main component of peel and leaves of Citrus essential oils was the lineal (42.33%, 60.62%) respectively. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration value was found in the case of Artemisia essential oil (1.95l/ml) against the (S3) Candida albicans strain. The experimental results confirmed that these extracts are marked by significant anti-fungal activity, which can be used as alternative drugs against candidiasis.

Ficus carica L. have always been known by their power to cure various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of twelve different extracts of three samples of dried figs. First, the extracts were tested for their polyphenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents by the Folin–Ciocalteu, the aluminium trichloride and vanillin methods and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for more characterisation. The antioxidant activity was performed by using thre different methods; the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results showed that the methanolic extract of Sidi Bendjebbar sample presented a higher TPC value (458 mg GAE /g) while the acetonic and aqueous extracts of El-Keurt presented a higher values of TFC and CTC. In other hand, the methanol extract of El-Keurt sample exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 0.078 mg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts against various Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria was screened by the inhibition zone using the disc and diffusion assay, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) by micro-well method allonwing to calculate the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). The ethanolic extracts of the two samples El-Keurt and Sidi Bendjebbar were the most effective extracts being able to inhibit the growth of the majority of the strains tested. Our study supported the use of these fruit as supplements for nutrient deficiencies and for combating diseases associated with oxydative damage or some microbial infection for better drug alternatives.

The mucosal surfaces of the intestinal tract harbor a complex microbiota. Bacteria enter in contact with intestinal cells and bestow important nutritional, metabolic and protective functions which benefit the host. Various factors are able to alter the balances between different intestinal bacteria. Dysbiosis has been described in various pathologies and metabolic diseases in humans, such as cancer. Colorectal cancer pathology can benefit from gut microbial imbalance. Its overgrowth may lead to acute symptoms. An alternative strategy to restore this balance is the use of plant extracts which exhibit a prebiotic activity by stimulating of probiotic bacteria and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria colonization. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of phenolic extracts (Aqueous extract "AE" and Methanolic extract "ME" ) from Zizyphus lotus. It aims also to investigate the effect of this extract as a prebiotic on the aggregation of probiotic and inhibitory effects of pathogenic bacteria isolated from faeces of patients with colorectal cancer. Phytochemical analysis of different extracts from Zizyphus lotus by HPLC showed that all are rich in phenolic compounds ( 225.40 mgAGE/gDW for AE and 63.04 mgAGE/gDW for ME extracts ). Moreover, all extracts showed an important antioxidant activity (227 µg/ml for AE and 195 µg/ml for ME). These extracts also exhibited a significant prebiotic effect and antibacterial activity. C haracterization of the in vitro effect of the aqueous extract showed that the percentage of autoaggregation and adhesion of probiotic and inhibitory effects of pathogenic bacteria increased in the presence of aqueous extracts.

The imbalance of the intestinal microbiota is link, by several diseases such as celiac disease, which causes inflammation in the small intestine. This inflammation is due by the digestion of gluten present in some type of cereals. In this work, fecal and duodenal biopsy samples were collected to characterize by conventional culture technique the composition of the Enterobacteries group in intestinal mirobiota of celiac children and were compared with control children. A significant difference detected in the intestinal flora of celiac children compared to controls children concerning the Enterobacteries group. We found an increase of E.coli, Enterobacter aerogeneses, and Klebsiella with presence of Salmonella sp, Shigella sp in biopsy and fecal samples of celiac children and a relationship between the increase of Enterobacter cloacea and the presence of positive anti-transglutaminase value.

International audience; Modulation of the membrane permeability through a decrease in porin-mediated antibiotic entry and/or an increase in antibiotic efflux is one of the resistance mechanisms to antibiotics evolved by Gram-negative bacteria. To assess whether the outer membrane porin OprD and Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps were similarly expressed in 33 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in 30 non-clinical strains originating from the hospital environment (mainly waterborne Pseudomonas aeruginosa), the expression of oprD, mexB, mexF, and mexY genes was investigated. Overall, the expression of oprD was not detected by RT-qPCR in 14 (22%) strains and underexpressed in 35 (56%) more. No significant difference in oprD expression was detected between clinical and non-clinical strains. As for efflux pumps, 23 (70%) of the clinical strains overexpressed at least one of the tested RND genes. Overexpression of mexB, mexF and mexY was detected in 27, 12, and 45% of the clinical strains, respectively. In the 30 non-clinical strains, no overexpression could be found for mexB, mexF, or mexY. On the contrary, a global underexpression of the tested efflux pump genes was recorded. In both clinical and environmental strains, a positive correlation was found between the expressions of oprD and mexB. Similarly, the expressions of oprD and mexF were positively correlated. This result contrasts with the inverse correlation between both MexAB-OprM/MexEF-OprN and OprD previously described in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. The only positive correlation between phenotypic ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the expression of efflux pump gene was witnessed with mexY (analysis on pooled results for clinical and environmental strains). However, in clinical strains, no statistically significant link could be found between the degree of reduction in ciprofloxacin MICs witnessed with Phenylalanine-Arginine beta-naphthylamide (PA beta N) and the expression of any of the 3 RND genes tested.

The intestinal flora called the intestinal microbiota, consists of different bacteria and other microorganisms which occur naturally in the gastrointestinal tract organs components. These tract bacteria are present in their millions and help the functioning of the body in particular allowing aid to degradation of certain molecules into absorbable substrates. They also protect against invasion of the gut by other pathogenic bacteria, that is to say which may be responsible for disease. Factors like stress, antibiotics and diet can affect the balance of intestinal flora and in case of imbalance, digestive disorders type bloating, diarrhoea or vomiting may occur. Rattus norvegicus of weights 100 kg, from Algerian West Firm are scarified and isolation of their ileum and colon respectively. Two strains of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus are then purified and identified.

A soil treatment process using froth flotation technique involving anionic biosurfactant (rhamnolipids) using Sodium sulfide was studied. The supernatant produced by the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa S7PS5 was tested for biosurfactants production, HPLC analysis showed the presence of L-rhamnosyl- β- hydroxydecanoyl- β-hydroxydecanoate (RL1) and L-rhamnosyl L-rhamnosyl- β-hydroxydecanoyl-β- hydroxydecanoate (RL2). The influence of the collector (rhamnolipid), pulp pH, a chemical activation step (sulfidization) and process time on metal removal efficiency has been investigated to recover Zn and Cd ions from a contaminated soil. An effective CMC of 35 mg/L was obtained. A perfect Zn and Cd removal efficiency was made at pH = 12 and 4 mg/g of Na 2 S during the first 5 min of soil washing process, then a longer flotation time ( > 5 min) caused mechanical entrainment of Zn and Cd. Keywords: Biosurfactants, flotation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , rhamnolipids, soil washing

Recent studies have indicated that different strains of Lactobacilli differ in their ability to regulate IL-12 production by dendritic cells (DCs), as some strains are stronger inducer of IL-12 while other are not and can even inhibit IL-12 production stimulated by IL-12-inducer Lactobacilli. In this report we demonstrate that Lactobacillus reuteri 5289, as previously described for other strains of L. reuteri, can inhibit DC production of IL-12 induced by Lactobacilllus acidophilus NCFM. Remarkably, L. reuteri 5289 was able to inhibit IL-12 production induced not only by Lactobacilli, as so far reported, but also by bacteria of different genera, including pathogens. We investigated in human DCs the signal transduction pathways involved in the inhibition of IL-12 production induced by L. reuteri 5289, showing that this potential anti-inflammatory activity, which is also accompanied by an elevated IL-10 production, is associated to a prolonged phosphorilation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway. Improved understanding of the immune regulatory mechanisms exerted by Lactobacilli is crucial for a more precise employment of these commensal bacteria as probiotics in human immune-mediated pathologies, such as allergies or inflammatory bowel diseases.

Aims: To investigate the effects of whey retentate from Bifidobacteria fermented milk. Methods and Results: The simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME) was used. The composition of the microbiota and its metabolic activities were analysed. Changes in the microbial composition became apparent within 15 days of the treatment in the vessels representing the ileum and the large intestine. The whey retentate favoured the growth of endogenous bifidobacteria and induced a decrease in Bacteroides fragilis and in sulfipho-reducing clostridia, especially Clostridium perfringens. After the administration was stopped, these populations tended to revert to their original levels, except for the streptococci and the staphylococci populations. The treatment also led to an increase in acetic acid, CH4 and CO2 production, suggesting overgrowth of some anaerobic bacteria. Ammonium, generally considered as undesirable, declined. Conclusions: The whey retentate clearly altered the microbial community in the SHIME. Significance and Impact of the Study: Whey retentate appears to exert a beneficial effect on the in vitro gastrointestinal system; these findings warrant confirmation by in vivo studies.

With the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, combining medicinal plants with synthetic medicines against resistant bacteria becomes necessary. In this study, Synergism between plants extracts (methanolic extract, essential oils) of Inula viscosa and Anacyclus valentinus and two commonly used antibiotics: gentamycin and oxacillin were investigated on three bacterian strains Escherichia. coli , Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus . In the first time, the antibacterial effect of extracts alone was tested against 7 strains by disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of methanolic extracts ranged between 6.25 and 50mg/ml while that of the essential oils varied between 12.5 and 100μL/mL. The inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics varied between 125 and 31.25 μg/ml. Interactions extracts /antibiotics and extracts/extracts were determined by disc diffusion agar and by checkboard. The results show that the synergistic effect of combinations plant extracts/antibiotics was more important than extracts/extracts. Keywords: antibiotic resistant; Inula viscosa ; Anacyclus valentinus ; synergy

A rat animal model of left colostomy was found to significantly impair the growth curve of rats. Assessment of the intestinal flora showed that colostomy mostly affects the cecal but not colonic microflora. Generally, the number of enterococci was increased in both ileum and cecum; cecal lactobacilli also rose, accounting for a promotion of lactic acid bacteria in colostomised rats. No significant differences between colostomised, laparotomised and control rats could be observed for the translocation of intestinal bacteria to internal organs of rats (i.e. spleen, kidneys, lungs or liver), whatever their diet. Heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB administration (dead probiotic bacteria) tended to exhibit a stimulatory effect on bifidobacteria, probably affecting the culture-medium fermentation substances included in the pharmaceutical product. This effect was abolished by laparotomy and colostomy. A trend towards a probiotic-like effect, not susceptible to colostomy, was also witnessed as counts of lactobacilli tended to increase in both cecum and colon of all animals fed with L. acidophilus LB.