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Graphical abstract Highlights: • The Arqiale deposit is a distal skarn Zn-Pb deposit. • Regional magmatism and mineralization age are consistent at ca. 340 Ma. • S-Pb isotope compositions suggests the ore-forming materials were derived from a magmatic source. • There is significant potential for skarn Zn-Pb deposits associated with Late Paleozoic magmatic intrusions in Western Tianshan. Abstract The Arqiale deposit, located in the southern Yili Block of Western Tianshan, Xinjiang, China, is a newly discovered large Zn-Pb deposit with a resource of approximately 10 million tons ore grading 9.65% Zn+Pb, and a certain amount of Cu and Ag. The Zn-Pb orebodies are tabular and lentoid in shape, developed along SW-striking and NW-dipping interlayer structures between the Lower Carboniferous Akeshake (mainly carbonate rocks) and Dahalajunshan (mainly volcanic rocks) formations. Garnet and pyroxene-rich skarn, formed in the early (prograde) stage of skarnization, occurs only locally as lenses within skarn bodies enriched in actinolite, tremolite, ilvaite, biotite, epidote, chlorite, calcite, quartz and fluorite, which were formed in the retrograde stage. Metallic minerals comprise sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and hematite. They mainly occur as disseminations, patches and massive ores, replacing retrograde skarn minerals and crosscut by later stage quartz and calcite veinlets. There is a general trend of increasing Cu contents and decreasing Zn/Pb ratios from the upper and south portion to the lower and north portion of the orebody. Rb-Sr dating of seven sphalerite samples yielded an isochron age of 339.5 ± 2.7 Ma, which is almost identical to the 341.8 ± 2.5 Ma age obtained from Sm-Nd dating of eight actinolite samples. Furthermore, zircon U-Pb dating yielded an age of 343 ± 6 Ma for a gabbro-diorite stock that is located about 600 m south of the Zn-Pb orebody. The age data indicate that the mineralization and retrograde skarnization were contemporaneous, and they are likely related to a magmatic intrusion of similar age which may be linked to the gabbro-diorite stock. Thus, although the direct causative intrusion has not been identified, the Arqiale deposit can be classified as a distal skarn deposit. The δ34S V-CDT values of 26 ore sulfide samples range from −7.1‰ to +1.3‰ with an average of −1.5‰. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 25 ore sulfide samples range from 18.266 to 18.880, 15.577 to 15.668 and 38.068 to 38.720, respectively, which are similar to the Early Carboniferous intrusions of the Wusun Range and partly overlap with the volcanic rocks of the Dahalajunshan Formation, and are different from the carbonate rocks of the Akeshake Formation. Based on these data, we propose that the Arqiale deposit formed from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids emanated from a concealed magmatic intrusion which may be located beneath the northern and deep part of the deposit. Much of the metals and sulfur may have been derived from the magmatic intrusions, although some of them may have also been extracted from the volcanic rocks underlying the deposit. The results of this study indicate that there is a great potential of finding more skarn Zn-Pb mineralization in Western Tianshan, where numerous Early Carboniferous arc-related intrusions with similar ages as the Arqiale deposit, in relation to the subduction of the Southern Tianshan Oceanic plate underneath the Yili-Central Tianshan Block, were emplaced into or beneath carbonate rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Uragen giant sandstone-hosted Zn–Pb deposit has a proven reserve of 5.90 Mt metals in the southern ore zone and potentially 10 Mt metals for the whole deposit, and orebodies are strictly confined to the bleached clastic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous red beds. The bleaching has been used to guide lead–zinc exploration; however, its nature and origin, as well as the relationship with Zn–Pb mineralization, remains unclear, although it is closely related to regional oil–gas infillings. Detailed field investigation and petrographic observation, TESCAN-integrated mineral analyzer (TIMA), and X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) analysis of the red and bleached sandstone at the same sedimentary layer demonstrate that the bleaching is mainly caused by the reductive dissolution of hematite pigment, which probably resulted from the interaction with H2S formed by in situ sulfate reduction during hydrocarbon migration. The calcite cements in the bleached sandstones show δ13C and δ18O values of −5.36~−5.94‰ and 20.94~27.91‰, respectively, and these samples fall close to the evolution line of decarboxylation of organic matter in δ13C-δ18O diagram, also suggesting a genetic relationship between the bleaching and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids. Petrol–mineral composition changes and sulfide characteristics of red, bleached, mineralized zones, as well as pyrite locally replaced by coarse-grained galena in the mineralized zone, imply that the bleaching may occurred before Zn–Pb mineralization. Mass balance calculation and μ-XRF analysis indicate that large amounts of Fe and minor Zn were extracted from red beds with little or no sulfates; however, the red beds with abundant sulfates may be a sink for leached ore metals during the bleaching process. We therefore propose that the former accumulations of iron sulfides and reduced sulfur in the bleached zones may provide an ideal chemical trap for later Zn–Pb mineralization, and the bleached zones with high ∑S contents are the favorable prospective targets of the Uragen-style sandstone-hosted Zn–Pb deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Copper and Fe are redox-sensitive metals, and their isotopic compositions may potentially record changes of oxidation conditions in high-temperature magmatic Ni–Cu mineralization systems. High-precision Cu and Fe isotope data for sulfides (chalcopyrite) and whole-rock samples of the Tulaergen magmatic Ni–Cu system (NW China) were analyzed to evaluate redox-induced fractionation during segregation of sulfide melt from silicate melt and internal fractionation within segregated sulfide melt. Sulfide mineralization includes disseminated and massive types, with massive sulfides being further divided into Cu- and Fe-rich ores. Numerical modeling using mass-balance and Rayleigh equations indicate that disseminated sulfide mineralization was generated from a common parental magma, and massive sulfides were formed by monosulfide solid-solution (MSS)–residual sulfide liquid fractionation. During segregation of sulfide melt from silicate melt, crystallization of olivine and pyroxenes with sulfide segregation, in an Fe2+-dominated phase, led to the incorporation of lighter Fe isotopes in these minerals. The residual silicate melt became progressively more oxidized, with δ56Fe whole-rock values increasing as melts evolved. The disseminated chalcopyrite formed in early stages has lighter Cu and heavier Fe isotopic compositions than the disseminated sulfides formed in later stages due to charge-balance effects. Minor accumulated Ni–Cu sulfide melt was fractionated into an Fe-rich MSS cumulate and a Cu-rich sulfide liquid. MSS crystallization caused the oxygen fugacity of the evolved sulfide liquid to increase, which was accompanied by increasing δ65Cu and decreasing δ56Fe values in chalcopyrite. Iron isotopic compositions of the whole system were shifted towards heavier values from MSS cumulate to the evolved sulfide melt. Numerical modeling using the Rayleigh equation indicates that the fractionation factors α65Cu residual sulfide melt–MSS and α56Fe residual sulfide melt–MSS are ∼1.0011 and ∼1.0005, respectively, during internal fractionation within segregated sulfide melt. This study demonstrates that redox reactions play a key role in Cu and Fe isotope fractionation in high-temperature magmatic Ni–Cu mineralization systems. Furthermore, Cu and Fe isotopes can be used to trace concealed orebodies. Elevated δ65Cu and δ56Fe whole-rock values may indicate Cu-rich mineralization potential, while light Cu and Fe isotopic compositions imply favorable hosts for disseminated and Fe-rich orebodies in mafic–ultramafic intrusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]