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Triphenylphosphine acetylacetone carbonyl rhodium (ROPAC) is an important catalyst in the petrochemical industry, and its deactivated waste catalyst holds significant value for recovery. This study focuses on the existing forms of rhodium (Rh) in waste catalysts and the current status of traditional processes. A green, efficient, and continuous recovery technique was developed using a sealed stainless steel microchannel reactor. The influence of reaction temperature, reaction time, and phase ratio on the Rh recovery rate was investigated, and the process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicate that the magnitude of the impact on the Rh recovery rate follows the order: reaction temperature > reaction time > phase ratio. The optimized process parameters were determined as follows: a reaction time of 29 min, a reaction temperature of 110 °C, and a phase ratio of 1:1, with a corresponding maximum recovery rate of Rh of 66.06%. Furthermore, secondary treatment was performed on the organic phase after primary recovery using the same process conditions, resulting in an overall Rh recovery rate of 95.6%, indicating satisfactory recovery efficiency. Moreover, the application of FTIR and ICP-OES analysis provided definitive evidence that the oxidative dissociation of the rhodium-phosphine chemical bond by H2O2 within ROPAC leads to the conversion of Rh+ into Rh3+. Subsequently, Rh forms chloroaquorhodium (III) complexes that enter the aqueous phase, enabling effective recovery of Rh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]