Search

The high corrosion resistance, low density, and useful biological activity with heat resistance of titanium alloys have made them the most outstanding choice in various industrial applications. However, their poor tribological properties inhibit utilizing them in applications that need abrasive and adhesive wear resistance. Laser cladding is being applied to increase the capabilities of such alloys by allowing the deposition of different hard coating materials. This paper attempts to study the thermal, microstructure, and clad layer geometry evolution during coaxial laser cladding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy with tungsten carbide + nickel-based alloy preblended powder. Owing to the difficulty in experimentally measuring the thermal and microstructure evolution due to lots of laser processing parameters, a new three-dimensional numerical model based on finite-difference analysis for studying the entire process has been proposed. The behavior of the different thermophysical properties of WC, NiCrBSiC, and Ti6Al4V materials, as well as the phase transition based on latent heat and fluid dynamics considering materials velocity, viscosity, and buoyancy force, during melting and resolidification processes, were considered to improve and ensure the accuracy of the numerical model. The proposed model could be applied to accurately estimate the temperature history and the deposited clad layer morphology and geometry. The cooling rate and thermal gradient were investigated to predict the solidification rate and microstructure by using different laser cladding parameters. It was confirmed that the laser power has a substantial impact on the peak temperature in the melt-pool, while the laser scanning speed has a significant effect on the heating and cooling rates. In conclusion, the process parameters have to be carefully chosen to certify a good quality clad layer with the preservation of the WC particles.

In this study, influence of magnetron sputtering on indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) ceramic target was studied to improve its performance and utilization. Results indicated that state of the target such as target grain uniformity, micro defects, C element pollution, and secondary phase showed significant influence on magnetron sputtering process. Atoms located in small grains were easily bombarded out of IGZO target, and grains with slow sputtering rate protruded from target surface. Porous microstructure of IGZO ceramic created abnormal electric field of the target during sputtering, resulting in the poisoning of target. Moreover, more indium atoms were sputtered from the target, and the proportion of In after sputtering decreased by 0.62–0.97%. The difference in sputtering rates between secondary phase and main phase led to the formation of IGZO cladding layer with poor conductivity under the combined action of sputtering and re-sputtering. In sum, these findings may provide strong guidance for further improvement and performance enhancement of IGZO sputtering target.

This study attempts to analyze the microstructure and interface behavior of aluminum 6061 (Al 6061)-V-grooved stainless steel (SS304) explosive cladding by numerical and experimental methods. Numerical simulation was performed by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) technique, in ANSYS AUTODYN, and the results are correlated with experimental outcome. The machining of V-grooves on the base plate transform the melted layer formed in conventional cladding (without grooves on the base plate) into a smooth undulating interface, for a similar experimental condition. The flyer plate and collision velocities, observed in numerical simulation, are in good agreement to the analytical expectations. The pressure developed in the flyer plate is higher than the base plate and the maximum pressure is witnessed at the collision point irrespective of grooved base plate or otherwise. The temperature developed in the collision point of conventional explosive cladding exceeds the melting point of both the participant metals, whereas, it exceeds the melting point of aluminum alone, in case of V-grooved base plate cladding. The shear and impact strengths of the V-grooved base plate clads are higher than the conventional clads and the fracture surfaces exhibit mixed modes of fracture.

The alkaline slag produced in the process of recovering heat and Na2CO3 in the black liquor heat treatment of papermaking leads to damage to refractory materials. In this paper, the wetting and erosion cladding properties of alkaline slag on the surface of dense corundum refractories were studied. The experiment was conducted in a high-temperature tubular furnace with different atmospheres (oxidizing atmosphere and reducing atmosphere), various heating rates (10 °C/min, 15 °C/min, 20 °C/min), and multiple angles between the refractory and horizontal planes (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°). The wetting process of the slag on the refractory surface was observed by a CCD camera. The apparent contact angle and slag column height were measured with ImageJ software. The microstructure, element change and compounds of the cladding layer and interface layer were analysed using SEM-EDS and XRD. The results show that the corrosion of refractories by the slag comes from the following procedure: alumina dissolved and migrated to the cladding layer, then the slag penetrated the dense corundum refractories through the grain boundaries and the channels formed by the dissolution of alumina. Thermodynamic calculation and analysis of experimental results show that the slag and refractories dissolved each other at high temperature and reacted with each other to form mullite, nepheline and feldspar.

This paper discusses about the recent advancements in laser cladding and alloying processes used for surface property enhancement of magnesium and its alloys. Laser cladding and alloying is advanced manufacturing method used for surface modification of metallic materials in the modern industries. The cladding process is surface modification technique, which is used for deposition of thick layer of advanced materials on surface of conventional materials to improve the surface properties like, wear resistance, hardness, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and heat resistance. The advanced materials generally used for cladding operations are transition metals, alloys, ceramics, composites, nanomaterials, rare earth oxide and some solid lubricant additives. The conventional substrate materials are steel, cast iron, titanium alloy, aluminium alloy, magnesium alloys and copper alloys. Laser cladding is most widely used coating technique because of its attractive properties such as low dilution rate, good metallurgical bonding between coating and substrate, less distortion, narrow heat affected zone, high solidification and cooling rate. In this article magnesium alloy is considered as substrate material and the various coating materials used for its surface modification are explained. Also, the effects of various laser process parameters on phase composition, microstructure, elemental composition, mechanical properties, tribological properties and corrosion resistance are discussed. The characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, EDS, Vickers microhardness test, wear and friction test, corrosion test used for coating analysis are described. Furthermore, the problem arises in laser cladding and alloying on magnesium alloy and their possible remedies are discussed.

WC-10Co4Cr cladding over an austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) was fabricated by using a cost- effective microwave technique. Cladding was performed with 1.20 kW power and a frequency of 2.45 GHz in an industrial microwave oven. The XRD surveillance reveals a cluster of carbide phases adjunct to W-Cr-Fe based hexagonal matrix. The SEM examination reveals a solid microstructure and a homogeneous reinforced skeleton with porosity measures of less than 1% in the clad specimen. Tungsten (W) distributed equally in matrix and carbides, resulting in bulk hardness and matrix micro hardness increasing gradually and reaching a peak at 750HV, respectively, which is significantly greater than the base metal (SS-316) hardness (about 220HV). The clads erosive wear was measured at various impact angles (30°, 60°, and 90°) by utilizing a solid particle erosion with alumina as the erodent. In addition, corrosion testing found that in the NaCl solution of 3.5 wt% the cladded specimen exhibited the less corrosion resistance than that of the base metal.

The underwater laser cladding layers of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy were prepared using underwater wire-feeding laser cladding (UWLC) technology under different heat inputs and gas flow rates. At optimum process parameters, the uniform underwater cladding layer without oxidation was obtained, and the cracks inside layer were restrained successfully. The deposition morphology, grain characteristics, microstructure and properties of the cladding layer were analyzed, and the mechanism of crack elimination was investigated. With the increase of heat input, the grain size and thickness of the α lath increased, while the amount of α' decreased, and the oxidation phenomenon had also improved. The sizes of columnar β-crystal grains and spherical β-crystal grains both increased. The microstructure of the different heat input layers was composed of lamellar α phase and acicular α′ phase with different sizes. Besides, the reduction of the cooling rate inhibited the unidirectional growth of acicular martensite, so that the martensite arrangement was close to a disordered state, and the deformation of the cladding layer was more uniform, which effectively prevented the cracks and melt expansion. The corrosion resistance of the coating was improved, and the microhardness was reduced.

This review paper discusses about the deposition of coating with high entropy alloy on metallic materials by laser energy based surfacing process. The purpose of coating is to deposit a hard and wear resistant layer of expansive material on the surface of workpiece material without altering the bulk properties of the workpiece to increase its surface properties. The coating with high entropy alloy shows excellent surface characteristics like corrosion resistance, wear resistance and oxidation resistance at high temperature. Due to high power density and fast cooling rate, laser cladding is most suitable technique for synthesis of coating with high entropy alloy. Coating with high entropy alloy is generally developed on titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, aluminium alloy, copper alloy and ferrous alloy by laser based cladding process. In this paper effects of laser process parameters on high entropy alloy coating developed on various industrial materials has been discussed. The various laser parameters which affect the properties of coating with high entropy alloy are laser power density, laser scanning speed, feed rate of powder, argon flow rate, and frequency. The high entropy alloy exhibits effect due to high entropy, effect due to slow diffusion, cocktail effect and effect due to severe lattice distortion, which leads to tailoring of microstructure and exhibits to excellent surface hardness, corrosion resistance and wear resistance. This paper describes about the brief review on benefits of high entropy alloy coating, challenges arises, suggested remedies for future research work and its applications in aerospace, automobile, marine and chemical industries.

A new method of pre-cladding amorphous glass and glass-ceramic brazing was invented to obtain a high-reliability bonding of yttrium iron garnet ferrite (YIG) and magnesium titanate ceramic (MTC) at a relatively low temperature of 725oC. The amorphous glass cladding could alleviate the stress generated by thermal expansion difference between the glass ceramic and base materials. The microstructure shows that micron-scale and nanoscale CoFe2O4 phases were dispersed in the glass seam. The joint shear strength reached 117 ± 6.6 MPa due to the enhancement of CoFe2O4 phases, which was twice as that of the joint directly brazed by amorphous bismuth glass. Correspondingly, the joint weak area was transferred from the glass matrix to the vicinity of the interface and the base material, providing a direct evidence that the glass seam was strengthened by the glass ceramic. It is significant for improving high reliability of the microwave devices for long-term service.

The AISI 904L steel is a superaustenitic stainless steel, which presents a good combination of properties like high strength, weldability, and good corrosion resistance. Despite its wide use in several industrial segments, the literature reporting the performance of claddings deposited with this alloy to improve the corrosion performance of equipment is limited. Based on this scenario, this work evaluates the microstructure and corrosion properties of the AISI 904L steel weld cladding obtained by the electroslag welding (ESW) deposited on a carbon steel ASTM A516 Grade 70. Single layer cladding was deposited on 50 × 400 × 400 mm steel plates with average welding energy of 11.7 kJ/mm to obtain the minimum thickness required. After welding, metallographic examination and corrosion tests were performed on samples removed at 1 and 3 mm parallel to the fusion line. Metallographic characterization was performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic polarization tests in 3.5% NaCl solution were performed at the same positions as the metallographic examinations. The results showed that the austenitic microstructure presenting a low volume fraction of secondary phases provided suitable corrosion results for all conditions studied. It evidences that single layer weld overlays obtained with the AISI 904L steel deposited by the ESW process may be considered an adequate alternative for overlay welding with reduced thicknesses because good results were observed at only 1.0 mm from the fusion line, and this could represent a significant cost reduction.

A deposited layer of Sn-based Babbitt alloys was fabricated on the surface of the steel substrate via the arc deposition technique. The effect of the composition of Zn on the microstructure and mechanical properties has been systematically studied. The morphology of Babbitt alloys and the interfacial microstructure of the interface between the cladding layer and substrate have been investigated. The experimental results revealed that SnSb phases and Cu6Sn5 phases become more uniformly dispersed in the Sn-matrix as Zn composition increased, which resulting in the improvement of hardness and tensile strength. The enhanced performance can be attributed to precipitation strengthening of the newly formed substitutional solid solution Cu6Zn0.5Sn4.5. The bonding strength of Babbitt and steel has been tested according to the standard destructive testing method of sliding bearing. The bonding strength increased and decreased with the increment of Zn, since excessive Zn led the fracture site to shift from the SnSb phase to the segregated Cu6Sn4.5Zn 0.5 at the interface near IMC layers.

Cu/Al clad sheets with a 304 stainless steel foil (SUS304) interlayer are successfully fabricated by the powder-in-tube method. The influence of SUS304 thickness on the interfacial structure, elemental diffusion, and peeling strength of the clad sheets is studied. Experimental results indicate that the initial Cu/Al interface is partially transformed into a Cu/SUS304/Al interface after introducing the SUS304 interlayer. The proportion of SUS304 fragments at the bonding interface is shown to increase with thickness of the SUS304 interlayer. Differences in deformability between SUS304 interlayer and Cu/Al matrix promote the occurrence of shear deformation at the bonding interface via the cladding process, enhancing atomic diffusion at the Cu/SUS304/Al interface. Peeling tests reveal that interfacial cracks in clad sheets with an SUS304 interlayer propagate along the Cu/SUS304 and Cu/Al interfaces. Under combined effects of interfacial transfer and large shear strain, the interfacial strength of clad sheets is apparently improved. Clad sheets with the thickest SUS304 interlayer (30 μm) exhibit highest peeling strength (30.9 N/mm), demonstrating 73.6% improvement over clad sheets without an interlayer. These findings provide novel insights into the innovative design of clad sheets possessing extraordinary interfacial strength.

Nodular cast iron has the strength and toughness which are close to steel and is widely used in industrial fields. The repair and modification of nodular cast iron based on laser cladding can effectively improve the service life, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance of parts. However, nodular cast iron cladding is prone to cracks and hole defects, severely limiting the promotion and application of this technology. The evolution mechanism of multi-field coupling in the spheroidal graphite cast iron laser cladding is the key to quantitatively reveal the improvement of cladding quality. In this paper, moving Gaussian heat source, the influence of temperature change on material physical parameters, the Marangoni effect of molten pool surface tension, and buoyancy on the molten metal flow were considered. A multifield coupling three-dimensional numerical model of IN625 powder laser cladding on nodular cast iron by disk lasers was established. The calculation reveals the transient evolution law of the cladding temperature field, flow field, and plastic stress field. The microstructure morphologies of the cladding layer were observed by Zeiss sigma HD field emission SEM to verify the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the substrate heat input and heat loss reached equilibrium at 0.8s, and the highest temperature reached 1979.7K. There was apparent Marangoni flow in the molten pool, resulting in a small flow velocity in the center and large edges, and the maximum flow velocity was 0.203m/s. When the molten pool was air-cooled to ambient temperature in 1000s, the maximum residual stress was 429MPa. The micromorphology from the bottom to the top of the molten pool is planar crystals, cell crystals, columnar crystals, and equiaxed crystals, which are consistent with the numerical calculation results.

TiB2/metal composite material was prepared by magnetic-field-assisted laser cladding on Ti–6Al–4V to improve wear resistance and decrease crack sensitivity. The influences of the magnetostrictive effect on the crack sensitivity and mechanical properties were studied. Moreover, the effects of the magnetic field on the microstructure, lattice parameters, and wear properties of the laser layers were investigated. TiB2 particles were synthesized on the surface of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy in situ by laser cladding. The magnetic intensity influenced the mechanical properties of the laser cladding layers. The wear properties of the composite cladding layers were improved by increasing the hardness and decreasing the elastic modulus of the cladding layer. The lattice mismatch phenomenon in the cladding layer was reduced, and the mechanical properties of the cladding layer were enhanced by introducing a magnetostrictive effect. The application of 20 mT magnetic intensity was appropriate for generating a negative magnetostrictive effect, and the lattice misfit parameter, wear volume, and coefficient of friction were the lowest among all the samples.

Laser cladding Ni-based composite coating has significant advantages in improving the surface properties of QT500-7. WC/Ni60 composite powders with different WC mass fractions were cladded on the surface of QT500-7. The microstructure and tribological properties of the cladding layer were studied on the basis of optimizing process parameters. The study found that the surface morphology appeared bright white area, bright gray area, dark gray area, and black area. With the increase of WC mass fraction, the types of the cladding layer from bottom to top are gradually enriched, and the types of W-containing carbides produced are also increasing. Meanwhile, the hardness, corrosion resistance, and tribological properties are significantly improved.

In this study, a W–ZrC composite coating was applied on graphite substrate by a novel TIG-aided cladding process. The obtained overlay was uniform exhibiting no crack and discontinuity. In-situ reaction between WC and ZrO2 powders promoted by the heat of the TIG source resulted in overlay formation. To investigate and compare the effect of TiC and Co addition on composite microstructure and functionality, TiC and Co powders were added to WC powder. The phase formation, microstructure, adhesion, microhardness and toughness of the coating were the targets of the examinations and characterizations. The cross-sectional image of the coatings indicated a desired metallurgical bonding at the clad/substrate interface. The examined microhardness and toughness values of the composite coating with pure WC were 1700 HV and 4.7 MPa m , respectively. These values were 2500 HV and 4 MPa m for the sample containing TiC and Co additives. Extensive formation of solid solution between carbide materials and liquid phase formation by W and Co in the composite coating containing TiC and Co led to enhancement of the mechanical performance of the latter. Meanwhile, the improved resistance of the graphite against the oxidation and ablation is expected in presence of the composite clad layer in contrast to the bare graphite sample.

Ti–Al–V–Nb alloys with the cluster formula, 12[Al–Ti12](AlTi2)+5[Al–Ti14](V,Nb)2Ti, were designed by replacing V with Nb based on the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Single-track cladding layers and bulk samples of the alloys with Nb contents ranging from 0 to 6.96 wt.% were prepared by laser additive manufacturing to examine their formability, microstructure, and mechanical properties. For single-track cladding layers, the addition of Nb increased the surface roughness slightly and decreased the molten pool height to improve its spreadability. The alloy, Ti–5.96Al–1.94V– 3.54Nb (wt.%), exhibited better geometrical accuracy than the other alloys because its molten pool height was consistent with the spread layer thickness of the powder. The microstructures of the bulk samples contained similar columnar β-phase grains, regardless of Nb content. These grains grew epitaxially from the Ti substrate along the deposition direction, with basket-weave α-phase laths within the columnar grains. The α-phase size increased with increasing Nb contents, but its uniformity decreased. Along the deposition direction, the Vickers hardness increased from the substrate to the surface. The Ti–5.96Al–1.94V–3.54Nb alloy exhibited the highest Vickers hardness regardless of deposition position because of the optimal matching relationship between the α-phase size and its content among the designed alloys.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are potential alternative materials for accident-tolerant fuel cladding due to their excellent irradiation resistance and high-temperature corrosion resistance. In this work, two novel body-centered cubic (bcc) structured Mo0.5NbTiVCr0.25 and Mo0.5NbTiV0.5Zr0.25 HEAs were fabricated. Helium-ion irradiation was performed on the two HEAs to simulate neutron irradiation, and the crystal structure, hardness, and microstructure evolution were investigated. The crystal structure of the Mo0.5NbTiVCr0.25 HEA remained stable at low fluences, while amorphization may occur at high fluences in the two HEAs. The irradiation hardening value of the Mo0.5NbTiVCr0.25 was 0.77 GPa at fluences of 1 × 1017 ions/cm2 and 1.49 GPa at fluences of 5 × 1017 ions/cm2, while the hardening value of the Mo0.5NbTiV0.5Zr0.25 was 1.36 GPa at ion fluences of 5 × 1017 ions/cm2. In comparison with most of the conventional alloys, the two HEAs showed slight irradiation hardening. The helium bubbles and dislocation loops with small size were observed in the two HEAs after irradiation. This is the first time to report the formation of a dislocation loop in bcc-structure HEAs after irradiation. However, voids and precipitates were not observed in the two HEAs which could be ascribed to the high lattice distortion and compositional complexity of HEAs. This research revealed that the two HEAs show outstanding irradiation resistance, which may be promising accident-tolerant fuel cladding materials.

The microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion resistance of laser cladding Ni–WC coating on the surface of AlSi5Cu1Mg alloy were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, microhardness testing, immersion corrosion testing, and electrochemical measurement. The results show that a smooth coating containing NiAl, Ni3Al, M7C3, M23C6 phases (M=Ni, Al, Cr, W, Fe) and WC particles is prepared by laser cladding. Under a laser scanning speed of 120 mm/min, the microhardness of the cladding coating is 9–11 times that of AlSi5Cu1Mg, due to the synergistic effect of excellent metallurgical bond and newly formed carbides. The Ni–WC coating shows higher corrosion potential (−318.09 mV) and lower corrosion current density (12.33 μA/cm2) compared with the matrix. The crack-free, dense cladding coating obviously inhibits the penetration of Cl− and H+, leading to the remarkedly improved corrosion resistance of cladding coating.

AISI 431 bead-on-plates were deposited on AISI 1010 by laser cladding, since it is a well-known corrosion-resistant material. The effects of laser power, scanning speed, powder feed rate and focal distance on the coatings’ geometry and dilution ratios, as well as microstructure evolution, iron dilution and microhardness of the beads were evaluated by optical and electron scanning microscopes, the last one coupled with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and microhardness test. The results showed that the clad height is mainly influenced by the scanning speed, while for the width, laser power, scanning speed and focal distance were crucial. Changing laser power has a more marked effect on the dilution than on the aspect ratio, while changing scanning speeds and focal distance shows a marked effect on both dilution and aspect ratio. The microstructure of coating zone is mainly composed by lath martensite. Furthermore, the average hardness by microindentation of the AISI 431 stainless steel cladding coating was about 5 times higher than that of the substrate.

Coal crushers are widely used in the industrial mining of coal. Considerable wear occurs due to the abrasive nature of coal, so regular maintenance is required, and currently hardfacing by using electric arc welding is widely used as a remedy. This study aimed to compare the hardfacing between welding methods, such as shielded metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding with and without added metal powders that will give optimum longevity. The hardfacing was martensitic material that is highly resistant to wear. The results of the study indicate that the welding process with a low-heat input caused less welding dilution than welding with high-heat input. The microstructures in all the hardfacings, when analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, showed martensite and austenite. It was found that a single hardfacing layer contained more alloying elements from the buffer layer than a three-layer hardfacing, resulting in a more austenite phase, lower hardness, and poorer wear resistance. The worn surfaces of hardfacing layers, after wear testing according to ASTM G65, showed mainly cutting and plowing types of wear. The results show that welding with flux-cored wires using the lowest heat input (0.72 kJ/mm) gave the lowest mass loss for both single-layered hardfacing (2343.75 mg) and three-layered hardfacing (1984.50 mg) and is therefore recommended for hardfacing with martensitic materials.

Circular oscillating laser was used to deposit GH3536 nickel-based superalloy, GH3536-16 wt.% coarse WC and GH3536-16 wt.% fine WC composite. The microstructure characteristics and evolution, phase composition and properties of the three materials fabricated by circular oscillating laser melting deposition were studied. In the mode of circular oscillating laser, equiaxed and columnar crystal structures are formed in the middle and edge of the cladding track of the three materials due to its temperature gradient distribution and the laser stirring effect on molten pool. The main phases of the composite coatings are γ-Ni solid solution, WC, W2C and M6C. WC particles uniformly distributed in GH3536 matrix have the effects of fine grain strengthening and dispersion strengthening. Compared with GH3536, the average microhardness of the composite material is increased by 59.70% (coarse WC) and 74.66% (fine WC) respectively, and the wear rate is reduced by 84.87% (coarse WC) and 89.17% (fine WC) respectively. The wear mechanism changes from adhesive wear to abrasive wear after adding WC. The corrosion current density of the composite coating is 44.9% (coarse WC) and 26.5% (fine WC) lower than that of GH3536, respectively. WC particles have physical shielding and solid solution strengthening effects, and improve the corrosion resistance of GH3536 coating.

FeCoCrNiMnAl high-entropy alloy cladding was fabricated on the surface of 4Cr5MoSiV1 substrate by laser cladding technology. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer w...

The influence of Al2O3 addition on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of CoCrAlYTa coating produced by laser-induction hybrid cladding was systematically investigated. The results show that the coatings exhibit high metallurgy quality with no obvious defects, and mainly consist of γ, β and TaC phases. In the cladding process, a part of O element exists in the TaC and increases with the increased Al2O3 content, while the other exists in the form of Y2O3 due to low Gibbs free energy. As the Al2O3 content increases, the volume fraction of β phase (Vβ) changes from 23.82 vol% to 67.72 vol%, and leading to the microhardness of coating increased from 515.15 HV to 610.17 HV. Meanwhile, the wear rate of coating increases with the Vβ in a relationship of y = −5.97x+110.65, due to a fact that the wear mechanism changes from adhesive wear to microcutting.

Twin-electrode GTAW is a novel welding technology in recent years and attracts lots of attention to researchers. However, stainless steel cladding with twin-electrode GTAW has been scarcely reported. This paper investigates the microstructure and mechanical performances of austenite stainless steel cladding by twin-electrode GTAW, and particularly the heat input is concerned. Experimental results of hardness tests, bending tests, and corrosion resistance tests show that both single GTAW and twin-electrode GTAW produce defect-free weld beads which meet engineering standards. Compared to single GTAW, twin-electrode GTAW improves the welding productivity at a lower heat input because of its higher welding speed and melting rate. Oscillation twin-electrode GTAW cladding also produces fine weld bead formation, but causes excessive heat input due to its very low welding speed and relative large welding currents. During oscillation twin-electrode GTAW, Fe–Cr(–Mo) intermetallic compound (σ phase) tends to precipitate in the weld bead, which leads to undesirable ferrite content results.

The high-temperature oxidation resistance of low alloy steel affected by the cladding of austenitic stainless steel has been investigated in this study. For this purpose, Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) technique was used to prepare a proper layer of AISI347 on the surface of ferritic steels. The microstructure and morphology properties of the alloys were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) techniques. Results demonstrated that the construction of oxide shells on the surface of non-modified ferritic steel was responsible for its low resistance in contrast to the oxidation at high-temperature conditions. The oxidation screening of coated and uncoated samples with tuning time at constant temperature showed the increased oxidizing intensity of both materials. Conversely, with tuning temperature from 850 to 950 oC at a constant time, an abnormal increase was observed in oxidation intensity. The corresponding kPs of the uncoated sample was determinate 1.27708×10-8, 3.267×10-8, and the corresponding kPs of coated material was determinate 54.5×10-10, 6.6×10-10. The performed investigation proved that the formation of oxidized compact needle microstructures in the resulting alloy is the reason for the extraordinarily oxidizing resistance of austenitic stainless steel.

Ni204 cladding layers were prepared on the surface of 45# steel alloys via laser cladding under different overlap modes. The effects of overlap modes on microstructure evolution, microhardness, wea...

That increasing temperature is beneficial for solder-wetting but not for amorphous-maintaining the state causes difficulties in joining of Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG). In order to solve the contradiction, this paper presents a two-step process of pre-cladding ultrasonic soldering, in which a Zn-6Al-3Cu-20Sn solder layer was firstly vacuum-cladded on surface of a Ti-6Al-4V sample, and then a Zr-14Cu-10Ti-8Ni BMG sample was ultrasonic-soldered to the solder layer without flux. Microstructures of the Zr-14Cu-10Ti-8Ni/Zn-6Al-3Cu-20Sn/Ti-6Al-4V soldering joints were studied using optical microscope, SEM, EDS, and XRD, and shear strengths were tested. Results show that shear strength ranges from 20 to 50 MPa among the joints obtained under different soldering temperatures and ultrasonic times. Shear fracture of all the experimental ultrasonic soldered joints occurred at the interface between solder and Zr-based BMG. The fracture surface shows a mixture of solder tearing and solder peeling off from the surface of the Zr-based BMG. Pits or grooves formed on surface of Zr-based BMG by ultrasonic cavitation benefit not only chemical adhesion but also mechanical adhesion by an anchoring effect. This work confirmed that ultrasonic treatment is very effective for the soldered joint of Zr-based BMG.

Abstarct This work focuses on irradiation behaviors of a novel silicon carbide and carbon coated nanostructured ferritic alloy (SiC-C@NFA) composite for potential applications as a cladding and structural material for next generation nuclear reactors. The SiC-C@NFA samples were irradiated with 1 MeV Kr ions up to 10 dpa at 300 and 450 °C. Microstructures and defect evolution were studied in-situ at the IVEM-Tandem facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The effects of ion irradiation on various phases such as α-ferrite matrix, (Fe,Cr)7C3, and (Ti,W)C precipitates were evaluated. The α-ferrite matrix showed a continuous increase in dislocation density along with spatial ordering of dislocation loops (or loop strings) at >5 dpa. The size of the dislocation loops at 450 °C was larger than that at 300 °C. The nucleation and growth of new (Ti,W)C precipitates in α-ferrite grains were enhanced with the ion dose at 450 °C. This study provides new insight into the irradiation resistance of the SiC-C@NFA system.

NiTi wire of 1 mm diameter was deposited on austenitic stainless steel (304L) for surface property modification using the tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding process. The study shows that the microstructure and mechanical properties of the NiTi cladding are governed by TIG process parameters, namely TIG current. The micro-hardness of the NiTi clad region has improved 4.7 times compared to the substrate material 304L. The wear resistance of the clad layer against the abrasive disc (Al2O3) shows up to 6 times improvement than the substrate material austenitic stainless steel 304L. The presence of Ti-rich (Ni,Fe)Ti, NiTiFeCr and intermetallics, responsible for high hardness and high wear resistance, has been observed in the clad surface, which have been confirmed by the XRD and EDS analysis. The optical and FESEM micrographs of the clad, intermediate and substrate metals have been analysed, and the influence of TIG current on microstructure and mechanical properties has been investigated. With the improved significant results, NiTi clad specimens can be used as a cutting and grinding tool for industrial applications.

The high-entropy alloy AlFeCuCrCoNi-WCx (x = 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) multi-principal element claddings were synthesized with the aid of laser-assisted cladding process on AISI 316 steel substrate. The microstructural behavior was characterized by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS). The phase analysis using XRD revealed that in addition to the combination of two FCC + BCC phases, a set of diffraction peaks corresponding to WC and Cr23C6 phases is observed. The observation indicates that the cladding zone is mainly consisting of fine-grained nondirectional and equiaxed crystals away from the base material and columnar grains near to the base material. Microstructural observations also conclude that increasing WC leads to refinement in the grain size. The formation of chromium carbide is limited to the AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC10 AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC15 high-entropy alloy coatings due to insufficient carbon content in AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC5 high-entropy alloy coatings to form chromium carbide. As compared to the substrate AISI 316 (164.5 HV0.5), the microhardness of the AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC5, AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC10 and AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC15 claddings is enhanced by approximately 49.6%, 73.5% and 79.7%, respectively. The corrosion resistance of the AlFeCuCrCoNi-WCx multi-principal element coating in 3.5 wt.% NaCl corrosive environment is better than that of the substrate AISI 316. However, the corrosion rate of the high-entropy alloy coating increases and corrosion resistance is deteriorated with the rise in WC content.

Locally adapted properties within a machine component offer opportunities to increase the performance of a component by using high strenght materials where they are needed. The economic production of such hybrid components on the other hand represents a major challenge. The new tailored forming process chain, which is developed within the collaborative research center (CRC 1153) represents a possible solution to produce hybrid components. This is made possible by the use of pre-joined hybrid semi-finished products made from two different steel alloys, which are subsequently formed. The semi-finished products can be manufactured for example by means of deposition welding. Due to a thermal mechanical treatment, an overall higher component strength of the joining zone can be achieved. The deposition welding processes can be used to generate a cladding on a base material. During the welding, one of the most difficult tasks is to reduce the amount and size of pores in the joining zone. These pores can reduce the strength in the joining zone of the welded parts. However, additional pores can occur in the intermediate zone between the substrate and the cladding. In the presented study, the influence of the forming process on the closing of pores in the cladding and in the intermediate zone was investigated. Therefore, cylindrical specimen were extracted in longitudinal direction of the welding track by wire-cut eroding. These welding tracks are manufactured by plasma-transferred arc welding of AISI 52100 on a base plate made of AISI 1015. Further, specimens were prepared transversely, so that the base material, the intermediate layer, and the welded material are axially arranged in the specimen. The prepared specimen were checked for pores by means of scanning acoustic microscopy. Subsequently, an uniaxial compression test was carried out with various degrees of deformation and the two specimen designs were examined again for pores. A microstructure analysis was carried out after each step. The investigations show that there is a need for a minimum degree of deformation to reduce pores in the welded material. However, this required plastic strain cannot be achieved in the welded material of the hybrid specimen, which is a result of the homogeneous temperature distribution in the specimen. The homogeneous temperature distribution leads to different flow properties in the specimen, which means that the main plastic deformation is taking place in the base material.

The synthesis and characterization of Ti6Al4V-nano-ZrO2 composite coatings on Ti6Al4V substrate using laser cladding method have been carried out. The effect of laser power and scanning speed on the clad layer morphology, microhardness, phase appearance, and tribological behavior of the composite cladding has been investigated. The formation of dendrite microstructure with retention of agglomerated nano-ZrO2 powder and metallic oxides such as TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2 increases hardness and wear resistance of the cladding surface remarkably. The average microhardness of the cladding surface increased 4 times that of the substrate material. The discontinuous but uniformly dispersed reinforcement of ZrO2 is formed during the melting and solidification process. Cracks and pores and discontinuous phases of ZrO2 are also found in some of the samples. These discontinuous sites can retain lubricant; hence, the tribological behavior of the laser cladding composite coating may improve. This method establishes the reactive in situ formation of hard composite coating (TiO2-Al2O3-ZrO2) with a lower coefficient of friction than the Ti6Al4V using laser irradiation of wavelength 1070 nm.

High cooling speed in laser cladding process yields excellent metallurgical and mechanical properties. Indeed, this attribute along with the process’s additive nature contributes significantly to the development of thermal stresses that are the major cause of any possible crack and delamination formation across the deposition. This limitation is more common for additive materials such as chromium carbide which are crack-sensitive by nature during most of the hard facing process. In the current work, A 90 wt% Cr3C2–10 wt% NiCr-based laser clads were developed with and without preheating the substrate T91. In the case of preheating, the substrate was preheated at 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C temperature before clad deposition. Liquid dye penetration test was carried out on the developed composite clads, whereas 20 numbers of cracks per unit length were observed on without preheated substrate. The microstructure studies revealed that the preheated substrates have shown a crack-free structure as compared to those without preheating of the substrate. The clad height, heat-affected zone, and dilution rate were found reliable in the case of cladding developed at preheated temperature (200 °C) as compared to higher preheated temperature (400 °C and 600 °C). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy study cleared that the chromium-rich phases were more segregated with iron and nickel elements on the developed clad on the preheated surface as compared to the surface developed on without preheating of the substrate. The average microhardness of the developed composite laser clads with and without preheating of the substrate was 802 ± 94 HV and 878 ± 68 HV, respectively. This was found to be much higher than the substrate microhardness (439 ± 12 HV).

The aim of the cladding process is to improve mechanical, chemical, and physical features of the surface of metals. This laser process is frequently used to promote such alterations via deposition of metals/alloys with mechanical behavior superior to that of the substrate. In this contribution, an AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel is covered with an AISI 316 as powder filler metal using multiple laser deposition parameters. In the produced samples, the effect of the studied parameters on the geometry, surface appearance, dilution, and microstructural features was evaluated. The authors focus on metallurgical characteristics of cladding, seeking to explain the formation of three attributes: banding, columnar structure, and equiaxial grains. It was determined that banding is composed of a cellular-dendritic structure and is generated by changes in the microstructure size, derived from local variations in the solidification rate. The same applies for the columnar and equiaxial zones, but the appearance of equiaxial geometry is due to the change of the growth direction of the aforementioned columns, in the middle of the fusion zone. All the samples confirmed the formation of F/MA-type solidification mode, which indicates that the cooling rate is low and similar to those recorded in conventional fusion welding.

Laser cladding is widely used for feature repair and manufacturing of large structural components. However, due to processing parameters and thus energy densities variation, defects can form in laser clad materials. There is a need to understand the relationship between energy densities and cladding quality. This study therefore investigates the critical parameters in producing structural Stellite(R) 21 (Co-Cr-MoNiC) alloy by laser cladding. Compared with conventional manufacturing, laser clad materials possess ultrafine alpha-Co dendrites and sigma-CoCr interdendritic eutectics due to the fast cooling rate. In addition, adjustment of the energy densities can help control defects and improve corrosion resistance. The wear resistance, microhardness, and phase analysis in the laser clad materials are also discussed in this work. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The study investigates an electron beam cladded coating of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic steel (24.4Cr, 16.4Mn, 0.18Ni, 1.1Si, 0.57С, 0.7N, rest Fe (wt %)). Cladding was performed by a continuous low-energy (27 keV) and low-current (0.02–0.04 A) focused electron beam on an electron beam system at a residual pressure of 0.1 Pa. The microstructure, phase composition, and chemical composition of the coating were examined by OM/AES/XRD/SEM/EDS methods. The coating has no pores and is characterized by high work hardening and wear resistance. The formation of М7(С, N)3 carbonitrides in the steel plays a crucial role in the control of the structure and wear resistance of the applied coating, because carbonitrides are able to distinguish between the lattice curvature zones and the stable translationally invariant lattice. Frictional loads arising during wear trigger a γ → α′ transformation. With increasing frictional load, the coefficient of friction decreases.

Fiber YAG (Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet) Laser cladding is used to generate a thin layer of 316L stainless steel over low carbon steel substrate alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. In this work, the cladding technique was used at the laser powers of 2800, 2400 and 2000 W with a fixed travelling speed of 6 mm/s. The work aims to investigate the optimal heat-input for the thin clad in terms of microstructure and bonding quality. The microstructure of both formed layers by cladding and substrate was investigated. On the clad cross-section of the specimens, the micro-Vickers hardness was measured. At laser powers of 2800 and 2400 W, the produced layers were well bonded to the substrate without visually noticeable macro-defects. Some defects associated with cracks appeared at a laser power of 2000 W. The stainless steel clad layer consisted mainly from highly refined mixed columnar and cellular dendritic austenite structure elongated perpendicularly to the substrate surface in the direction of heat flow. At higher powers, the structure showed organized parallel columnar dendrites while at lower powers, it shows fine cellular dendrites in random directions. A narrow dilution zone (less than 10 µm) was obtained where the carbon and chromium elements can stay together and form harmful carbides. The depth of the fused part in carbon steel side has a direct relationship with the laser power, and it consisted mainly from feathery bainite inside large ferrite grains. The hardness of the produced layers was improved than the base metal. Sudden hardness increment at the limited area around the interface was obtained after all the laser powers. Decreasing laser power led to hardness increment at the clad and fusion zone.

During laser cladding of repair parts, multiple objectives must be synthesized; however, the multiobjective optimization of laser cladding is difficult. In this paper, the gray correlation of microhardness, residual stress and wear rate is established to transform these three parameters into a single-objective optimization algorithm to perform a gray correlation. By also using response surface methodology to obtain a mathematical model of the gray correlation degree, the model was analyzed and verified by analysis of variance, and the model accuracy was 90%. The optimal process parameters were determined using the gray correlation model, and the maximum gray correlation was 0.9204832, the microhardness reached 203.65 HV, the residual stress was 45.72 MPa, and the wear rate was 1923.56 μm3/N m. The phases and microstructure of the laser-cladded coating were characterized by scanning electron microscopic analysis of a sample prepared under the optimal processing parameters. This study provides guidance for the multiobjective optimization of process parameters for 316L powder cladding.

This work investigates the microstructure and corrosion characteristics of an Inconel 625 weld cladding deposited by the electroslag welding (ESW) process with a single layer on an ASTM A516 Gr. 70 steel plate with a heat input of 11.7 kJ/mm. Microhardness testing, metallographic examination and corrosion tests were performed on samples removed at 1 and 3 mm parallel to the fusion line. Metallographic characterization was performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectrometry was also used to evaluate the composition of the secondary phases. Cyclic polarization tests in 3.5% NaCl solution were performed at the same position as the metallographic examinations. Immersion corrosion tests following the ASTM G 48 Method A were also conducted. Equivalent corrosion results were obtained at both positions due to the austenitic microstructure of the weld metal containing a very low amount of secondary phases. The results of the corrosion tests were consistent with the microstructure and low dilution and remained at a level acceptable for structures. Thus, the ESW process may be considered an alternative for overlay welding with Inconel 625 with reduced thicknesses, because good results were observed at only 1.0 mm from the fusion line, and this could represent a significant cost reduction.

The use of structural metals in extreme environments relies both on the characterization of the mechanical response and microstructure changes in service and on modeling predictions. Data scarcity creates a need for predictive constitutive models that can be used in regimes outside calibration domains. While crystal plasticity models can be applied to non-monotonic loads and complex environments, their computational cost typically prohibits use at the level of an engineering structure. As an alternative, the present study introduces a surrogate constitutive model derived from crystal-plasticity predictions of the mechanical response of HT9 subjected to irradiation, stresses and temperatures. The surrogate law is then tested in the cases of uniaxial straining, stress cycling, thermal cycling and thermal ramping. Finally, using this constitutive relationship, finite element simulations of a pressurized tube subjected to a stress and thermal transients are performed and analyzed.

This paper aims to develop a surface modification process to improve the surface properties of the middle trough. The coatings were prepared by plasma cladding with Fe-Cr-B-Si-based alloy powders (Ig 6 and Ig7). The organizational structure and micro-hardness of the coatings were analyzed by laboratory equipments. The friction and wear tests were performed to investigate the friction-wear properties of middle trough. The coatings have higher hardness and good friction-wear properties than the substrate. The hardness and friction wear properties of the coating with Ig7 powder are better than those with Ig6 powder. The experimental results show that the surface properties of the middle trough are improved by Fe-Cr-B-Si-based alloy coating, which can improve the middle trough service life. The plasma cladding can be widely used in the surface-modification of middle trough to reduce the waste of resources.

Zr alloy specimens were coated with Cr–Al alloy to enhance their resistance to oxidation. The coated samples were oxidized at 1200 °C in a steam environment for 300 s and showed extremely low oxidation when compared to uncoated Zr alloy specimens. The microstructure and elemental distribution of the oxides formed on the surface of Cr–Al alloys have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A very thin protective layer of Cr2O3 formed on the outer surface of the Cr–Al alloy, and a thin Al2O3 layer was also observed in the Cr–Al alloy matrix, near the surface. Our results suggest that these two oxide layers near the surface confers excellent oxidation resistance to the Cr–Al alloy. Even after exposure to a high temperature of 1200 °C, inter-diffusion between the Cr–Al alloy and the Zr alloy occurred in very few regions near the interface. Analysis of the inter-diffusion layer by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurement confirmed its identity as Cr2Zr.

TiC – Fe composite coating was produced on AISI 1020 steel by the tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding process to increase the hardness and wear resistance properties of the substrate. In this paper authors have investigated the effect of process parameters on the microstructure and hardness value of the coated layer. In this TIG cladding process the variable parameter is only current, whereas the other parameters such as scanning speed, standoff distance, and voltage and gas flow rate are fixed. Fe and TiC powders were mixed in the proper ratio of 80wt% - 20wt% and 90wt% - 10wt% respectively. The microstructure and micro-hardness value of the samples were investigated by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Vickers micro hardness tester. The result of SEM shows the distribution of the coating powder in the cladded zone. Micro hardness profile shows the variation of the hardness value in the cladded zone as well as in the substrate. The hardness value decreases with increase in distance from top surface of the cladded layer, which is due to difference in cooling rate. Also, the hardness value of cladded layer decreases with increase in current from 140A to 150A. The maximum hardness value of cladded layer was achieved as 262 HV0.05with 140A current and composition of 90 wt.% - 10wt% (Fe - TiC), which was nearly two times higher than that of the as received AISI 1020 steel substrate. Keywords TIG, Microstructure, Micro hardness, Titanium Carbide (TiC), Iron (Fe) powder.

In order to avoid decomposition of solid lubricants during laser processing and improve the lubrication stability of laser-clad self-lubricating coating, a novel multilayer structural WS2/NbC/Stellite 6 metal matrix self-lubricating coating (MMSC) with laser texturing layer (LTL), lubricant layer (LL) and laser-clad sealing layer (LSL) was fabricated on Cr12MoV steel via laser surface texturing (LST) and laser surface cladding (LSC) two-step process. The microstructure, phase and tribological properties of the multilayer structural MMCC were investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, as well as dry sliding wear test in wide-temperature (room temperature, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 800 °C). Results show that the multilayer structure partially inhibited the decomposition of the lubricant so that WS2 particles retained in the coating and NbC promoted the formation of a new lubricating phase CrS in decomposed WS2. The multilayer structural coating prepared in two steps had lower friction coefficient (0.226) and wears volume (31.916 mm3) at room temperature (RT). Moreover, the friction coefficient of the multilayer WS2/NbC/Co-based self-lubricating coating was still low (0.306) at 800 °C, only. Adhesive wear was identified as the main wear mechanism and the discrepancies of tribological properties were found to be mainly dependent of the kind of lubricating films generated at the wear surface.

WC-reinforced FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy (HEA) composite coatings with different WC morphology of spherical and irregular shape, were prepared by plasma cladding. The effects of WC morphology on c...

The Ni-based alloys are widely used in power plant components such as boiler and piping systems that require good creep strength and resistance to corrosion. The present study focuses on metallurgical and mechanical properties of Ni–Cr–Mo (ERNiCrMo-3) alloy cladded over 316L plate by hot wire TIG process. This alloy is prone to microfissuring and also reduced corrosion resistance due to microstructural changes caused by weld solidification. The microstructure and phasic characterization were identified using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. From the microstructural observation, it was observed that Nb present in Ni–Cr–Mo alloy tends to segregate during solidification of weld thereby promoting the Nb-rich Laves phase formation. The growth of dendrites enhanced the segregation of Nb. The coarse dendritic microstructure was due to the effect of high heat input that decreases solidification rate near the interface zone. Dimples and quasi-cleavage fracture morphology was observed on the fractured samples of the tensile test. The resistance to corrosion was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization method using 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The results confirmed that Ni–Cr–Mo alloy acts as an efficient clad for 316L substrate from corrosion attack.

Martensitic stainless steels are suitable for diverse structural applications but degrade when subjected to wear-prone activities in service. To enhance their service life, the densification of high Cr, martensitic, X190CrVMo20-4-1 tool steel powder on two different martensitic stainless steel substrates via supersolidus liquid-phase sinter (SLPS) cladding was investigated. The objective was to assess the influence of the difference in compositions of the martensitic stainless steels employed as substrates on the interfacial diffusion, microstructure, hardness and bonding strength of the steel-to-steel claddings. Computational thermodynamics and diffusion simulations were employed to supplement experimental findings. Owing to interdiffusion, a M7C3 carbide-free, banded region exists in the X190 adjacent to the interface with the width dictated by chemical potential gradient of carbon. The hardness of the substrate was lower near the interface region because of carbon enrichment, which promoted the presence of retained austenite. An interfacial strength of 798 MPa was achieved with fairly ductile X190 matrix near the cladding interface as the fracture surface was characterized by mixed fracture modes of dimple rupture and cleavage with localized quasi-cleavage features. Experimental observations and computational simulations are in agreement. The implications of the SLPS cladding technique are discussed in the context of tool development.

In this paper, the effects of laser power, spot diameter, and scanning speed on the performance of laser cladding NiCrBSi alloy coating on 42CrMo steel substrate were studied, and nine orthogonal experiments were designed for experiment. The experimental data of OM morphology, microstructure, microhardness and wear property of coating were analyzed by using the methods of visual analysis and range analysis. The results show that laser power is the main factor affecting the height of the cladding coating. The spot diameter has the largest effect on the width of the cladding coating. The scanning speed has a significant effect on the depth of the molten pool. The laser power has the greatest influence on the microhardness and wear resistance of the cladding coating. As the laser power increases, the microhardness of the cladding coating decreases. The wear forms of the cladding coating are mainly abrasive and adhesive wear.

The steam oxidation behavior of Zr-based Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding was studied at 1273 K with two different surface roughness levels. Steam was introduced either at room temperature (RT) or at 1273 K. Weight gain kinetics were evaluated by post-test weight measurement, and the reaction products and alloy microstructure were evaluated using optical microscopy. Hydrogen pick-up was measured by the gas extraction technique. Specimen surface roughness did not affect the oxidation kinetics or the hydrogen absorption. The time to breakaway oxidation was suppressed when steam was introduced at RT, and the oxide was more adherent, suggesting superior mechanical properties. When steam was introduced at 1273 K, an undulated oxide–metal interface formed earlier and a higher amount of hydrogen was absorbed by cladding before the kinetic transition. The alloy grain grew into larger size in the condition when steam was injected at 1273 K compared to the condition when steam was injected at RT, which may affect the observed behavior. After the oxide breakaway, the rate of hydrogen absorption accelerated substantially independent of the temperature of steam injection.