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Power sharing between distributed energy resources (DERs) is being a significant challenge in the stand-alone microgrid system as it must be ensured to supply good power quality supply for end-users. Due to the variable power generation, particularly from solar and wind energy resources, the energy storage systems are essential to store the excess energy and supply the energy during an emergency in the absence of a grid connection. This option ensures optimal energy management and therefore improves the reliability of the system. But at the same time, the maintenance, life span and cost are the drawbacks of battery systems, and therefore, some researchers are working on minimizing dependency of battery by storing energy in other different forms. In this paper, the following three alternative energy routes are proposed to utilize the excess energy for (a) water pumping system, (b) battery storage system and (c) dump load. Based on the variation of end-user consumption, the above three options are used to attain power balancing in the microgrid. In this study, the direct on line starter, DC–DC converter and electronic load controller control the water pumping, battery storage and dump load, respectively. To enhance the power quality, a modified RMS voltage-based droop controller is presented for operating two DER fed parallel inverters, as it assures stable operation and exhibits the following desired characteristics: (1) accurate real and reactive power sharing, and (2) voltage and frequency regulation. Furthermore, the stability analysis is carried out on the proposed system to test the effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposed a cost-effective two-stage distributed energy management system for microgrid operation, addressing challenges related to renewable energy integration, distributed generators, and electric vehicles (EVs). • Utilized EV demand aggregation to reduce demand on battery storage systems and diesel generators, prolonging battery life and minimizing reliance on expensive and polluting generators for secondary frequency regulation. • Introduced an adjusted consensus ADMM (ACADMM) algorithm to handle energy management problems during communication delays, achieving faster convergence and robust solutions. • Implemented a Stackelberg game framework for designing pricing at EV charging stations, incentivizing customers to participate in secondary frequency control and maximizing cumulative profit for the EV aggregator (EVA). • Proposed an adaptive phase switching algorithm to ensure voltage phase balancing at charging stations, addressing voltage imbalances caused by varying power demands and enhancing overall system performance. Effective dispatch of ancillary services is a significant challenge for microgrids that incorporate renewable energy (RE), distributed generators (DG), and electric vehicles (EVs), due to uncertainties and communication delays during their operation. The secondary frequency regulation becomes a key task to restore the frequency to the set point through a load control strategy. This paper presents a cost-effective two-stage distributed energy management system (EMS) for microgrid operation to reduce reliance on battery storage systems and diesel generators, prolonging battery life and minimizing the use of expensive and polluting generators for secondary frequency regulation. Communication delays are addressed using an adjusted consensus ADMM algorithm, ensuring convergence. Additionally, a Stackelberg game framework is employed to design pricing at EV charging stations and incentivize customers to participate in secondary frequency control. An adaptive phase switching algorithm for phase switches is also proposed to ensure voltage phase balancing. Simulation results demonstrate an 8.98% reduction in cost deviation across stages, with a $234.46 profit by the EV aggregator during the intraday stage, considering secondary frequency regulation. The proposed approach offers a promising solution for efficient microgrid operation and effective integration of renewable energy and electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To sustain the complexity of growing demand, the conventional grid (CG) is incorporated with communication technology like advanced metering with sensors, demand response (DR), energy storage systems (ESS), and inclusion of electric vehicles (EV). In order to maintain local area energy balance and reliability, microgrids (MG) are proposed. Microgrids are low or medium voltage distribution systems with a resilient operation, that control the exchange of power between the main grid, locally distributed generators (DGs), and consumers using intelligent energy management techniques. This paper gives a brief introduction to microgrids, their operations, and further, a review of different energy management approaches. In a microgrid control strategy, an energy management system (EMS) is the key component to maintain the balance between energy resources (CG, DG, ESS, and EVs) and loads available while contributing the profit to utility. This article classifies the methodologies used for EMS based on the structure, control, and technique used. The untapped areas which have scope for investigation are also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]