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Monilinia fructicola, causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits, is an economically important problem worldwide. Six of the sequence tagged microsatellite sites developed for M. fructicola were used to genotype 68 M. fructicola isolates, which included isolates from three cities in Turkey (n = 42) that were compared to isolates from the USA (n = 15) and Italy (n = 11). AMOVA indicated a significant differentiation among samples from the three different countries. Samples from Turkey represented with nine haplotypes indicating a low diversity according to these markers. Samples from the USA with 12 haplotypes showed the highest genetic diversity values among the sample group from the three countries. However, all the samples from Italy were found as a single haplotype with those markers. Based on Nei’s genetic distance measurements, the single genotype from Italy was distinct from the others and samples from Turkey and the USA were genetically closer to each other, which also presented on the principal coordinate plot. While informative, these results suggest that ascertainment bias in marker development may limit the power of these markers when applied to populations of M. fructicola from other locations in the world. Knowledge on genetic diversities and comparative analysis provides valuable insight for recent changes and movements in pathogen populations which is important for the disease management.

Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.

Tamarix is an important genus of Tamarieaceae family, known for its medicinal importance. Its taxonomy is tricky, and a few molecular makers are available for species identification. The present study was designed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 21 Tamarix specimens collected from Thal desert, Punjab, Pakistan. Ten Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and six Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers were used. Results revealed that ISSR markers produced 131 bands, of which 116 were polymorphic (88.5%) with a mean Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value of 0.34. The SSR markers yielded 30 amplified bands, of which 24 were polymorphic (80.28%) with mean PIC value of 0.35. Cluster and factorial analysis revealed a high level of genetic variability among tested Tamarix ecotypes. Dissimilarity index indicated a genetic variability among tested specimens ranging from 0.00 to 0.77. The ISSR analysis reflected that Tamarix specimens stemming from Kalurkot and Bhakkar region revealed the highest dissimilarity level with respect to the rest of the specimens.

Current cultivation and breeding strategy based on selections from local and wild vegetation does not meet the hazelnut demand. This situation would benefit from the development of high-yielding cu...

Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) or microsatellite markers have become extremely useful tools in genetic identification and variability studies. To date around one hundred of these markers have been developed in the olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) and the majority of them are di- or tri-nucleotide. The analysis of the numerous articles recently published on plant microsatellite markers, shows however a higher relevance of markers with long core repeat motifs than those with di- or tri-nucleotide repeat motifs. This work presents a new set of highly informative and polymorphic tetra- and hexa-nucleotide SSR markers. The newly designed SSR markers have been employed to genotype the 36 olive cultivars of the core collection from Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba, Spain (WOGBC). This article describes the allelic profiles of the 36 olive cultivars for a set of ten SSR markers and also a protocol for a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The designed multiplex PCR can lead to an optimal amplification of up to five different SSR markers in the same reaction tube. Finally, the use of only four of the set of ten SSR markers employed, allows the differentiation of any cultivar of the WOGBC core collection from the remaining 35 cultivars.

In this study, a total of 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to study the genetic diversity and population structure among 60 accessions of eggplant. Out of 20 SSR markers, 15 were f...

Rubus ellipticus Smith. commonly known as ‘Yellow Himalayan raspberry’ is an important member of Rosaceae family with high medicinal importance having antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study was done with the objective of characterizing 21 R. ellipticus collections from different regions of India, based on morphological descriptors and expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. Broad phenotypic variability among the R. ellipticus collections was detected by using morphological descriptors. The Euclidian distance matrix discriminated two groups, based on morphological characters. A set of 68 EST-SSR markers were developed based on 7777 unigenes generated by us from ‘Kumarhatti-1’ collection of R. ellipticus using assembled pair—end sequences from Illumina NextSeq 500. The ESTs containing simple sequence repeat motifs were extracted using Microsatellite identification tool and primers were designed. Out of 68 EST-SSRs polymorphism was detected using 61 (89.7%) primer pairs, indicating high genetic variability in the R. ellipticus collections. Effective multiplex ratio, marker index and polymorphism information content were 0.43, 0.24 and 0.50, respectively. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean coincided with the bootstrap analysis and two groups were formed, separating the collections Uttrakhand from the other. Morphological descriptors along with EST-SSR markers proved efficient in detecting the levels of genetic variability among the collections maintained in the field. These results can be used as an additional source of exploitation in R. ellipticus breeding programs.

Background Previously, 3% of the human genome has been annotated as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), similar to the proportion annotated as protein coding. The origin of much of the genome is not well annotated, however, and some of the unidentified regions are likely to be ancient SSR-derived regions not identified by current methods. The identification of these regions is complicated because SSRs appear to evolve through complex cycles of expansion and contraction, often interrupted by mutations that alter both the repeated motif and mutation rate. We applied an empirical, kmer-based, approach to identify genome regions that are likely derived from SSRs. Results The sequences flanking annotated SSRs are enriched for similar sequences and for SSRs with similar motifs, suggesting that the evolutionary remains of SSR activity abound in regions near obvious SSRs. Using our previously described P-clouds approach, we identified ‘SSR-clouds’, groups of similar kmers (or ‘oligos’) that are enriched near a training set of unbroken SSR loci, and then used the SSR-clouds to detect likely SSR-derived regions throughout the genome. Conclusions Our analysis indicates that the amount of likely SSR-derived sequence in the human genome is 6.77%, over twice as much as previous estimates, including millions of newly identified ancient SSR-derived loci. SSR-clouds identified poly-A sequences adjacent to transposable element termini in over 74% of the oldest class of Alu (roughly, AluJ), validating the sensitivity of the approach. Poly-A’s annotated by SSR-clouds also had a length distribution that was more consistent with their poly-A origins, with mean about 35 bp even in older Alus. This work demonstrates that the high sensitivity provided by SSR-Clouds improves the detection of SSR-derived regions and will enable deeper analysis of how decaying repeats contribute to genome structure.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS)-National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis Oregon preserves genetic resources of fruit crops. This genebank contains more than 1800 Vaccinium L. accessions from 34 countries. The genotypic identity of the blueberry cultivars in the NCGR collections is critical to genebank management and operations. Previously, identity confirmation was determined through the morphology of key taxonomic traits, but simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based molecular tools have been developed for more thorough “fingerprinting.” We had previously developed a 5-SSR fingerprinting set of tri-nucleotide-containing SSRs in blueberry. The objectives of this study were to use this 5-SSR blueberry test to compare fingerprints of all plants representing the most requested blueberry cultivars in the screenhouse and field collections of the NCGR; conduct parentage analysis to confirm identity; establish reference fingerprints for these cultivars; and expand the fingerprinting set with additional long core repeats, if needed. The SSR-set distinguished all but ‘Lateblue’ and ‘Berkeley’ and was supplemented with five additional SSRs with long core repeats to generate a 10-SSR fingerprinting set. Genotyping 367 samples with one or both of these SSR sets and parentage analysis where possible detected 54 true-to-type (TTT) cultivars, 13 sets of homonyms and ten groups of synonyms. Parentage analysis identified five of the TTT cultivars among the homonyms (‘Bluecrop’, FL 4B, ‘Nelson’ and ‘Clara’) and ‘Elizabeth’ among the synonym sets. A public database of these reference genetic profiles is available on GRIN-Global. We plan to continue adding to this database and eliminate redundant genotypes for more efficient management of blueberry diversity. Confirmed blueberry genotypes will benefit the germplasm community for use in continued breeding and genetic studies.

International audience; The objective of our study was the alignment of microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data across germplasm collections of cherry within Europe. Through the European Cooperative program for Plant Genetic Resources ECPGR, a number of European germplasm collections had previously been analysed using standard sets of SSR loci. However, until now these datasets remained unaligned. We used a combination of standard reference genotypes and ad-hoc selections to compile a central dataset representing as many alleles as possible from national datasets produced in France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland. Through the comparison of alleles called in data from replicated samples we were able to create a series of alignment factors, supported across 448 different allele calls, that allowed us to align a dataset of 2241 SSR profiles from six countries. The proportion of allele comparisons that were either in agreement with the alignment factor or confounded by null alleles ranged from 67% to 100% and this was further improved by the inclusion of a series of allele-specific adjustments. The aligned dataset allowed us to identify groups of previously unknown matching accessions and to identify and resolve a number of errors in the prior datasets. The combined and aligned dataset represents a significant step forward in the co-ordinated management of field collections of cherry in Europe.

For the purpose of protecting the rights of Lentinula edodes breeders, we developed a new simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker set consisting only of genetically independent tetranucleotide or longer core motifs. Using available genome sequences for five L. edodes strains, we designed primers for 13 SSR markers that amplified polymorphic sequences in 20 L. edodes cultivars. We evaluated the independence of every possible marker pair based on genotype data. Consequently, eight genetically independent markers were selected. The polymorphic information content values of the markers ranged from 0.269 to 0.764, with an average of 0.409. The markers could distinguish among 20 L. edodes cultivars and produced highly repeatable and reproducible results. The markers developed in this study will enable the precise identification of L. edodes cultivars, and may be useful for protecting breeders’ rights.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, SSR (basit dizi tekrarları) lokuslarını kullanarak kayalık faresinin, Apodemus mystacinus, genetik çeşitliliğini belirlemek ve varsa bu çeşitliliğin nedenleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki 18 lokaliteden toplanan 69 A. mystacinus örneği çalışılmıştır. A. mystacinus'un genetik çeşitliliğini belirlemek için 7 SSR lokusu kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre A. mystacinus, iki alttürün varlığını gösteren 2 genetik grup içermektedir; Anadolu’nun batısında A. m. mystacinus ve Anadolu’nun doğusunda A. m. euxinus. Bu sonuç aynı zamanda mikro sığınak alanlarından birinin Türkiye'nin doğusunda, diğerinin ise batısında ve güneyinde olduğunu desteklemektedir., The aim of this study is to determine the genetic diversity of species in Rocky mouse, Apodemus mystacinus, using SSR (the simple sequence repeat) loci and to reveal the reasons of this variations, if any. In this study, 69 A. mystacinus samples were studied collected from 18 localities in Turkey. 7 SSR loci were used to determine the genetic diversity of A. mystacinus. As a result of this study, A. mystacinus includes 2 genetic groups that indicate the presence of two subspecies as A. m. mystacinus that is distributed in western Anatolia and A. m. euxinus in eastern Anatolia. This result also supports that one of the micro refugium areas is eastern Turkey and the other western and southern Turkey.

The Gisela series cultivars ‘Colt’, ‘Sargent Cherry’, and ‘Dalian 1’ are widely considered effective, convenient, and economically significant rootstocks for intensive sweet cherry cultivation in temperate zones. However, the identification of these rootstocks in plant nurseries is particularly difficult. In particular, Giessen plants are more difficult to identify because they are full siblings from an interspecific cross of P. cerasus L. ‘Schattenmorelle’ × P. canescens (Webster and Schmidt, 1996) and therefore, morphologically similar. As a result of next generation sequencing technology, sequences of cherry are available, and it is now possible to use these sequences to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR, microsatellite) markers, which can be used to distinguish between closely related biological specimens. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of the SSR markers reported in the Genome Database for Rosaceae (GDR, http://www.rosaceae.org) for identifying cherry rootstock cultivars. The cherry rootstocks could be distinguished using a combination of the SSR markers that were developed in Prunus species. SSR markers have several advantages over other molecular markers.

In order to apply the national agricultural standard of China (NY/T 1433-2007) and its recommended 12 primers, the simple sequence repeat technique and capillary electrophoresis were firstly applie...

WOS: 000487041800001, In this study, the genetic relationships of 29 grape genotypes were defined with six SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers, and 65 polymorphic bands were identified, with matrix correlation (r) of 0.79. The expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.783 (VrZAG62) to 0.869 (VVMD7) and the observed heterozygosity (Ho) from 0.483 (VrZAG62) to 0.897 (VVS2). According to the results, the smaller main cluster included only one ancient cultivar, 'Buca Razakisi'. Foca Karasi', an ancient cultivar in the large main group, was separated from other grapes varieties. The first sub-cluster (S1) formed by mainly introduced cultivars included three cultivars, 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Cabarnet Franc' and 'Merlot'. The second sub-cluster (S2) was the largest group, and included 19 cultivars, 'Semillion', 'Alicante Boushet', 'Delbele', 'cesme Pembesi', 'Grenache', 'okuzgozu', 'Petit Syrah', 'Papaz Karasi', 'Colombard', 'Harsleleh', 'Moiseylative', 'Sika', 'Muskule', 'Ohannes', 'Cinsaut', 'Kirmizi Sam', 'Kozak Gemresi', 'Siyah Gemre' and 'Yuvarlak Razaki'. The third sub-cluster (S3) included four cultivars, 'Cardinal', 'Italia', 'Hafizali' and 'Malbee'. 'Hafizali is an ancient cultivar and is included in this group. The fourth sub-cluster included only one ancient cultivar, 'Pek uzumu'. Based on the rates of similarities of the cultivars included in this study, the highest rate was recorded for 'okuzgozu-Petit Syrah' (93%) in the second sub-cluster. The results reported here are important as the first steps towards better characterization of these grape genotypes and will aid future germplasm management and breeding efforts., Ege University Scientific Research FundEge University [BAP 2009-ZRF-004], This work was financially supported by Ege University Scientific Research Fund (project number: BAP 2009-ZRF-004)

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers are highly polymorphic, relatively easy to develop, and inexpensive compared to other methods and have numerous applications. Importantly, the same ISSR primers can potentially be used universally across plant phylogenetic diversity. The basic technique of ISSRs is flexible and can be modified with options for implementation for a broad range of projects and budgets. Ranked in increasing order of technical demand and costs, these are manual agarose and manual polyacrylamide with silver staining and automated using fluorescently labeled primers and capillary electrophoresis. Overall manual agarose-based ISSRs are a sound, safe, easy, and low-cost method for reliably inferring plant genetic diversity. Here, we provide detailed protocols to undertake this fingerprinting method and provide guidance to the literature for the many options available for this technique.

Premise Many programs can identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs in genomic data. SSRgenotyper extends SSR identification to en masse genotyping from resequencing data for diversity panels and linkage mapping populations. Methods and results SSRgenotyper will find and genotype SSRs from SAM files and an SSR reference FASTA. Several outputs are possible, including a simple table with the SSR marker name, position, and SSR alleles, defined by the repeat number of the repeat motif. Specific output files include a GENEPOP-formatted file for downstream genetic diversity analyses and a traditional A, H, B mapping file output that is phased to the parents of the population for biparental linkage map construction. Linkage maps produced using SSRgenotyper genotypes were highly collinear with physical maps and correctly inferred known phylogenies. Conclusions SSRgenotyper provides an easy-to-use, accurate, and scalable SSR genotyping platform for whole-genome resequencing data. SSRgenotyper is freely available at https://github.com/dlewis27/SSRgenotyper.

Background Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (Leguminosae), a dioecious perennial arbor, demonstrates important medicinal properties and economic value. These properties can be harnessed depending on the sex of the plant. However, the sex of the plants is difficult to identify accurately through morphological methods before the flowering. Results We used bulked segregant analysis to screen sex-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in G. sinensis. Five male and five female plants were pooled to form the male and female bulks, respectively, and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. After high-throughput sequencing, 5,350,359 sequences were obtained, in which 2,065,210 SSRs were searched. Among them, the number of duplicated SSRs was the highest. The male plants could reach 857,874, which accounted for 60.86% of the total number of male plants. The female plants could reach 1,447,603, which accounted for 56.25% of the total model of the female plants. Among all the nucleotide repeat types, the A/T-rich motif was the most abundant. A total of 309,516 female strain-specific SSRs were selected by clustering. After designing the primers, the male and female gene pools were amplified, and five pairs of primers (i.e., 27, 34, 36, 39, and 41) were found to amplify the differential bands in the male and female gene pools. Using the five pairs of primers, we performed PCR verification on 10 individuals of known sex, which constructed the gene pool. The female plants amplified a single fragment of lengths (i.e., 186, 305, 266, 203, and 260 bp) and no male plant strip, thereby completing the identification of the male and female sexes of the G. sinensis. Conclusions This study provides accurate sex identification strategies between female and male plants, thus improving the utilization rate of G. sinensis resources.

A total of 170 bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) accessions were evaluated using both simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated using genotyping-by-sequencing (GbS), of which 56 accessions were collected from West and East Java. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), population structure, and cluster analysis suggest that the East Java accessions could be a result of the introduction of selected West Java accessions. In addition, the current Indonesian accessions were likely introduced from Southern Africa, which would have produced a very marked founding effect such that these accessions present only a fraction of the genetic variability that exists within this species.

In view of the rapid evolution of Conyza sumatrensis populations resistant to glyphosate, it is necessary to understand the genetic diversity aimed to improve strategies for managing this weed. We investigated the genetic dissimilarity among 15 biotypes of C. sumatrensis from different geographic regions using microsatellite loci. The biotypes, were cultivated in a greenhouse to obtain vegetal material for DNA extraction. Nineteen microsatellite markers (SSR), were developed for C. sumatrensis biotypes. The genetic dissimilarity was estimated by the Jaccard coefficient (JC) and the biotypes grouped by the UPGMA method. The results demonstrated a high dissimilarity (JC = 7.14 to 82.62) of the analyzed material, with the biotypes forming five groups, being one group formed just by the susceptible biotype and in the others grouped by biotypes from distinct locations in the same group The high genetic diversity of C. sumatrensis indicates that the biotypes may show different responses to different management strategies, and that the mechanisms of resistance to herbicides and characteristics of evolution of populations due to adaptability may be some of the factors involved in the genetic variability of the species. Keywords: polymorphism; SSR; tall fleabane; genetic variability RESUMO: Tendo em vista a rápida evolução das populações de Conyza sumatrensis resistentes ao glifosato, é necessário entender a diversidade genética com vistas a melhorar as estratégias de manejo dessa planta daninha. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar a dissimilaridade genética entre 15 biótipos de C. sumatrensis de diferentes regiões geográficas usando marcadores moleculares microssatélites. Os biótipos foram cultivados em casa de vegetação, para obtenção de material vegetal para extração de DNA. Dezenove marcadores microssatélites (SSR) foram desenvolvidos para os biótipos de C. sumatrensis. A dissimilaridade genética foi estimada pelo coeficiente de Jaccard (JC), e os biótipos, agrupados pelo método UPGMA. Os resultados demonstraram alta dissimilaridade (JC = 7,14 a 82,62) do material analisado, com os biótipos formando cinco grupos. A alta diversidade genética de C. sumatrensis indica que os biótipos podem apresentar distintas respostas a diferentes estratégias de manejo e que os mecanismos de resistência a herbicidas podem ser um dos fatores envolvidos na variabilidade genética das espécies. Palavras-chave: polimorfismo; SSR; buva; variabilidade genética Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-26T12:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0100-8358-PD-38-e020220570.pdf: 449804 bytes, checksum: e87c3ca03e0448545e514f0a87804810 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) of Japan is now thought to have originated in China. Actual cultivation of tea plants presumably started in Kyoto, and then spread to other regions of Japan. Tea gardens used to be composed of heterogenic, seed-derived populations—landraces—selected for climatic preferences and cultivation methods. Cultivars were bred from landraces in the modern era. A number of landraces remain in Kyoto Prefecture. However, little is known about their genetic characteristics compared with other landraces. We investigated the relationships of tea landraces and cultivars from Kyoto Prefecture and other regions. A neighbor-joining phylogram was constructed from 113 lines including 68 landraces, 44 cultivars, and one wild relative, based on simple sequence repeat markers. The lines could be classified into four groups (I–IV). In group I, most of the Kyoto landraces were close to other Japanese landraces, supporting the idea of the spread of tea plants from Kyoto to other regions in the country. The remaining lines were included into groups III and IV, apart from group II, which contained Shizuoka lines. Similar results were observed by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing analysis using 44 cultivars. Our data provide valuable information for the classification of tea lines, especially for the relationships of Kyoto lines among Japanese tea varieties.

From the genome sequence of hazelnut (Corylus avellana), 192 new polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed, characterized, and used to investigate genetic diversity in 50 accessions. Next-generation sequencing allows inexpensive sequencing of plant genomes and transcriptomes, and efficient development of polymorphic SSR markers, also known as microsatellite markers, at low cost. A search of the genome sequence of ‘Jefferson’ hazelnut identified 9094 fragments with long repeat motifs of 4, 5, or 6 base pairs (bp), from which polymorphic SSR markers were developed. The repeat regions in the ‘Jefferson’ genome were used as references to which genomic sequence reads of seven additional cultivars were aligned in silico. Visual inspection for variation in repeat number among the aligned reads identified 246 as polymorphic, for which primer pairs were designed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by agarose gel separation indicated polymorphism at 195 loci, for which fluorescent forward primers were used to amplify the DNA of 50 hazelnut accessions. Amplicons were post-PCR multiplexed for capillary electrophoresis, and allele sizes were determined for 50 accessions. After eliminating three, 192 were confirmed as polymorphic, and 169 showed only one or two alleles in each of the 50 cultivars, as expected in a diploid. At these 169 SSRs, a total of 843 alleles were found, for an average of 4.99 and a range of 2 to 17 alleles per locus. The mean observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, and the frequency of null alleles were 0.51, 0.53, 0.47, and 0.03, respectively. An additional 25 primer pairs produced more than two bands in some accessions with an average of 6.8 alleles. The UPGMA dendrogram revealed a wide genetic diversity and clustered the 50 accessions according to their geographic origin. Of the new SSRs, 132 loci were placed on the linkage map. These new markers will be useful for diversity and parentage studies, cultivar fingerprinting, marker-assisted selection, and aligning the linkage map with scaffolds of the genome sequence.

Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stunz) is a small dioecious tree, belonging to the Elaeocarpaceae family. Maqui fruit has high levels of antioxidant activity, which are due to elevated anthocyanin and polyphenol content. Here we describe a draft genome sequence data of maqui (A. chilensis). The genomic sequence datasets were obtained using Illumina NextSeq platform. Nucleotide sequences of raw reads and the assembled draft genome are available at NCBI's Sequence Read Archive as BioProject PRJNA544858. Also, a total of 210067 microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were identified. Keywords: Maqui, Aristotelia chilensis, Draft genome, Sequencing, Illumina NextSeq platform, SSR markers, Microsatellite

The molecular verification of different intra-specific mandarin hybrids was explored during 2014–2015. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were employed to identify putative zygotic seedlings from hybrid progeny produced from different crosses in mandarin. The most informative SSR marker in the F1 hybrids of ‘Daisy × Kinnow’ cross was CCSM170 which identified 73% of zygotic seedlings followed by CMS4, AG14, CiBE6006 and CiBE3397 which identified 38.5%, 31.5%, 27% and 24% of zygotic seedlings, respectively. Most efficient SSR marker in ‘Kinnow × Daisy’ cross was CiBE6006 which identified 22.5% zygotic seedlings followed by CCSM170, CiBE3397 and CMS4 which identified 17.5%, 12.5% and 5.5% of zygotic seedlings, respectively. In ‘W. Murcott × Kinnow’ hybridization, CMS31 marker identified 28.5% zygotic seedlings in F1 progeny followed by CiBE3298 which identified 14.5% zygotic seedlings. The SSR marker CiBE3397 identified 19.5% zygotic seedlings in ‘Kinnow × W. Murcott’ cross. The results show that the SSR markers can differentiate the zygotic seedlings of F1 progeny in different intra-specific crosses in mandarins.

Garden potato varieties grown on more than 1.5 ha are subject to variety registration to be sold as seed potato in Canada. Prerequisites for the registration of varieties include the pedigree and breeding history as well as a morphological description. For most varieties, no pedigree or morphological description is available, and furthermore, some groups are essentially derived from one another. Therefore, a review to determine the genetic and morphological similarities and uniqueness of some of the garden potato varieties was initiated. Seven garden potato varieties grown over the largest areas in Canada were genotyped using a set of nine microsatellite [simple sequence repeat (SSR)] markers, resulting in six distinct SSR profiles. These varieties were also grown out for morphological description, providing supplementary information for the national registration and their monitoring during the seed certification process. To further assess the genetic similarities of garden or heritage varieties, 84 potato varieties were genotyped, and the unique SSR profiles of 62 varieties and six SSR profiles shared among the other 22 varieties were added to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency potato variety reference SSR profile collection. Furthermore, a set of blue varieties were described morphologically to evaluate the nature of morphological characteristic variation of varieties sharing the same SSR profile. Although all 14 varieties grown show some morphological differences, all varieties within each group sharing an SSR profile also clustered together based on morphological characteristics.

Aim of this study was to analyze allelic variations in Indian potato varieties and to develop a dataset of SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers for varietal identification. Total of 155 SSR alleles of 12 markers were scored in 48 varieties with alleles per locus varied from 4 (STM1053) to 35 (STIKA), and polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged between 0.53 (STM1053) to 0.92 (STIKA). Total of 1492 absolute alleles frequencies were detected in the varieties ranging from 19 (Kufri Arun or Kufri Sadabahar) to 45 (Kufri Kundan) with marker-wise allele frequencies were maximum in STIKA (273) and minimum in STM5127 (73) or STM1053 (73). During the analysis two markers STM0037 and STI0030 did not show any amplification (null alleles). Allelic profiling of potato varieties showed distinctness and polymorphism of the SSR markers system. A set of minimum two-markers-set (STIKA and STU6SNRN) was developed for varietal identification up to similarity coefficient 0.89. Besides, another six-markers-set (STI0012, STPoAC58, STM0019, STM0031, STM1104 and STM1052) was also developed from the PGI (Potato Genome Identity) kit for the same purpose. These newly developed SSR markers sets of Indian potato varieties have potential roles in varietal identification, genetic fidelity testing, DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) and molecular characterizations.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (36 microsatellite pairs) were used to assess genetic diversity among sixteen rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivars from Iran, four from Uzbekistan, and one from Afghanistan, and to compare this diversity with that of three control cultivars including Nipponbare, Jasmine 85 and Basmati 370. Among the 36 microsatellite pairs, 31 produced polymorphisms ranging from 1 to 7 alleles (average = 3.72 per microsatellite). There were 134 alleles detected using all the SSR primers, 103 of which (76.9%) showed polymorphisms, while 31 did not. The genetic similarity coefficient among the 24 rice cultivars was 0.601. The genetic diversity revealed by this survey will be useful to designate the most appropriate parental cv. to initiate a breeding program aimed at developing new rice varieties with traits adapted for Middle Eastern agriculture. Key words: Rice cultivars (cvs.), simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, polymorphism information contents (PIC) value, and genetic similarity (GS), microsatellite.

Background and Aims Based on 19 nuclear simple sequence repeat markers and parental analysis, we aimed to identify and propose the pedigree of different accessions held at the Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria germplasm collection. The results were compared with data recorded in large, international databases. Methods and Results We identified 37 different cultivars, of which 18 were original and not previously identified. The parentage analysis showed that European cultivars, such as Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat a Petits Grains, Listan Prieto, Mollar Cano and Malbec, were involved in natural crossings resulting in different South American cultivars. Conclusions Many of the cultivars identified here represent unique individuals based on their genotype. The number of cultivars that participated as progenitors in the origin of South American germplasm is higher than previously thought. Significance of the Study Germplasm collections planted many years ago play a key role in the conservation and characterisation of genotypes that otherwise may have been lost. It is highly probable that there might be other genotypes not identified and mixed in old vineyards. The identification, rescue and conservation of these genotypes are a challenge to preserve the existing genetic variability.

Cultivated peach (Prunus persica) is an important fruit species worldwide. The wild relatives in Prunus, such as P. mira, P. davidiana, P. kansuensis, P. ferganensis, and P. persica, are valuable for peach breeding, and early and accurate identification of parental and hybrid genotypes is critical. In this study, 20 representative accessions of peach germplasm from the National Germplasm Repository of Peach in China were used to select a set of 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for accurate species discrimination. Eight unknown peach samples were successfully identified using the SSR panel and species genotype database. Interspecific hybrid genotypes of P. persica × P. davidiana, P. persica × P. kansuensis, and P. persica × P. ferganensis were also analyzed reliably. The markers were amenable to high-throughput fluorescent labeling and capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis, allowing rapid and efficient species identification. The practical method described in this study will facilitate peach breeding and germplasm management.

Nowadays, in extreme changing environments, development of submergence tolerance variety is necessary for ensuring crop production stability where, it is known that Malaysian commercial rice varieties such as MR219, MR220 and MR263 were severely susceptible to submergence. First step towards the development of submergence tolerance variety starts with the breeding program by crossing MR263 and Swarna-Sub1. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) was carried out through the utilization of simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, considering its reliability as pre-selection tools to conduct this research. F1 generations plants were confirmed by tightly linked markers. In case of background study, out of 180 SSR markers, 38 were found polymorphic between two parents. Association of molecular markers and submergence tolerance were determined using Chi-square test. MR263 × Swarna-Sub1 F2 lines were tested for Sub1 gene conformation using the markers RM8300 and RM219. These markers showed a good fit to the expected marker segregation ratio (1:2:1) in a Mendelian single gene model (DF=1.0, p≤0.05). Eleven homozygous lines with Sub1 gene out of 256 were selected for future development of submergence tolerant varieties. Eleven lines were selected based on phenotypic study and agronomic performance.

Approximately 80-90% of cultivated grassland areas in Brazil are covered by Urochloa brizantha [syn. Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf.]. Some genotypes of Urochloa have being widely used with a wrong nomenclature, like species and cultivars. In this way, the Urochloa cultivar identification is primordial for breeding programs and seed production. Considering the importance of genetic purity in commercialized seed lots, the present work aimed to evaluate the use of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in six cultivars of U. brizantha (Xaraes; Piata; Basilisk; MG4; MG5 and Marandu) to discriminate and determine the contamination in seed batches. Results showed that it is possible to discriminate all cultivar with only two primers in pure samples. Basilisk was confirmed as a U. brizantha cultivar. ISSR markers showed a low polymorphism level. It was not possible to separate samples intentionally contaminated even at 5%. Key words: Brachiaria, molecular markers, varietal purity.

Four populations of Piptoporus betulinus from Maoer, Changbai, Daxing'an and Xiaoxing'an Mountains were sampled. DNA was isolated and purified from fruiting bodies. Inter simple sequence repeat markers were first used to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation of P. betulinus in this study. The results showed that the strains from Xiaoxing'an Mountain had the highest diversity among the four populations, followed by the samples from Maoer and Daxing'an Mountains, whereas the Changbai Mountain samples harboured the lowest value. Cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis indicated that all of the populations had the same type of geographical distribution (geographical affiliations). These findings will provide useful information for further research and utilization of wood-rotting fungi and will lay the foundation for development of genetic diversity in P. betulinus from various geographic origins.

Background: Pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii is cultured for producing round nucleated pearls. Pearl production involves a surgical operation, where a mantle tissue graft from a donor oyster and a round nucleus are implanted in the gonad of a host oyster. Whether the mantle graft implanted in the gonad of a host oyster contribute to the formation of a pearl sac that secretes pearl nacre to form pearl should be determined. In April 2012, two full-sib families were used separately for donor and host oysters for a nucleus insertion operation. The pearl sac was sampled from the host oysters at day 60 after nucleus operation. A large number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed by using Illumina HiSeq TM 2000 platform. The two full-sib families were also used to mine diagnostic SSR markers for genotyping donor oyster, host oyster and pearl sac. Results: A total of 3,168 microsatellite loci were identified in 39,078unigenes, and 1,977 SSR primers were designed by Primer 3.0. Forty-seven SSR primers were validated, and the rate of successful amplification was 72.3%. Two diagnostic SSR primers could successfully genotyped pearl sac, donor oyster and host oyster. Donor and host oysters were both homogenous and the alleles in pearl sac were identical to those in donor and host oysters. Conclusions: The present results confirmed that the mantle graft implanted in the gonad of host oyster contributed to the formation of the pearl sac in pearl oyster P . fucata martensii . Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;}

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) is a popular tool for individual fingerprinting. The long-core motif (e.g. tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotide) simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are preferred because they make it easier to separate and distinguish neighbor alleles. In the present study, a new set of 8 tetra-nucleotide SSRs in potato (Solanum tuberosum) is reported. By using these 8 markers, 72 out of 76 cultivars obtained from Japan and the United States were clearly discriminated, while two pairs, both of which arose from natural variation, showed identical profiles. The combined probability of identity between two random cultivars for the set of 8 SSR markers was estimated to be 1.10 × 10-8, confirming the usefulness of the proposed SSR markers for fingerprinting analyses of potato.

Ninety two sugarcane varieties from sub-tropical India were subjected to molecular profiling with 174 simple sequence repeat markers and characterized for 23 qualitative (morphological descriptors) and nine quantitative traits that directly or indirectly contribute to yield and juice quality. Using STRUCTURE-based population stratification study and a mixed linear model for marker-trait association (MTA) analysis, a total of 60 MTAs were identified for 22 qualitative traits that were able to explain a significantly higher (up to 40%) proportion of the phenotypic variations compared to all the previous reports of MTA studies in sugarcane. In addition, 21 MTAs stable over the three years of study were also identified for nine quantitative traits that explained 16–37% of the total trait variation. It could be concluded that the qualitative traits that are governed mostly by one or a few genes are more responsive to MTA studies and hence have a better potential to be adopted in marker-assisted breeding programmes in sugarcane. The MTAs identified in this study could also find significant applications in upcoming more stringent IP regime, which may necessitate tracking of specific alleles integrated in breeding programmes.

Understanding the genetic diversity of Acacia melanoxylon is very important in species selection and improvement. The present study aimed to identify microsatellite markers and determine the genetic diversity of 45 preferred clones selected from 9 Chinese districts. Seventy-six simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed for other Acacia species were screened. Seventeen SSR markers showed polymorphic patterns and amplified 134 alleles. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.044 to 0.911. The average allele number per locus ranged between 2 and 18, averaging 8.06. Nine SSR markers were highly informative, with PIC values above 0.60. These findings demonstrated that SSR markers could be used to differentiate A. melanoxylon genotypes. Cluster analysis using UPGMA separated the 45 clones into 3 distinct groups at a similarity coefficient of 0.72. The clone groups identified in this study would be useful in developing intraspecific hybrids to exploit hybrid vigor as well as for commercial cultivation and genetic base broadening. The DNA fingerprints obtained for each clone could be used for biodiversity conservation.

Mas’udah S, Fauziah, Hapsari L. 2019. Cluster analysis of Dioscorea alata accessions of Purwodadi Botanic Gardens (Indonesia) collection based on morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Cell Biol Dev 3: 6-12. The morphological characteristics of D. alata accessions show a high diversity, especially the tubers with varying form, size, weight, color, and flesh. Classification and naming of D. alata accessions generally use different local names in each region, causing problems. This study aimed to classify 20 accession numbers of D. alata collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden collected from East Java based on tuber morphological characteristics and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. Based on the morphological characteristic, the accessions showed high variation. However, from the seventeen characters observed, two characters were similar, and 15 others were diverse. The main morphological characteristics that contribute to the cluster are tuber skin color, tuber shape, and the color of the inner skin of the tuber. Clustering results based on DNA amplification showed different groups compared to the morphological characters cluster, although some accessions with close morphological characters were in the same molecular Group. The accession origin could not be used as the group marker. Marker E11 and A7 have the highest polymorphisms in this experiment. As conservation strategies, accessions with high-level similarity could be represented by one accession for maintenance efficiency. Conserving species until varieties level with different characters could enrich germplasm for breeding development.

Premise Rosebay willowherb, or fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium: Onagraceae), has diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid cytotypes. There are known physiological and ecological differences among the three cytotypes, but genetic differences remain undetermined. We developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for this species. Methods and Results Leaf samples were collected from three hexaploid C. angustifolium populations. We successfully amplified 16 SSR loci, which were found to be highly polymorphic. The number of alleles, the observed heterozygosity levels, and the expected heterozygosity levels ranged from four to 13, 0.286-0.899, and 0.372-0.871, respectively. Most primers could also be amplified successfully in C. conspersum and the closely related species Epilobium palustre. Conclusions The 16 polymorphic SSR markers developed here will be useful for genetic studies in C. angustifolium and related species.

Short Communication Assessing durum wheat genomic diversity is crucial in a changing environmental particularly in the Mediterranean region where it is largely used to produce pasta. Durum wheat varieties cultivated in Portugal and previously assessed regarding thermotolerance ability were screened for the variability of coding sequences associated with technological traits and repetitive sequences. As expected, reduced variability was observed regarding low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) but a specific LMW-GS allelic form associated with improved pasta-making characteristics was absent in one variety. Contrastingly, molecular markers targeting repetitive elements like microsatellites and retrotransposons – Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and Inter Retrotransposons Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) – disclosed significant inter and intra-varietal diversity. This high level of polymorphism was revealed by the 20 distinct ISSR/IRAP concatenated profiles observed among the 23 individuals analysed. Interestingly, median joining networks and PCoA analysis grouped individuals of the same variety and clustered varieties accordingly with geographical origin. Globally, this work demonstrates that durum wheat breeding strategies induced selection pressure for some relevant coding sequences while maintaining high levels of genomic variability in non-coding regions enriched in repetitive sequences info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers can be applied to genotyping projects at low cost with inexpensive equipment. The objective of this study was to develop SSR markers from the publically-available genome sequence of Brassica rapa and provide the physical position of these markers on the chromosomes for use in breeding and research. To assess the utility of these new markers, a subset of 60 markers were used to genotype 43 accessions of B. rapa. Fifty-five markers from the 10 chromosome scaffolds produced a total of 730 amplicons, which were then used to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the accessions, illustrating their utility in distinguishing between a wide range of germplasm. In agreement with similar studies of genetic diversity, our markers separated accessions into distinct genetic pools including Chinese cabbage, Chinese winter oilseed, European winter oilseed, Canadian spring oilseed, pak-choi, turnip, and yellow sarson. The results further illustrate the presence of a high level of genetic diversity in B. rapa, and demonstrate the potential of these SSR markers for use in breeding and research.

Molecular genetic diversity and relationships among 86 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. accessions were assessed using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Twenty-five ISSR markers generated 283 amplification bands, of which 266 were polymorphic. In addition, 576 polymorphic bands were detected from 627 bands amplified using 30 SRAP primers. Both marker types revealed a high level of genetic diversity, with ISSR markers showing a higher proportion of polymorphic loci (PPL; 94%) than SRAP markers (91.87%). The ISSR and SRAP data were significantly correlated (r = 0.8023). Cluster analysis of the separate ISSR and SRAP data sets clustered the accessions into three groups, which generally were consistent with geographic provenance. Cluster analysis of the combined ISSR and SRAP data set revealed four major groups similar to those based solely on ISSR or SRAP markers. The findings demonstrate that ISSR and SRAP markers are reliable and effective tools for analysis of genetic diversity in C. aciculatus.

A total of 73 genotypes including 65 hexaploid (Triticum aestivum L.) and 8 tetraploid (Triticum durum L) wheat varieties were used in this study. Eleven microsatellite markers were used to test the genetic diversity of wheat genotypes, yielding a polymorphism. The total number of detected alleles was 89 with an average allele number of 8.1 per locus. The maximum number of polymorphic alleles (9 bands) was obtained by the primer SSR-9 while the minimum number (1 allele) was recorded for primer SSR-11 with an average 5 alleles per primer. Polymorphism percentage ranged from as low as 50 % (SSR-1, SSR-2 and SSR-5) to as high as 100% (SSR-10 and SSR-11) with an average of 68.24 %. Eleven alleles at molecular size [219 bp and 188 bp (SSR-1), 239 bp (SSR-3), 635 bp and 503 bp (SSR-4), 358 bp and 331 bp (SSR-8), 250 bp, 226 bp and 210 bp (SSR-9) and 532 bp (SSR-11)], were present only in bread wheat genotypes, while one allele at molecular size 312 bp generated with primer (SSR-6) was unique to durum wheat genotypes. These alleles could be used as marker to distinguish the durum wheat from the bread wheat genotypes. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.06 (primer SSR-6) to 0.2 (primer SSR-11) with an average value of 0.13. These results reflect the wide range between the frequencies of alleles at loci of SSR studied in the tested wheat varieties. The dendrogram grouped the 73 wheat genotypes according to their ploidy levels into two main clusters. Cluster 1 included the durum wheat genotypes, while cluster 2 contained all bread wheat genotypes.

espanolConocer la diversidad genetica de las especies de arbolesforestales en la region semiarida de Brasil puede contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias eficaces para su conservacion y usofuturo. El objetivo de este estudiofue seleccionar iniciadores de ISSR (Secuencias Intergenicas Repetidas Simples) capaces de detectar polimorfismo genetico entre individuos de Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth. para estudiar la diversidad genetica de la especie. Un total de 27 iniciadores ISSR fueron probados por su capacidad para amplificar el ADN genomico de tres individuos. Todos los iniciadores amplificaron secuencias intergenicas repetidas en el genoma, pero siete fueron seleccionados porque presentaron un mejor patron de amplificacion. Los siete iniciadores seleccionados fueron utilizados para amplificar el ADN genomico a partir de nueve individuos y generaron un total de 78 loci, 52,7% de los cualesfueron polimorficas. El valor del contenido de la informacion de los iniciadores polimorficos vario de 0,261 a 0,489, demostrando que son moderadamente informativo y el analisis del impulso se determino que 51 loci fueron suficientes para estimar la diversidad genetica de la muestra de los individuos analizados. Los resultados indican que los marcadores generados por los iniciadores UBC 807, UBC 824, UBC 827, UBC 840, UBC 851, UBC 873 y UBC 881 permiten detectarpolimorfismo genetico entre individuos de M. caesalpiniaefolia y pueden ser utilizados para estimar la diversidad genetica para esta especie. EnglishKnowledge of the genetic diversity of the threatened tree species in the Brazilian semiarid region may contribute to the creation of effective strategies for their preservation and future use. The aim of this study was to select ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat) primers capable of detecting genetic polymorphism among Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth. individuals for a study of the genetic diversity of this species. A total of 27 ISSR primers were tested for their ability to amplify genomic DNA of three individuals (bulk); all of them amplified regions between the simple sequence repeats of the genome, however seven ISSR primers showed a good standard of amplification compared to the others. The seven primers selected were used to amplify the genomic DNA of nine individuals and generated a total of 78 loci, of which 52.7% were polymorphic. The content of polymorphic information of the primers ranged from 0.261 to 0.489, showing that selected primers are moderately informative; bootstrap analysis determined that 51 loci were enough to estimate the genetic diversity of the samples of individuals. We concluded that the markers generated by the primers UBC 807, UBC 824, UBC 827, UBC 840, UBC 851, UBC 873 and UBC 881 allow detection of the genetic polymorphism among individuals of M. caesalpiniaefolia, being useful to determine the genetic diversity of this species.

Microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are important tools for genetic analyses, especially those targeting diversity. The primary objective of this study was to develop robust oat-based microsatellite markers from newly enriched genomic libraries to expand on a relatively small existing oat SSR toolbox. Microsatellite motifs characterized by (CA/GT), (AAT/TTA), (ATG/TAC) and (CATC/GTAG) repeats were targeted for enrichment. Preliminary screening showed that 90% of clones from the (CA/GT) and 79% of the clones from the (ATG/TAC) libraries contained repeats, while < 11% of the clones from (AAT/TTA) and (CATC/GTAG) libraries contained repeats. Subsequent sequencing of 1536 clones from the (CA/GT) and (ATG/TAC) libraries resulted in 539 and 578 SSRs for which primers were designed, respectively. A total of 246 SSRs were polymorphic across 11 oat lines. One hundred and twenty-five of the markers produced highly reproducible assays that interrogated 369 alleles at 193 loci. Of these, 79 robust assays interrogated 146 codominant alleles. These markers will be useful for a wide range of genetic analyses in oat including assessment of diversity and marker-assisted breeding.

The present study was carried out to standardise a DNA isolation protocol for coconut and to characterize five coconut varieties using 18 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. DNA was extracted from tender young leaf samples collected from the fronds of five different trees of each coconut variety. A protocol using 0.095 g ml−1 glucose, 0.025 g ml−1 polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.0045 g ml−1 sodium bisulphite, 0.0055 g ml−1 sodium dodecyl sulphate, and 50 µl ml−1 sarcosine produced good quality DNA. The average polymorphism percentages revealed using ISSR or SSR markers between the five varieties were 31.9% or 92.9%, respectively. Using ISSR markers, the overall similarity between all five varieties ranged from 0.657 to 0.775, whereas it was 0.037–0.304 using SSR markers. The levels of polymorphism detected using ISSR markers among the five samples each of ‘Banawali’, ‘Gangabondum Green Dwarf’, ‘Pratap’, ‘Konkan Bhatye Coconut Hybrid-I’, and ‘East Coast Tall’ we...