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This study explores the experiences of Black and White women creatives working in advertising agencies in São Paulo, Brazil. In total, 28 in-depth interviews were conducted, and data was analysed through the lens of intersectionality theory. Six themes emerged: 1) White men rule the department, 2) the power of white privilege, 3) breaking the (white) glass ceiling, 4) tokenism at work, 5) segregated accounts and 6) stereotypes: From gender to race. White men were found to reign over Brazilian advertising agencies. While women were underrepresented as a whole, differences were found between the experiences of Black and White women working in these agencies. Specifically, Black women faced a unique set of challenges relative to White women, including but not limited to racism, sexism, stereotypes, and even roadblocks to their career advancement put in place by individuals of their own gender. Limitations and directions for future research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Built environments have structured urban space in racist and classist ways, contributing to residential segregation and related inequalities. Previous research has examined how perceivable built environment features become symbolic boundaries that structure both socio-spatial division and meaning-making, but little research has examined how physical barriers—features that carry symbolic meaning and limit connectivity between nearby areas—may promote both symbolic "othering" and inhibit contact between residents on either side. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, we examine how residents interpret and experience physical barriers and symbolic boundaries in race-, income-, and race-and-income distinct areas in Houston, Texas. We describe three typologies of barriers/boundaries (unremarkable, intrusive, and hyper-salient), demonstrating how the same barrier or boundary can have different meanings for people on either side. For physical barriers, these meanings were often mediated by residents' actions. Our findings extend theorization of how the built environment shapes interpretations and experiences of segregation, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of machine learning (ML) in mental health (MH) research is increasing, especially as new, more complex data types become available to analyze. By examining the published literature, this review aims to explore the current applications of ML in MH research, with a particular focus on its use in studying diverse and vulnerable populations, including immigrants, refugees, migrants, and racial and ethnic minorities. Methods: From October 2022 to March 2024, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PubMed were queried. ML-related, MH-related, and population-of-focus search terms were strung together with Boolean operators. Backward reference searching was also conducted. Included peer-reviewed studies reported using a method or application of ML in an MH context and focused on the populations of interest. We did not have date cutoffs. Publications were excluded if they were narrative or did not exclusively focus on a minority population from the respective country. Data including study context, the focus of mental healthcare, sample, data type, type of ML algorithm used, and algorithm performance were extracted from each. Results: Ultimately, 13 peer-reviewed publications were included. All the articles were published within the last 6 years, and over half of them studied populations within the US. Most reviewed studies used supervised learning to explain or predict MH outcomes. Some publications used up to 16 models to determine the best predictive power. Almost half of the included publications did not discuss their cross-validation method. Conclusions: The included studies provide proof-of-concept for the potential use of ML algorithms to address MH concerns in these special populations, few as they may be. Our review finds that the clinical application of these models for classifying and predicting MH disorders is still under development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, racial disparities continue to exist in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival. This study aims to characterize the CRC survival differences among racial and ethnic minority groups. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify adults diagnosed with CRC from 2015 to 2019. Demographics, disease characteristics, surgical treatment, stages, and survival data for individuals who are Hispanic, Black, Southeast Asian, Chinese, American Indian and Alaskan Native (AIAN), Asian Indian and Pakistani (AIP), and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) were extracted. Survival analysis was done using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Multivariate analysis was done with the Cox proportional hazard model. There were 40 091 individuals with CRC. NHOPI had the youngest median age of 59 years, while Chinese individuals had the oldest median age of 65 years. From the total sample of their respective subgroups, 43.8% of Black patients and 36.7% of AIAN patients had a median household income of <$60 000, while 55.3% of Southeast Asian patients, 59.7% of Chinese patients, 55.8% of AIP patients, and 65.6% of NHOPI patient had a median household income >$70 000. The 1-year survival rate was lower for patients who were Hispanic (62.0%), Black (60.9%), and AIAN (63.1%). Even after multivariate analysis, Black patients had a significant hazard ratio (HR) of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.05-1.38), while AIP had a HR of 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.84), compared to AIAN. Other significant variables that were linked with survival included older age, advanced stage of CRC, a median household income <$60 000, male sex, no surgery, subtotal colectomy/hemicolectomy, and total colectomy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the specific causes of these differences and create appropriate strategies to reduce this survival disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate lifestyle habits and dietary patterns among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association with skin color. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1315 undergraduate students from a public higher education institution. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and food consumption were collected. Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate the associations between race/skin color and outcomes. Results: Black individuals were less likely to show behaviors associated with the use of cigarettes or tobacco products (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.42−0.89). However, black individuals with higher income (greater than, or equal to one minimum wage per person) were less likely to show behaviors associated with illicit drug use (OR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.31−0.96), use of cigarettes or tobacco products (OR = 0.46; 95% CI 0.24−0.87) and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.64; CI 95% 0.42−0.98). In addition, individuals of race/skin color black with lower income (less than one minimum wage per person) showed decreased consumption of vegetables (OR = 0.68; CI 95% 0.48−0.96). Conclusions: Black college students with higher income were less likely to show undesirable behaviors related to the use of psychoactive substances. In contrast, individuals with lower income had lower consumption of foods from the vegetable group, which can be considered an unfavorable health-related behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within urban sociology, the unpredictability of poor, urbanized space explains why black youth are "present oriented" and why they treat orientations to the future as futile. But where urban sociology suspends black youth in time and space, this research aims to de-arrest them from the "ethnographic present." Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with thirty youth, I make the case that within "present orientations" there is prescience. This paper is based on over one year of fieldwork at Run-a-Way – a center for youth in Minneapolis, Minnesota. With limited life chances and limited chances at life, youth at Run-a-Way saw the future as fugitive. Instead of being a paralyzing force keeping youth suspended in time, present orientations were marked by the production of nowness, in light of a prescient vision of what is to come. Because black youth chose not to entertain liberal futurities directed towards "rights" and "freedoms" associated with a post-raciality did not make them present oriented. It made them prepared. As prescience comes to serve as a more accurate signifier of black youth's relation to the future, we come to see why the "ethnographic present" and the interpellation of blackness through abjection are both unsustainable and obsolete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on positional segregation in sport focuses on mechanisms perpetuating discrepancies in integrated contexts, including in majority-minority sports. However, theoretical explanations for positional segregation should apply to other status groups, such as ethnicity, that may be more salient in monoracial or nearly monoracial settings. We use 2018 to 2019 data on 790 NHL players and executives along with descriptive models previously applied to questions of racial segregation in sport to evaluate if stereotypes have led to ethnicity-based differences in athletes' outcomes, using on-ice positions, leadership positions, team management positions, and penalty minutes related to stereotypes in playing style. Results show no evidence for ethnic stacking nor barriers to player leadership in the NHL but substantial differences in team management positions and penalty minutes. Our findings illuminate the degree to which theories concerning racial stereotyping mechanisms might be extended to apply in monoracial settings. Plain language summary: Much research has shown that stereotypes linked to race are connected to the ways athletes are positioned on competitive fields or courts. This can in turn lead to limited opportunities for minority athletes in terms of endorsement or leadership opportunities. We are interested in whether the theories used to explain these patterns in reference to race can be used to examine the opportunities available to other minority groups. In this paper, we use data on 790 professional hockey players to see whether ethnic stereotypes lead to similar patterns in a mostly-white setting. We use descriptive methods traditionally used to examine spatial distributions of racial minorities in sport along with models that examine access to leadership positions to see how ethnic stereotypes might be used. We also use penalty minutes to try to identify patterns of ethnic stereotypes connected to playing style. We find little evidence that ethnic stereotypes affect player position or leadership opportunities in this mostly-white sport, but good evidence that ethnic stereotypes affect off-ice leadership opportunities and on-ice playing styles. While intriguing, these data cannot examine specific interactions involving stereotypes that players might experience. Our approach here could also be applied to other status groups, such as gender, sexual orientation, or age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical guidelines for performing total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have not been uniformly adopted in practice because research has suggested that they may foster inequities in surgical access, potentially disadvantaging minority sociodemographic groups. The aim of this study was to assess whether undergoing TJA without meeting clinical guidelines affects complication risk and leads to disparities in postoperative outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated the records of 11,611 adult patients who underwent primary TJA from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020, at an academic hospital network. Based on self-reported race and ethnicity, 89.5% of patients were White, 3.5% were Black, 2.9% were Hispanic, 1.3% were Asian, and 2.8% were classified as other. Patients met institutional guidelines for undergoing TJA if they had a hemoglobin A1c of <8.0% and a body mass index of <40 kg/m2 and were not currently smoking. A logistic regression model was utilized to identify factors associated with complications, and a mixed-effects model was utilized to identify factors associated with not meeting guidelines for undergoing TJA. Results: During the study period, 11% (1,274) of the 11,611 adults who underwent primary TJA did not meet clinical guidelines. Compared with the group who met guidelines, the group who did not had higher proportions of Black patients (3.2% versus 6.0%; p < 0.001) and Hispanic patients (2.7% versus 4.6%; p < 0.001). An increased risk of not meeting guidelines at the time of surgery was demonstrated among Black patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.60 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22 to 2.10]; p = 0.001) and patients insured by Medicaid (OR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.26 to 2.44]; p = 0.001) or Medicare (OR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.41]; p = 0.007). Patients who did not meet guidelines had a higher risk of reoperation than those who met guidelines (7.7% [98] versus 5.9% [615]; p = 0.017), including a higher risk of infection-related reoperation (3.1% [40] versus 1.4% [147]; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Wefound that patients who underwent TJA despite notmeeting institutional preoperative criteria had a higher risk of postoperative complications. These patients were more likely to be from racial and ethnic minority groups, to have a lower socioeconomic status, and to have Medicare or Medicaid insurance. These findings underscore the need for surgeryrelated shared decision-making that is informed by evidence-based guidelines in order to reduce complication burden. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: There are few methods that focus on engaging racial and ethnic minorities in research. The Meharry-Vanderbilt Community Engaged Research Core partnered with the University of Utah, the University of Michigan, and community/patient partners to convene a virtual summit to share the Community Engagement Studio (CE Studio) model, a structured and widely-used approach that facilitates community engagement in research. Objectives: The CE Studio Virtual Training Summit (Summit) goal was to prepare multi-stakeholder (e.g. researchers, community members) research teams to engage more racial/ethnic minorities in CE studios. Methods: Summit planning included (1) agenda development, including CE Studio training and a live CE Studio demonstration; (2) summit advertisement across several networks, including minority-serving institutions; and (3) development of pre-and post-Summit evaluations. Results: Among 50 registrants (76.7% academicians) that completed evaluations, more than 65% planned to increase engagement of racial/ethnic minorities in research and implement CE Studios as a result of the Summit. Increased confidence in all CE training areas was reported, including in conducting an effective CE Studio planning meeting (32.1% pre-Summit/90.3% post-Summit) and identifying and preparing patient/community stakeholders for engagement as CE Studio experts (46.4% pre-Summit/93.6% post-Summit). Conclusions: Virtual CE Studio training that includes multi-stakeholder planning partners can be an effective method for introducing the CE Studio model and preparing multi-stakeholder research teams to engage racial and ethnic minorities in CE Studios. This is particularly salient given that effective community engaged research methods and best practices are not currently being distributed through research programs at a pace consistent with the demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that a common method of predicting individuals' race in administrative records, Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding (BISG), produces misclassification errors that are strongly correlated with demographic and socioeconomic factors. In addition to the high error rates for some racial subgroups, the misclassification rates are correlated with the political and economic characteristics of a voter's neighborhood. Racial and ethnic minorities who live in wealthy, highly educated, and politically active areas are most likely to be misclassified as white by BISG. Inferences about the relationship between sociodemographic factors and political outcomes, like voting, are likely to be biased in models using BISG to infer race. We develop an improved method in which the BISG estimates are incorporated into a machine learning model that accounts for class imbalance and incorporates individual and neighborhood characteristics. Our model decreases the misclassification rates among non-white individuals, in some cases by as much as 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives We drew on fundamental cause theory and the weathering hypothesis to examine how discrimination influences aging for midlife and older adults in Canada. Methods Using nationally representative data, we assessed the associations between discrimination and pain and functional limitations among adults aged 45 years and older. Discrimination was measured using a modified version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Chi-square tests were performed to check for baseline differences in the dependent and key predictor variables by race. Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations of discrimination, race, and sense of belonging with pain and functional limitations, net of sociodemographic characteristics, and socioeconomic status. Results Indigenous respondents showed a clear health disadvantage , with higher rates of pain and functional limitations compared to Whites and Asians. Self-reported discrimination was also higher for Indigenous midlife and older adults than for their White and Asian age counterparts. Discrimination had a direct and robust association with pain (odds ratio [OR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–1.87) and functional limitations (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.29–1.87). However, race moderated the impact of discrimination on functional limitations for Blacks. Finally, a strong sense of belonging to one's local community was protective against pain and functional limitations for all racial groups. Discussion Future research needs to further examine the impact of discrimination on Indigenous peoples' aging process. High rates of discrimination coupled with a greater burden of pain mean that Indigenous midlife and older adults may require additional and targeted health and social service resources to age successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageism is increasingly recognized as a problem in the advertising industry. Drawing from a model of age inequality among advertising creatives in Australia, this study utilized interviews with 30 advertising professionals to examine ageism in the United States. Further, we examined whether and how workers in different departments experience ageism and found that workers in creative and digital/social roles are confronted with ageism sooner than others. Regarding intersectional identities, women experienced ageism differently than men, noting that ageism occurred sooner in their careers and that they had to engage in more aesthetic labor to maintain a youthful appearance. For racial and ethnic minorities, marginalization persisted throughout their careers, and they were often pushed out of the industry before reaching leadership positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this presidential address, I discuss findings from a survey that was sent to all living past presidents (N = 46) of the National Economic Association (NEA). Based on 14 responses, I discuss potential strategies and action items for future NEA boards to consider. This text was spoken aloud during the presidential address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the participation of racial and ethnic minority groups (REMGs) in gynecologic oncology trials. Gynecologic oncology studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between 2007 and 2020 were identified. Trials with published results were analyzed based on reporting of race/ethnicity in relation to disease site and trial characteristics. Expected enrollment by race/ethnicity was calculated and compared to actual enrollment, adjusted for 2010 US Census population data. 2146 gynecologic oncology trials were identified. Of published trials (n = 252), 99 (39.3%) reported race/ethnicity data. Recent trials were more likely to report these data (36% from 2007 to 2009; 51% 2013–2015; and 53% from 2016 to 2018, p = 0.01). Of all trials, ovarian cancer trials were least likely to report race/ethnicity data (32.1% vs 39.3%, p = 0.011). Population-adjusted under-enrollment for Blacks was 7-fold in ovarian cancer, Latinx 10-fold for ovarian and 6-fold in uterine cancer trials, Asians 2.5-fold in uterine cancer trials, and American Indian and Alaska Native individuals 6-fold in ovarian trials. Trials for most disease sites have enrolled more REMGs in recent years – REMGs made up 19.6% of trial participants in 2007–2009 compared to 38.1% in 2016–2018 (p < 0.0001). Less than half of trials that published results reported race/ethnicity data. Available data reveals that enrollment of REMGs is significantly below expected rates based on national census data. These disparities persisted even after additionally adjusting for population size. Despite improvement in recent years, additional recruitment of REMGs is needed to achieve more representative and equitable participation in gynecologic cancer clinical trials. • REMGs are understudied and under-enrolled in gynecologic oncology clinical trials. • Ovarian cancer trials enroll fewer REMGs compared to other cancer trials. • The recruitment of REMGs is modestly increasing in recent years. • Further efforts to increase REMG enrollment to achieve health equity are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Differences in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) presentation and outcomes by ethnicity or race remain understudied. We aimed to determine whether EoE patients of Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity or non-White race have differences in presentation at diagnosis or response to topical corticosteroid (tCS) treatment. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included subjects of any age with a new diagnosis of EoE and documentation of ethnicity or race. For those who had treatment with tCS and follow-up endoscopy/biopsy, we assessed histologic response (<15 eosinophils/hpf), global symptom response, and endoscopic response. Hispanic EoE patients were compared with non-Hispanics at baseline and before and after treatment. The same analyses were repeated for White vs non-Whites. RESULTS: Of 1,026 EoE patients with ethnicity data, just 23 (2%) were Hispanic. Most clinical features at presentation were similar to non-Hispanic EoE patients but histologic response to tCS was numerically lower (38% vs 57%). Non-White EoE patients (13%) were younger at diagnosis and had less insurance, lower zip code-level income, shorter symptom duration, more vomiting, less dysphagia and food impaction, fewer typical endoscopic features, and less dilation. Of 475 patients with race data treated with tCS, non-Whites had a significantly lower histologic response rate (41% vs 59%; P = 0.01), and odds of histologic response remained lower after controlling for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence intervals: 0.19-0.87). DISCUSSION: Few EoE patients at our center were Hispanic, and they had similar clinical presentations as non-Hispanics. The non-White EoE group was larger, and presentation was less dysphagia-specific. Non-White patients were also less than half as likely to respond to tCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In countries with well-developed welfare state systems, it is often claimed that racial or ethnic minorities impose a heavy burden on social assistance programs without contributing to public goods. In this study, we consider the attitudinal effects of anecdotal reports of tax cheating by minorities. We conduct survey experiments in France and the United States to assess if people react more harshly to tax fraud perpetrated by members of a minority group rather than the majority group. We find no evidence that minority status affects judgments and perceptions about tax fraud, including among those on the right end of the political spectrum. Tax fraud is considered unacceptable regardless of the culprit's origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American adults have the highest mortality rate for most cancers in the United States, and meaningful, community-driven research is needed to inform optimal strategies for addressing these disparities. Unfortunately, research mistrust, often driven by historical inequities, is well-documented among African Americans. This study explored trust, attitudes, and preferences regarding participation in cancer research activities among primarily African American and other medically underserved communities in South Carolina from August 2020 to December 2021. Trust was measured using the Trust in Medical Researchers Scale (TMRS). The mean TMRS score for all study participants (N = 179) was 26.54 (SD 7.57) out of 48 (maximum possible score). Significant differences in mean values of the TMRS scores were only observed for gender (p = 0.0056) and race (p < 0.0001), with White participants and males reporting higher levels of trust in medical researchers. Overall, 52.5% of participants were somewhat likely or likely to volunteer to participate in a cancer research opportunity, with White participants (73.81%) being more likely to participate in cancer research compared to African American participants (45.74%) (p = 0.0054). Furthermore, participants were most willing to provide saliva (80.85%) and urine samples (80.85%), new blood samples (60.64%), stool samples (54.26%), medical records or laboratory results (52.13%) and least willing to allow left-over blood, tissue, or other fluids from medical procedures to be used for research (50%). These results provide evidence of the need for concerted programmatic efforts to build trust in cancer researchers, particularly among females and African American adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research into stop-question-frisk (SQF) has examined the impact that individual demographics have on whether an individual is stopped. However, less research has been conducted on neighborhood-level characteristics’ role in these stops. We aim to investigate the association between an area’s household income and SQF encounters with police. Using publicly available data from New York City’s Open Data portal paired with U.S. Census Bureau data. This study examines New York City (NYC) census tracts (n = 2,239) to determine what neighborhood characteristics are strong indicators for high levels of SQF in the area. Employing descriptive statistics and spatially informed regression models, we examine the relationship between locations of SQF of young adult racial and ethnic minority males and community income levels throughout NYC’s five boroughs. Controlling for neighborhood characteristics, we identify population density, median household income, and median age of residents as statistically significant predictors for higher levels of SQF of young adult racial and ethnic minority males in NYC in 2021. Our findings on the neighborhood characteristics that are strong predictors for SQF of this demographic combination have important policy implications and can promote discussion surrounding the link between neighborhood income levels and the SQF of the young adult racial and ethnic minority males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the literature on entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs) proliferates, we still do not understand whether local ESOs benefit some founders more than others. Drawing on organizational sponsorship and inclusive ecosystems literatures, this paper empirically examines whether founder characteristics of gender, immigrant, and racial minority group membership moderate the relationship between participation in different types of ESO services (incubator, mentoring, and education programs) and funding received from state, federal, and venture capital (VC) sources. Relying on a detailed database of life sciences firms founded in North Carolina's Research Triangle region, the paper uncovers how funding outcomes differ depending on the funding source and the moderating ESO and founder traits. The paper concludes with practical implications for how women, immigrant, and minority founders may be better supported by ESOs for broader, inclusive ecosystem building. Plain English Summary: Do entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs) have different benefits for different founders? This paper finds the answer is yes, which has implications for how to create a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem. While the literature continues to reveal more about the role of organizations like accelerators, business incubators, and mentoring programs for entrepreneurial success, we lack understanding of the different roles these organizations might play in fostering more inclusive entrepreneurial regions. This research analyzes whether women, immigrant, and racial minority founders benefit differently from participating in different types of mainstream entrepreneurial support organization programs including incubation, education, and mentoring. Results show great variation in how founders benefit from these programs with implications for inclusive ecosystem building. Since these organizations are often publicly funded or supported, the findings have implications for policy and economic development practice as well as for entrepreneurial firm strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article lists the NEA board's main accomplishments during the period from February 2023 to January 2024 as summarized in my farewell letter to the NEA membership (sent on January 31, 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is growing interest in improving the inclusiveness of racial and ethnic minority participants in trials of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). With our study we aimed to examine temporal trends of representation and mortality of racial and ethnic minority participants in randomized controlled trials of ARDS. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of eight ARDS Network and PETAL Network therapeutic clinical trials, published between 2000 and 2019. We classified race/ethnicity into "White", "Black", "Hispanic", or "Other" (including Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander participants). Results: Of 5375 participants with ARDS, 1634 (30.4%) were Black, Hispanic, or Other race participants. Representation of racial and ethnic minority participants in trials did not change significantly over time (p = 0.257). However, among participants with moderate to severe ARDS (i.e., partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 150), the difference in mortality between racial and ethnic minority participants and White participants decreased over time. In the five most recent trials, including 2923 participants with ARDS, there were no statistically significant differences in mortality between racial/ethnic groups, even after adjusting for potential confounders. In these five most recent trials, mortality was 31% for White, 31.9% for Black, 30.3% for Hispanic, and 37.1% for Other race participants (p = 0.633). Conclusion: Representation of racial and ethnic minority participants in ARDS trials from North America, published between 2000 and 2019, did not change over time. Black and Hispanic participants with ARDS may have similar mortality as White participants within trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many college students, especially first-generation and underrepresented racial/ethnic minority students, desire courses and careers that emphasize helping people and society. Can instructors of introductory science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) courses promote motivation, performance, and equity in STEM fields by emphasizing the prosocial relevance of course material? We developed, implemented, and evaluated a prosocial utility-value intervention (UVI): A course assignment in which students were asked to reflect on the prosocial value of biology or chemistry course content; our focus was on reducing performance gaps between first-generation and continuing generation college students. In Studies 1a and 1b, we piloted two versions of a prosocial UVI in introductory biology (N = 282) and chemistry classes (N = 1,705) to test whether we could encourage students to write about the prosocial value of course content. In Study 2, we tested a version of the UVI that combines personal and prosocial values, relative to a standard UVI, which emphasizes personal values, using a randomized controlled trial in an introductory chemistry course (N = 2,505), and examined effects on performance and motivation in the course. In Study 3, we tested the prosocial UVI against a standard UVI in an introductory biology course (N = 712). Results suggest that the prosocial UVI may be particularly effective in promoting motivation and performance for first-generation college students, especially those who are more confident that they can perform well in the class, reflecting a classic expectancy-value interaction. Mediation analyses suggest that this intervention worked by promoting interest in chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to investigate the concept of minority up to the temporary stabilization of its meaning in Polish concluded in the adoption of the March constitution of 1921. The history of the concept of national minority bore an imprint on the accommodation to the new political, territorial, and discursive circumstances after transition from empire to nation-state. The idea itself was well anchored in the liberal tradition, but the nationalist right also took it on board to protect the cultural hegemony of the Poles in the areas where they were a minority. Tackling the nexus of the emerging nation-state and the ensuing logic of minoritization sheds light on tiered visions of citizenship essential for understanding the 1921 debate. For this purpose, I use various available sub-corpora of texts—political leaflets, press, and parliamentary debates from the period 1788–1922. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial and ethnic minority patients experience worse hypertrophic scars after burn injury than White patients. Subsequently, minority patients encounter differences in scar-related recovery domains such as itch and fatigue. This study examines disparities regarding postburn injury itch and fatigue in minority patients to better inform counseling and treatment considerations. From the multicenter National Institute of Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research Burn Model System Database (2015-2019), outcomes were analyzed at three time-points (discharge from index hospitalization, 6- and 12-months post-injury) using the 5D Itch and PROMIS-29 Fatigue measures. Multilevel linear mixed effects regression modeling analyzed associations between race/ethnicities and outcomes over time. Of 893 total patients, minority patients reported higher/worse itch scores at all time points compared to White patients. Itch scores were significantly higher for Black patients at 6 months (β = 1.42, P =.03) and 12 months (β = 3.36, P <.001) when compared to White patients. Black patients reported higher fatigue scores than White patients at all time points. Fatigue scores were significantly higher for Hispanic/Latino patients at discharge (β = 6.17, P <.001), 6 months (β = 4.49, P <.001), and 12 months (β = 6.27, P <.001) than White patients. This study supports investigation of potential factors leading to increased itch and fatigue such as sociocultural factors, disparities in healthcare access, and psychosocial impacts of these symptoms. In the short-term, minority patients may benefit from additional counseling and focused treatments addressing itch and fatigue after burn injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Disparities in cognitive function among racial and ethnic groups have been reported in non-cancer conditions, but cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) in racial and ethnic minority groups is poorly understood. We aimed to synthesize and characterize the available literature about CRCI in racial and ethnic minority populations. Methods: We conducted a scoping review in the PubMed, PsycInfo, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. Articles were included if they were published in English or Spanish, reported cognitive functioning in adults diagnosed with cancer, and characterized the race or ethnicity of the participants. Literature reviews, commentaries, letters to the editor, and gray literature were excluded. Results: Seventy-four articles met the inclusion criteria, but only 33.8% differentiated the CRCI findings by racial or ethnic subgroups. There were associations between cognitive outcomes and the participants' race or ethnicity. Additionally, some studies found that Black and non-white individuals with cancer were more likely to experience CRCI than their white counterparts. Biological, sociocultural, and instrumentation factors were associated with CRCI differences between racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that racial and ethnic minoritized individuals may be disparately affected by CRCI. Future research should use standardized guidelines for measuring and reporting the self-identified racial and ethnic composition of the sample; differentiate CRCI findings by racial and ethnic subgroups; consider the influence of structural racism in health outcomes; and develop strategies to promote the participation of members of racial and ethnic minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While extensive research has been conducted on the experiences of racial and ethnic minorities in predominately white institutions (PWIs) in the United States, there has been little research that examines the experiences of U.S. racial and ethnic minorities that serve for religious reasons with PWIs in international settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand how race shapes the relationship of long-term U.S. missionaries of color with their missions organization and teammates. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with sixteen long-term U.S. missionaries of color serving internationally. The findings point to a number of ways that race shapes the experiences of these missionaries and have important implications for cross-cultural workers of diverse backgrounds as well as cross-cultural work teams and sending organizations. The results also point to the need for more research on diverse work teams in international settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-documented that women and racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in the economics profession, relative to both the general population and other academic disciplines. Less is known about the socioeconomic diversity of the economics profession. In this paper, we use data on parental education from the Survey of Earned Doctorates to examine the socioeconomic background of US economics PhD recipients, as compared to other disciplines. We find that economics PhD recipients are substantially more likely to have highly educated parents, and less likely to have parents without a college degree, than PhD recipients in other non-economics disciplines. This is true for both US-born PhD recipients and non-US-born PhD recipients, but is particularly stark for the US-born. The gap in socioeconomic diversity between economics and other PhD disciplines has increased over the last five decades, and particularly over the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the number of racial/ethnic minorities has substantially increased in the U.S. workforce, it is critical to effectively manage employees with racial/ethnic backgrounds. The aim of this study is to broaden current knowledge of job satisfaction among public employees with racial/ethnic minority backgrounds by systematically comparing job satisfaction between racial/ethnic minorities and non-minorities and by identifying moderating effects of racioethnicity on job satisfaction. The Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey 2018 data (about half a million) was used in this study and t-tests and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses were conducted. According to the findings in this study, racial/ethnic minorities reported similar or higher job satisfaction in diverse aspects of a job than non-minorities, and the effects of diverse intrinsic/ extrinsic aspects of a job on overall job satisfaction changed significantly by racioethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excess mortality burden due to violent fatal injuries is an urgent public health issue for adolescents and young adults, especially those from racial and ethnic minority populations. We examined the research portfolio of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) related to violent fatal injuries between 2009 and 2019 to focus on adolescents and young adults from NIH-designated populations experiencing health disparities and to identify trends and research gaps. We analyzed funded projects by populations covered, geographic location of the study population, type of research (etiology, intervention, methodology), type of determinants, and publications generated. In 10 years, NIH funded 17 grants that produced 90 publications. Researchers used socioecological frameworks most to study violent crime, except in rural locations. Research gaps include the direct impact of violent crime among those victimized and health care (the least studied determinant) and premature mortality disparities caused by hate crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutions that structure representation have systematically disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. We examine an understudied dimension of this problem: how local electoral rules shape the provision of collective goods in relation to racial groups. We leverage the California Voting Rights Act of 2001, which compelled over 100 cities to switch from at-large to district elections for city council, to causally identify how equalizing spatial representation changes the permitting of new housing. District elections decrease the supply of new multifamily housing, particularly in segregated cities with sizable and systematically underrepresented minority groups. But district elections also end the disproportionate channeling of new housing into minority neighborhoods. Together, our findings highlight a fundamental trade-off: at-large representation may facilitate the production of goods with diffuse benefits and concentrated costs, but it does so by forcing less politically powerful constituencies to bear the brunt of those costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The identification of risk factors associated with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe asthma is important to improve asthma outcomes. Aim of this study was to identify risk factors for uncontrolled asthma in United States cohort using electronic health record (EHR)-derived data. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective real-world study, de-identified data of adolescent and adult patients (≥ 12 years old) with moderate-to-severe asthma, based on asthma medications within 12 months prior to asthma-related visit (index date), were extracted from the Optum® Humedica EHR. The baseline period was 12 months prior to the index date. Uncontrolled asthma was defined as ≥ 2 outpatient oral corticosteroid bursts for asthma or ≥ 2 emergency department visits or ≥ 1 inpatient visit for asthma. A Cox proportional hazard model was applied. Results: There were 402,403 patients in the EHR between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018, who met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. African American (AA) race (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.08), Medicaid insurance (HR: 1.71), Hispanic ethnicity (HR: 1.34), age of 12 to < 18 years (HR 1.20), body mass index of ≥ 35 kg/m2 (HR: 1.20), and female sex (HR 1.19) were identified as risk factors associated with uncontrolled asthma (P < 0.001). Comorbidities characterized by type 2 inflammation, including a blood eosinophil count of ≥ 300 cells/μL (as compared with eosinophil < 150 cells/μL; HR: 1.40, P < 0.001) and food allergy (HR: 1.31), were associated with a significantly higher risk of uncontrolled asthma; pneumonia was also a comorbidity associated with an increased risk (HR: 1.35) of uncontrolled asthma. Conversely, allergic rhinitis (HR: 0.84) was associated with a significantly lower risk of uncontrolled asthma. Conclusion: This large study demonstrates multiple risk factors for uncontrolled asthma. Of note, AA and Hispanic individuals with Medicaid insurance are at a significantly higher risk of uncontrolled asthma versus their White, non-Hispanic counterparts with commercial insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the 20th anniversary of the International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology series I offer my views on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) in sport and exercise psychology (SEP). More specifically, I'll look back at DEI in SEP going back to the beginning of the International Society for Sport Psychology (ISSP) in 1965. The early roots of SEP (prior to the 1960s) were dominated by white/European men. A few women were active in physical education programmes and in sport, but not in leadership. In North America and Europe racial and ethnic minorities were nearly invisible. Women began to gain a place in SEP in the later 1900s, and have greater representation today, although not at the levels of their male counterparts, and not everywhere. Racial and ethnic minorities have not made such gains, and although SEP has experienced significant growth in Asia, other regions, particularly Africa and South America, have little representation. Many SEP organisations and programmes have recently taken steps to increase representation – and those steps are important. Representation, or diversity (D) is critical, but further action steps are needed if SEP programmes and professional practice are to be truly inclusive (I). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that is simple and cost-effective to screen based on clinical practice guidelines, yet many patients go undiagnosed and untreated leading to increased burden of the disease. Specifically, racial and ethnic minorities have lower rates of dual energy absorptiometry (DXA) screening. Inadequate screening may lead to an increased risk of fracture, higher health care costs, and increased morbidity and mortality disproportionately experienced by racial-ethnic minority populations. Purpose. This systematic review assessed and summarized the racial and ethnic disparities that exist for osteoporosis screening by DXA. Methods. Using terms related to osteoporosis, racial and ethnic minorities, and DXA, an electronic search of databases was performed in SCOPUS, CINAHL, and PubMed. Articles were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria which dictated the final articles used in the review. Full text articles that were selected for inclusion underwent quality appraisal and data extraction. Once extracted, data from the articles were combined at an aggregate level. Results. The search identified 412 articles. After screening, a total of 16 studies were included in the final review. The overall quality of the studies included was high. Of the 16 articles reviewed, 14 identified significant disparities between racial minority and majority groups and determined that the eligible patients in racial minority groups were less likely to be referred to DXA screening. Conclusion. There is a significant disparity in osteoporosis screening among racial and ethnic minorities. Future efforts should focus on addressing these inconsistencies in screening and removing bias from the healthcare system. Additional research is required to determine the consequence of this discrepancy in screening and methods of equitizing osteoporosis care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a letter to the editor of the Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research journal. The author expresses concerns about a commentary that discusses the well-being and mistreatment experienced by women and minority orthopaedic residents. The author disagrees with the conclusions and solutions presented in the commentary, arguing that they are not well-supported by evidence and may have unintended consequences. The author suggests that more rigorous studies should be conducted to address discrimination and differential treatment in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Tobacco control is important for cancer patient health, but delivering effective low-dose CT (LDCT) screening and tobacco cessation is more difficult in underserved and patients from racial and ethnic minority groups. At City of Hope (COH), we have developed strategies to overcome barriers to the delivery of LDCT and tobacco cessation. Methods: We performed a needs assessment. New tobacco control program services were implemented focusing on patients from racial and ethnic minority groups. Innovations included Whole Person Care with motivational counseling, placing clinician and nurse champions at points of care, training module and leadership newsletters, and a patient-centric personalized medicine Personalized Pathways to Success (PPS) program. Results: Emphasis on patients from racial and ethnic minority groups was implemented by training cessation personnel and lung cancer control champions. LDCT increased. Tobacco use assessment increased and abstinence was 27.2%. The PPS pilot program achieved 47% engagement in cessation, with self-reported abstinence at 3 months of 38%, with both results slightly higher in patients from racial and ethnic minority groups than in Caucasian patients. Conclusions: Tobacco cessation barrier-focused innovations can result in increased lung cancer screening and tobacco cessation reach and effectiveness, especially among patients from racial and ethnic minority groups. The PPS program is promising as a personalized medicine patient-centric approach to cessation and lung cancer screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the use of self-defense is common in incidents of intimate partner violence (IPV), correlates of self-protective behaviors in IPV are less known. Furthermore, while research has examined the unintended consequence of dual arrest as a result of using self-defense in IPV incidents, research has not examined whether self-defense is associated with the likelihood of reporting the victimization to the police. The purpose of this study is to first examine the racial differences in the use of self-defense in incidents of IPV. Second, this study examines the relationship between the use of physical self-defense and formal help-seeking (i.e., calling the police) and whether those relationships vary across race/ethnicity for White, Black, and Hispanic women. Using a large nationally representative sample of IPV incidents in the United States, this study found that incidents with Black female victims were more likely to feature physical self-defense compared to incidents with White female victims. Furthermore, incidents with Black female victims were more likely to be reported to the police. There was a positive relationship between physical self-defense and reporting to the police for Black women and an inverse relationship between physical self-defense and reporting to the police for Hispanic women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mixed evidence exists in the research examining the effects of religion on health outcomes. Due to the severity of health conditions experienced by immigrants and racial and ethnic minorities in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic, this research aims to examine the influence of religious involvement on self-assessed health among healthcare support professionals of Asian Indian origin living in the US. Method: The study used oral history narratives of phenomenological tradition, obtained through interviews of 16 healthcare support professionals of Asian-Indian origin and from three different religious backgrounds. The study cohort was made up of individuals residing in the greater Detroit and Lansing areas in Michigan. Findings: Although the narratives indicated that religious engagement plays a positive role in health outcomes among care professionals, simultaneously, it was found that religion-specific meaning intersects their immigration, settlement, family expectations, and work-related experiences in the US. Future research should extend the scholarship examining gender differences in the effect of religion on self-assessed health among healthcare support professionals of Asian-Indian origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: African American and Hispanic older adults are reported to have up to a 2-fold higher risk of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD), but the reasons for this increased vulnerability have not been fully explored. The Vulnerability Index (VI) was designed to identify individuals who are at risk of developing cognitive impairment in the future, capturing 12 sociodemographic variables and modifiable medical comorbidities associated with higher ADRD risk. However, a prior limitation of the VI was that the original study cohort had limited diversity. We examined the association of the VI within and between non-Hispanic White, African American, and Hispanic older adults with and without cognitive impairment and different socioeconomic strata enrolled in a community-based dementia screening study.Objective: To explore reasons for reported higher ADRD vulnerability in African Americans and Hispanics.Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 300 non-Hispanic White, African American, and Hispanic older adults with and without cognitive impairment, we studied the association between cognitive status, the VI, and socioeconomic status (SES).Results: When considering race/ethnicity, the presence of more vascular comorbidities drove greater vulnerability. When considering SES, vascular comorbidities played a less prominent role suggesting resources and access to care drives risk. The VI had differential effects on cognitive performance with the greatest effect in the earlier stages of impairment.Conclusion: Findings from this study provide a deeper understanding of the differential risk of ADRD in multicultural older adults captured by the VI and how barriers to healthcare access may increase vulnerability in racial/ethnic minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a vulnerable population, immigrants can be disproportionately affected by disasters. Because of their legal and migratory status, immigrants may have different challenges, needs, and possibilities when facing a disaster. Yet, within disaster studies, immigrants are rarely studied alone. Instead, they are often considered part of the large heterogeneous group of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. This racial classification points to a gap in the literature and in our understanding of how disadvantaged groups may cope with disasters. To address this gap, the current study hypothesizes that: (1) Immigrants have unique experiences and disaster impacts compared to the broader aggregated category of racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. and (2) There are variations in disaster experiences and impacts across different types of immigrant subgroups beyond refugees. To explore these hypotheses, a study of the literature across six databases from 2018 to 2023was conducted. The review identified a total of 17 articles discussing immigrant experiences during disasters. Major cross-cutting themes on immigrant disaster experiences include fear of deportation, restrictive immigration status, excessive economic burden and labor exploitation, employment rigidity, adverse health outcomes, limited informational resources and limited social capital, selective disaster relief measures, and infrastructural challenges as regards to housing and transportation. Many of the themes identified are unique to immigrants, such as the fear of deportation, restrictive immigration status and visa policies, and selective disaster relief measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine white male managers’ intrapsychic and behavioral responses to the appointment of a female or a racial minority CEO at their firm. Drawing from intergroup relations literatures, we theorize how and why the appointment of a minority-status CEO is likely to impact the amount of help that white male top managers provide to their fellow executives. We first explain how white male managers’ negatively biased perceptions of racial minority and female CEOs lead them to experience a diminished sense of organizational identification following the appointment of a minority-status CEO. We then examine how this diminished sense of organizational identification is likely to reduce white male managers’ general propensities to provide help to other executives at the firm. We finally consider how reduced identification might have especially strong negative implications for the amount of help that white male managers provide to colleagues who are racial minorities or women. Our results consistently support our theoretical expectations that, following the appointment of a female or racial minority CEO, white male top managers tend to experience a diminished sense of organizational identification, and, in turn, provide less help to colleagues, with this reduction particularly pronounced for help provided to minority-status colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to enhance our understanding of racial/ethnic minorities' stress, and suggest possible ways to reduce their stressful feelings at work. Racial minorities were compared with non-minorities in terms of their satisfaction about diverse work environments and the effects of work environment on stressful feelings. Hypotheses were tested, using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses and t-tests. According to the findings, the strain of racial/ethnic minorities was differently affected by work environment factors such as public support and goal attainability, compared to that of non-minorities. Some demographic factors also had different effects on the strain of racial/ethnic minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate how county and state‐level estimates of Medicaid enrollment among the total, non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic Black or African American, and Hispanic or Latino/a population are affected by Differential Privacy (DP), where statistical noise is added to the public decennial US census data to protect individual privacy. Data Sources: We obtained population counts from the final version of the US Census Bureau Differential Privacy Demonstration Products from 2010 and combined them with Medicaid enrollment data. Study Design: We compared 2010 county and state‐level population counts released under the traditional disclosure avoidance techniques and the ones produced with the proposed DP procedures. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: Not applicable. Principal Findings: We find the DP method introduces errors up to 10% into counts and proportions of Medicaid participation rate accuracy at the county level, especially for small subpopulations and racial and ethnic minority groups. The effect of DP on Medicaid participation rate accuracy is only small and negligible at the state level. Conclusions: The implementation of DP in the 2020 census can affect the analyses of health disparities and health care access and use among different subpopulations in the United States. The planned implementation of DP in other census‐related surveys such as the American Community Survey can misrepresent Medicaid participation rates for small racial and ethnic minority groups. This can affect Medicaid funding decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Americans' trust in government is lower than ever. However, while all groups have seen a decline in trust since the 1960s, the gap in trust between racial and ethnic minorities and Whites in this period has varied not only in size but also in direction. At times, racial and ethnic minorities have actually had higher rates of trust than Whites, contradicting the broad assumptions in research about race and political trust. Explanations of the causes of trust in government that emphasize institutional experience and early socialization would not predict this outcome. We propose that an underutilized component in the study of race and political trust is perceived justice. On one hand, racial and ethnic minorities' sensitivity to institutional injustice often leads to lower rates of trust. On the other hand, when racial and ethnic minorities perceive there are greater opportunities for racial progress, which signal that widespread harm can be repaired, their political trust tends to increase, sometimes to levels that exceed those for Whites. The interplay between political realities that shape perceived justice as well as political hope for racial progress likely creates the variable longitudinal patterns of racial and ethnic differences in trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize whether enrollment patterns in precision oncology clinical trials for gynecologic cancers reflect the racial and ethnic diversity of patients with gynecologic cancers in the United States.Methods: ClinicalTrials.gov was queried to perform this cross-sectional review. We included precision oncology trials -defined as trials using molecular profiling of a tumor or the patient genome to identify targetable alterations to guide treatment-of ovarian, uterine, cervical, and vulvar cancers in the United States. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and United States Census Bureau data were used to estimate cancer burden and the expected number of trial participants by race and ethnicity for each gynecologic cancer. The ratio of actual-to-expected participants was calculated. A ratio greater than 1 signified overenrollment. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to assess the relative weights of individual trials.Results: We identified 493 trials, 61 of which met inclusion criteria. There were 2,573 patients enrolled in ovarian cancer trials, 1,197 in uterine cancer trials and 162 in cervical cancer trials. Non-Hispanic White women were overrepresented overall (enrollment ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.20-1.32) and across all cancer types on subgroup analysis. Asian women, non-Hispanic Black women, and Hispanic women were underrepresented overall (enrollment ratios 0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.86; 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.66 and 0.30, 95% CI 0.23-0.36, respectively). In subgroup analyses, Asian women and non-Hispanic Black women were underrepresented in ovarian and uterine cancer trials and Hispanic women were underrepresented across all cancer types.Conclusion: Non-Hispanic Black women, Asian women, and Hispanic women with gynecologic cancers are underrepresented in precision oncology trials. Few U.S.-based precision oncology trials exist for uterine and cervical cancers, which have a high burden of morbidity and mortality among racial and ethnic minority groups. Failure to equitably enroll patients who belong to racial and ethnic minority groups may perpetuate existing disparities in gynecologic cancer outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted disparities in healthcare, particularly in the United States, even though disparities have existed since the organization of the modern healthcare system. Recruitment of patients from racial and ethnic minority groups is often minimal in phase 3 clinical trials, and is further exacerbated in the case of trials for rare diseases such as hereditary angioedema (HAE). This can lead to a gap in the understanding of minority patients' experiences with these diseases and their response to potential treatment options. Methods: We reviewed data from phase 3 double-blind (HELP) and open-label extension (HELP OLE) trials of lanadelumab, a monoclonal antibody developed for long-term prophylaxis against attacks of HAE. Efficacy (attack rate reduction) and safety (adverse events) results from White patients were compared descriptively to those from Hispanic/Latino patients, Black/African Americans, and other minority Americans. Results: Not surprisingly, few minorities were recruited across both studies: 9.5% Black, 2.4% Asian, and 7.1% Hispanic/Latino versus 88.1% White and 91.7% non-Hispanic/non-Latino received lanadelumab in HELP, and 4.7% Black, 0.9% Asian, 0.9% other, and 6.1% Hispanic/Latino versus 93.4% White and 93.4% non-Hispanic/non-Latino were enrolled in HELP OLE. Although these studies were conducted in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Jordan, all minorities were from the United States. Despite the number of minority patients being far less than expected for the population, there was no evidence that either efficacy or adverse event profiles differed between ethnic or racial groups. Conclusions: The HELP and HELP OLE studies described herein recruited far fewer minorities than would be ideal to represent these populations. However, evidence suggests that the effectiveness and tolerance of lanadelumab are similar between the groups. Nonetheless, the disparity in recruitment into research for minorities has significant room for improvement. Trial registration NCT02586805, registered 26 October 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02586805. NCT02741596, registered 18 April 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02741596. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]