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Two series of catalysts were prepared by sol-gel and microemulsion synthetic procedure (SG and ME, respectively). Each series includes both pure Mg and Zr solids as well as Mg-Zr mixed solids with 25%, 50% and 75% nominal Zr content. The whole set of catalysts was characterized from thermal, structural and surface chemical points of view and subsequently applied to the liquid-phase xylose dehydration to furfural. Reactions were carried out in either a high-pressure autoclave or in an atmospheric pressure multi-reactor under a biphasic (organic/water) reaction mixture. Butan-2-ol and toluene were essayed as organic solvents. Catalysts prepared by microemulsion retained part of the surfactant used in the synthetic procedure, mainly associated with the Zr part of the solid. The MgZr-SG solid presented the highest surface acidity while the Mg3Zr-SG one exhibited the highest surface basicity among mixed systems. Xylose dehydration in the high-pressure system and with toluene/water solvent mixture led to the highest furfural yield. Moreover, the yield of furfural increases with the Zr content of the catalyst. Therefore, the catalysts constituted of pure ZrO2 (especially Zr-SG) are the most suitable to carry out the process under study although MgZr mixed solids could be also suitable for overall processes with additional reaction steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol and higher alcohols are one of the most interesting alternatives to replace fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Nickel-modified alkali-doped molybdenum sulfide is a potential catalyst for the conversion of syngas to mixed alcohols. In this work, K-Ni-MoS 2 catalysts were synthetized by coprecipitation in aqueous solution or in microemulsions, followed by alkali doping. The influence of the preparation route in CO hydrogenation was investigated at 91 bar, 340/370 °C and GHSV = 2000–14,000 NmL/h g catalyst . The catalysts were also characterized by TGA, ICP, XPS, nitrogen adsorption, XRD, SEM-EDX and TEM. The novel microemulsion catalyst outperformed the conventional one, resulting in higher yields of ethanol and higher alcohols. The higher activity and selectivity was attributed to a higher concentration of promoters on the microemulsion catalyst surface, together with a lower degree of crystallinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]