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In the present study, we estimated genetic diversity and population structure in 186 accessions of Triticum and Aegilops species using 24 simple sequence repeat markers (SSR). Furthermore, an association analysis was performed for antioxidant activities, including guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and dry matter (DM) under two control and drought stress conditions. Our findings showed that drought treatment significantly decreased DM, whereas activities of all antioxidant enzymes were increased compared to the control conditions. The results of correlation analysis indicated that, under drought stress conditions, all biochemical traits had a positive and significant association with each other and with dry matter. In the molecular section, the results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the molecular variation within species is more than within them. The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis showed that grouping the investigated accessions was in accordance with their genomic constitutions. The results of association analysis revealed 8 and 9 significant marker–trait associations (MTA) under control and drought stress conditions, respectively. Among identified MTAs, two associations were simultaneously found in both growing conditions. Moreover, several SSR markers were associated with multiple traits across both conditions. In conclusion, our results could provide worthwhile information regarding marker-assisted selection for the activity of antioxidant enzymes in future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the natural patterns of genetic variation and their evolutionary basis is required for sustainable management and conservation of wheat germplasm. In the current study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 100 individuals from four Triticum and Aegilops species (including T. aestivum, Ae. tauschii, Ae. cylindrica, and Ae. crassa) were investigated using two gene-based markers (start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and CAAT-box derived polymorphism (CBDP)) and simple-sequence repeats (SSRs). The SCoT, CBDP, and SSR markers yielded 76, 116, and 48 polymorphism fragments, respectively. The CBDP marker had greater efficiency than the SCoT and SSR markers due to its higher polymorphism content information (PIC), resolving power (Rp), and marker index (MI). Based on an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) performed using all marker systems and combined data, there was a higher distribution of genetic variation within species than among them. Ae. cylindrica and Ae. tauschii had the highest values for all genetic variation parameters. A cluster analysis using each marker system and combined data showed that the SSR marker had greater efficiency in grouping of tested accessions, such that the results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and population structure confirmed the obtained clustering patterns. Hence, combining the SCoT and CBDP markers with polymorphic SSR markers may be useful in genetic fingerprinting and fine mapping and for association analysis in wheat and its germplasm for various agronomic traits or tolerance mechanisms to environmental stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used for genetic diversity and relationship analysis of nine Salvia species. Twenty-one and twenty selected ISSR and SCoT primers amplified 350 and 329 loci, respectively, of which all were polymorphic. The obtained average polymorphism information content (ISSR, 0.38; SCoT, 0.40), average band informativeness (ISSR, 16.67; SCoT, 16.45) and resolving power (ISSR, 9.75; SCoT, 12.52) revealed high genetic diversity prevailing among Salvia accessions. Considering the ISSR and SCoT data, the species with a basic chromosome number of x = 8 showed higher values of the percentage polymorphism loci (PPL), the number of observed alleles (Na) and Shannon index (I) than the other species. The partition of clusters in the neighbour-joining dendrogram based on ISSR, SCoT and combined data was similar and grouped all individuals into four clusters. However, the dendrogram generated based on SCoT separated the individuals into sub-clusters in accordance with their species and section. The Mantel test revealed a similar polymorphism distribution pattern between ISSR and SCoT techniques, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.83, and the results showed that both techniques were effective to assess the genetic diversity. Our results indicated that SCoT markers can be used as a reliable and informative technique for evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships among Salvia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]