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Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:02:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Objectives: An increase in occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) after microwave disinfection may result in the need for adjustments in the complete dentures. This in vitro study evaluated the increase in OVD of maxillary complete dentures submitted to microwave disinfection protocols.Material and methods: Thirty sets of complete dentures were evaluated as follows: Group 1-15 sets had the maxillary complete dentures submitted to microwave disinfection (650 W/ 3 min), once a week, for 4 weeks. Group 2-15 sets had the maxillary complete dentures submitted to microwave disinfection (650 W/ 3 min), three times a week, for 4 weeks. The vertical dimension was measured with a micrometre (in mm) before disinfection protocols (baseline readings) and after each week of disinfection. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon and Friedman tests (a = 0.05).Results: For Group 1, no significant difference was found between the increases in OVD and zero, and no significant difference was found between the weeks. For Group 2, the increases in OVD were significantly greater than zero, and the Friedman test showed that weeks 3 and 4 had significantly greater changes than week 1 and that week 4 had significantly greater change than week 2.Conclusion: Microwave disinfection only promoted significant increase in OVD in Group 2, in which the values increased progressively. Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara Dent Sch, Dept Dent Mat & Prosthodont, BR-14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara Dent Sch, Dept Dent Mat & Prosthodont, BR-14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 05/04693-4

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:33:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:46:36Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Background: This study evaluated the effect of disinfection by immersion and microwave irradiation on the roughness of one denture base resin (Lucitone-L) and five relining materials, three hard (Tokuyama Rebase II-TR, New Truliner-NT, Ufigel Hard-UH) and two resilient (Trusoft-T, Sofreliner-S).Methods: Fifty specimens were made and divided into groups: CL2 specimens were brushed with 4% chlorhexidine (1 min), immersed in the same solution (10 min) and immersed in water (3 min); MW2 specimens were immersed in water and microwave irradiated (650W; 6 min); CL2 and MW2 specimens were disinfected twice; CL7 and MW7 specimens were submitted to seven cycles using chlorhexidine or microwave irradiation, respectively; W specimens were not disinfected and remained in water (37 degrees C; 7 days).Results: Results were statistically analysed (p = 0.05) and revealed that, at baseline, the highest mean value was observed for T (p < 0.001). Material NT showed increase in roughness after the first (p = 0.003), second (p = 0.001), seventh (p = 0.000) cycles of microwave disinfection and after 7 days of immersion in water (p = 0.033).Conclusions: Resilient liner S presented significant increase in roughness after the second cycle of disinfection with chlorhexidine (p = 0.003). Material T exhibited significantly decreased roughness in group W (p = 0.010), while microwaving produced severe alterations on its surface. Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Araraquara Dent Sch, Dept Dent Mat & Prosthodont, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Dept Dent, Maringa, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Araraquara Dent Sch, Dept Dent Mat & Prosthodont, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_rc_dr_arafo.pdf: 3026200 bytes, checksum: e7d101d0ede455ed6dd85a16d9ab477c (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Este estudo avaliou o efeito da desinfecção por micro-ondas sobre o desempenho clínico e a quantificação de micro-organismos de um reembasador rígido em diferentes intervalos de tempo. Foram selecionados 40 pacientes de ambos os sexos com idade entre 30 e 75 anos, utilizando prótese total superior com necessidade de reembasamento. Essas próteses foram reembasadas com o material Tokuyama Rebase II. Logo após o reembasamento, foi avaliado o escoamento e a lisura do material, classificando-os em satisfatório ou insatisfatório. Em seguida, a amostra foi separada em dois grupos: grupo GC (controle) – os pacientes higienizaram sua prótese três vezes ao dia por meio de escovação com sabão de coco. Além disso, a prótese foi retirada durante a noite, ficando imersa em água e grupo GD (desinfecção por micro-ondas) – nesse grupo, além da escovação com escova dental macia e sabão de coco, foi realizada a desinfecção da prótese por micro-ondas uma vez por semana utilizando a potência de 650W e o tempo de 3 minutos. No período noturno, a prótese também foi imersa em água. O material reembasador foi avaliado por dois profissionais treinados trabalhando separadamente após 7 dias, 15 dias, 1 mês, 3 meses, 6 meses, 9 meses e 1 ano. Foram analisadas as seguintes características: estabilidade de cor, brilho, descoloração ou manchamento, irritação dos tecidos orais, separação ou fratura do material e rugosidade superficial. Além disso, foi realizada a quantificação de micro-organismos presentes na superfície interna da prótese em todos os períodos experimentais. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por análise de variância e pelos testes de Tukey e Friedman, ao nível de significância de 5%. O material apresentou lisura e escoamento satisfatórios em todas as análises após o reembasamento. As próteses reembasadas submetidas à desinfecção... This study evaluated the effect of disinfection method on the clinical performance and quantification of microbial of a hard chairside reline resin after 1-year service period. Forty adult patients aged between 30 and 75 years, who required denture reline treatment, participated in this study. Tokuyama Rebase II was used to reline complete maxillary dentures. Immediately after the reline, assessment of the flow and smoothness was rated by the clinician as satisfactory and unsatisfactory. The edentulous subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=20) and dentures were cleansed according to two methods: CG (control group)- brushing with coconut soap and soft toothbrush; DG (disinfection group)-brushing according to previous methods and microwave disinfection once a week for 3 min at 650W. Furthermore, all dentures were immersed in water at night. Evaluations were conducted by two examiners working separately. Color stability, gloss, staining or material discoloration, irritation to oral tissue, detachment or frature of material and surface roughness were assessed at 7 and 15 days, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months and 1 year post-placement. Quantitative microbial cultures were taken from the tissue side of each maxillary denture at all experimental periods. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Friedman and Tukey tests. A 95% confindence level was used. Flow and smoothness of the material during relining were considered to be good or satisfactory in all the cases. Values color alterations of DG were significantly lower than those of CG (P

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanita_pv_me_arafo.pdf: 1236296 bytes, checksum: 793fd4710489b2253297ebbc15835736 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A estomatite protética associada à Candida é a forma mais comum de candidíase oral e também uma das infecções oportunistas mais encontradas em pacientes infectados por HIV. Atualmente, a desinfecção de próteses totais através da irradiação por microondas tem sido recomendada para tratamento e prevenção da estomatite protética, tanto em indivíduos saudáveis, quanto em pacientes imunocomprometidos. O presente estudo avaliou a efetividade da irradiação por microondas na desinfecção de próteses totais simuladas contaminadas com 5 diferentes espécies do microorganismo Candida (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis e C. krusei) isoladas de culturas padrão e de pacientes HIV positivo. Para isso, próteses totais simuladas foram confeccionadas, esterilizadas por meio de óxido de etileno e individualmente inoculadas com os microorganismos avaliados. Após o período de incubação (48 horas a 37°C), as próteses foram submetidas à irradiação por microondas a 650W durante 3 minutos. Próteses totais não irradiadas foram utilizadas como controle positivo. A seguir, uma alíquota de 25 æL da solução resultante das diluições seriadas de 10-1 a 10-4 foi semeada em placas de Petri em duplicata e todas as placas foram incubadas por 48 horas a 37°C. As colônias foram quantificadas em ufc/mL. Para verificar a efetividade da desinfecção por microondas a longo prazo, as próteses totais irradiadas foram incubadas a 37°C por 7 dias. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de ANOVA e de Tukey (a=0.05). As próteses totais contaminadas com todas as espécies de Candida avaliadas demonstraram esterilização após irradiação por microondas durante 3 minutos a 650W. Todas as próteses do grupo controle positivo demonstraram crescimento microbiológico após incubação nas placas de Petri. The most common form of oral candidiasis is Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Oral candidiasis is also a frequent manifestation of HIV infection. Microwave disinfection of complete dentures has been recommended to treat and prevent denture stomatitis in non-immune compromised patients. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of microwave irradiation on the disinfection of simulated complete dentures inoculated with ATCC and HIV isolates of 5 species of Candida (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis and C. krusei). Simulated complete dentures were made, sterilized and individually inoculated with the tested microorganisms. After incubation for 48 hours at 37°C, dentures were submitted to microwave irradiation (650W for 3 minutes). Non-irradiated dentures were used as positive controls. Replicate aliquots of suspensions were plated at dilutions 10-1-10-4 and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Colonies counts (cfu/mL) of each plate were quantified. To verify the long-term effectiveness of microwave disinfection, dentures were incubated at 37°C for 7 days. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (a=0.05). The results indicated that complete dentures contaminated with all Candida yeasts showed sterilization after microwave irradiation for 3 minutes at 650W. All control dentures showed microbial growth on the plates. The cfu/mL for C. glabrata was significantly higher than those of C. albicans, C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis whereas the cfu/mL for C. krusei was significantly lower. The cfu/mL for clinical isolates was significantly higher than those of ATCC yeasts. Microwave irradiation for 3 minutes at 650W resulted in sterilization of complete dentures contaminated with the 5 species of Candida isolated from HIV-infected patients.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mm_dr_arafo.pdf: 1652130 bytes, checksum: eaecac9589dd6ffc2956dbdbed520b60 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A estomatite protética é uma infecção fúngica que acomete entre 60% e 72% dos indivíduos portadores de próteses removíveis, sobretudo idosos do gênero feminino. Atualmente, a desinfecção de próteses totais por meio da irradiação por micro-ondas tem sido recomendada para tratamento e prevenção da estomatite protética. Considerando esses aspectos, esse estudo in vivo avaliou a efetividade da frequência da desinfecção de próteses totais por micro-ondas (3 min/650 W) em relação à terapia antifúngica tópica para o tratamento da estomatite protética, além de verificar a prevalência de Candida nos pacientes avaliados. Para isso, foram selecionados 60 indivíduos, portadores de próteses totais superiores e com diagnóstico clínico de estomatite protética. Esses pacientes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 3 grupos (n=20), de acordo com o tratamento instituído: Terapia Antifúngica Tópica (Grupo I) - utilização de nistatina (suspensão oral, 100.000 UI/mL), 4 vezes ao dia durante 15 dias; Irradiação por Micro-ondas – imersão das próteses totais em água e irradiação das próteses por micro-ondas durante 3 minutos a 650 W, 1 ou 3 vezes por semana (Grupos II e III, respectivamente) por um período de 15 dias. Para avaliação da efetividade dos tratamentos instituídos, foram realizadas culturas micológicas quantitativas e identificação das espécies de Candida, utilizando-se o meio CHROMagar Candida, análise de microcultivo, teste de triagem em caldo hipertônico e o sistema bioquímico de identificação ID 32C. Coletas de biofilme das superfícies internas das próteses totais superiores e das mucosas palatinas de todos os pacientes, foram realizadas previamente ao tratamento (dia 0) e após 15 dias do seu início. Com o objetivo de avaliar a efetividade dos tratamentos em longo prazo, a quantificação de colônias viáveis de Candiada spp... Denture stomatitis is a fungal infection that affects 60% to 72% of individuals who use removable dentures, primarily elderly women. Currently, the disinfection of complete dentures using microwave irradiation has been recommended to treat and prevent denture stomatitis. Considering these aspects, this in vivo study evaluated the effectiveness of the frequency of complete denture disinfection using microwaves (3 min/650 W) compared to antifungal therapy for the treatment of denture stomatitis. It also verified the prevalence of Candida spp. in the evaluated patients. This study used a sample of 60 healthy individuals who use complete upper dentures and have received a clinical diagnosis of denture stomatitis. Patients were randomly distributed into three groups (n=20), based on the treatment used: Topical Antifungal Therapy (Group I) – use of nystatin (oral suspension, 100.000 UI/mL), four times a day for 15 days; Irradiation with Microwaves – irradiation of the dentures by microwaves for three minutes at 650 W, one time or three times per week (Groups II and III, respectively) for a period of 15 days. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments used, quantitative mycological cultures were collected and the Candida species were identified using the CHROMagar Candida method, microculture analysis, screening test in hypertonic broth and the ID 32C biochemical identification system. Biofilm samples were collected from the inner surfaces of the complete upper dentures and from the palatal mucosa of all patients before (day 0) and after 15 days of treatment. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments over the long term, the quantification of the viable Candiada spp. colonies was repeated 30, 60 and 90 days after starting the treatment. For each consultation (days 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90), a clinical evaluation was also performed through intra-oral photography... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 altieri_kt_me_arafo.pdf: 598917 bytes, checksum: 3b01564a77c1be4471454056881b7028 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Infecções causadas por bactérias resistentes a antibióticos são consideradas causa principal de mortalidade entre indivíduos imunocomprometidos e aproximadamente 50 % destas infecções tem sido relacionadas ao Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA). Estes microrganismos, quando presentes no biofilme das próteses dentarias, podem se dispersar nas secreções salivares e se disseminar pelo trato respiratório, causando pneumonia aspirativa. Assim, o presente estudo comparou a efetividade do hipoclorito de sódio a 1 %, digluconato de clorexidina a 2 % e irradiação por micro-ondas na desinfecção de próteses totais e corpos-de-prova circulares de resina acrílica para base de prótese (10 x 2 mm) contaminados com MRSA. Para isso, 36 próteses totais simuladas e 36 corpos-de-prova circulares foram confeccionados, esterilizados, inoculados com MRSA (107 ufc/mL) e incubados a 37 °C (por 24 e 48 h, respectivamente). Após incubação, próteses totais e corpos-de-prova foram distribuídos em 4 grupos de estudo (n=9): GC - não foi realizado nenhum método de desinfecção; GH - foi realizada a imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1 % por 10 min; GCl -foi realizada a imersão em solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2 % por 10 min; GM - foi realizada a desinfecção por irradiação em forno de micro-ondas a 650 W por 3 min. A efetividade dos procedimentos de desinfecção foi avaliada por meio de quantificação de colônias viáveis e da viabilidade celular. Para a quantificação de colônias viáveis, alíquotas de 25 μL da solução resultante das diluições seriadas (10-3 a 10-6 para GC e 100 a 10-3 para os grupos experimentais) foram semeadas em placas de Petri em duplicata e todas as placas foram incubadas por 48 h a 37 °C. As colônias foram quantificadas em ufc/mL. Para verificar a efetividade da desinfecção por micro-ondas em longo prazo... Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been recognized as a predominant risk factor for mortality in elderly patients and approximately 50 % of these infections have been related to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This microorganism, when present in the denture biofilm, can be released into the oral fluids and aspirated into the lower respiratory tract, thus causing infections such as aspiration pneumonia. The present study compared the efficacy of 1 % sodium hypochlorite, 2 % chlorhexidine gluconate, and microwave irradiation in disinfecting simulated complete dentures and circular specimens of acrylic resin denture base material (10 x 2 mm) contaminated with MRSA. Thirty-six dentures and 36 specimens were made, sterilized, inoculated with MRSA (107 cfu/mL), and incubated at 37 °C (for 24 and 48 h, respectively). After incubation, dentures and specimens were divided into 4 groups of study (n=9): PC - positive control, consisting of dentures and specimens not disinfected; HY - soaking in 1 % sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min; CHL - soaking in 2 % chlorhexidine gluconate solution for 10 min; and MW - irradiating by microwave for 3 min at 650W. The effectiveness of the disinfection procedures was assessed cell viability (quantification of viable cells and XTT reduction method). For quantification procedures, aliquots of suspensions were plated at dilutions (10-3 to 10-6 for PC and 100 to 10-3 for experimental groups) and incubated (37 °C/48 h). Colonies counts (cfu/mL) were quantified. Dentures disinfected were also incubated at 37 °C for 7 days to verify the long-term effectiveness of disinfection. The viability of cells in each group of specimens was evaluated by XTT reduction method. The results showed that all dentures and specimens from the PC groups showed substantial microbial growth. No evidence of microbial growth was observed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 viana_pgs_me_arafo.pdf: 840842 bytes, checksum: 18e582ab40c3b9552459a495ba07430b (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Amostras de esmalte provenientes de dentes extraídos, de origem humana ou bovina, são amplamente utilizadas em estudos realizados in vitro e in situ. Esses dentes são considerados uma fonte em potencial de microorganismos patogênicos e devem ser esterilizados, antes da sua utilização nas pesquisas, para prevenir a ocorrência de infecções cruzadas. No entanto, o processo de esterilização do esmalte não deve alterar a sua integridade estrutural. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade da irradiação por microondas na esterilização do esmalte bovino, assim como o efeito deste método sobre a microdureza superficial e resistência à desmineralização do esmalte bovino. Dezoito incisivos bovinos foram utilizados para a obtenção de quarenta amostras de esmalte, divididas em dois grupos (n=20): controle (não-irradiados) e irradiados por microondas (3 minutos a 650 W). As amostras do grupo irradiado foram imersas, individualmente, em 200 mL de água destilada e submetidas à irradiação por microondas por 3 minutos a 650 W. Em seguida, ambos os grupos tiveram suas amostras imersas individualmente em tubos estéreis contendo 10 mL caldo BHI (Brain Heart Infusion), os quais foram incubados por 7 dias a 37°C, sob condições de aerobiose e anaerobiose. Após a incubação, o desenvolvimento de microorganismos foi verificado pela presença de turvação do meio de cultura. Em seguida, foram realizadas diluições seriadas (10-2 a 10-5), plaqueamento em meio ágar sangue e incubação em condições de aerobiose e anaerobiose, durante 48 h e 7 dias, respectivamente. Os valores de unidades formadoras de colônias foram calculados. Para a avaliação das propriedades do esmalte, outras 18 amostras de esmalte (4 x 4 mm) foram preparadas, individualmente embutidas em resina acrílica, seqüencialmente polidas e, então, seccionadas em duas metades, sendo uma das metades... Enamel samples from bovine or human teeth are routinely used for in vitro and in situ caries research. These enamel samples need to be sterilized before they can be used in intra-oral appliances and the sterilization method must not affect the structural integrity of the tooth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of microwave irradiation on bovine enamel sterilization, as well as it's effect on the surface microhardness and resistance to demineralization of bovine enamel. Eighteen bovine incisors were used to produce forty enamel samples, divided in two groups (n = 20): control (nonirradiated) and microwave irradiated (3 minutes at 650 W). Microwaving samples were individually immersed in 200 mL of distilled water and submitted to irradiation at 650 W for 3 minutes. Following the microwaving, specimens from both groups were added individually to 10 mL of Brain Heart Infusion broth in sterile test tubes, which were incubated at 37°C for 7 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. After 7 days incubation, those test tubes in which turbidity was observed were considered to contain growing microorganisms. Dilutions of 10-2 to 10-5 were performed on blood agar plates, which were incubated aerobically and anaerobically for growth for up to 48 h and 7 days, respectively. After incubation, the numbers of colonyforming units were calculated. For the properties of enamel analysis, other 18 bovine enamel samples (4 x 4 mm) were prepared, embedded in acrylic resin, serially polished and sliced into two halves: one of the fragments was reserved as control while the other was microwaved in 200 mL of distilled water for 3 minutes at 650 W. Hardness measurements were conducted using a Microhardness tester with a Knoop diamond. Five indentations were performed under a load of 25 gf for 05 seconds. For the resistance to demineralization analysis, the groups were submitted... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)