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AIM: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare postoperative pain after single sitting pulpectomy using hand and rotary instrumentation in the primary molars of children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty children of age 4--8 years were selected using standard sample size formula for the single sitting pulpectomy after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria and all participants were equally divided into two groups. Single sitting pulpectomy procedure was carried out in both groups. In the control group, K files and in the experimental group Pro AF baby gold pediatric rotary files were used, followed by obturation with zinc oxide-eugenol cement. Evaluation of postoperative pain was done using the modified visual analog scale at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Furthermore, an evaluation of instrumentation time and quality of obturation was done. The patient is recalled after 7 days for the placement of stainless steel crown. RESULTS: The results showed no statistically significant difference in the postoperative pain after single sitting pulpectomy using hand and rotary instrumentation in the primary molars of children. There was no significant difference with the quality of obturation in both the study groups. However, a significant difference has been observed in the instrumentation time while using the rotary method of instrumentation as compared to hand instrumentation with independent t-test, t = 19.797 and P = 0.001. CONCLUSION: Among both the materials there was no significant difference found in postoperative pain and quality of obturation after single sitting pulpectomy in children. However, lesser instrumentation time was taken by rotary instrumentation as compared to conventional K file during single sitting pulpectomy in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim was to compare the remaining dentine thickness (RDT) following instrumentation with hand and rotary endodontic files during pulpectomy in primary molars. Research question was 'Is there any difference between the remaining dentine thickness following instrumentation with hand and rotary endodontic files during pulpectomy in primary molars?'. Methods: Electronic Databases like MEDLINE PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Google scholar and grey literature were searched between January 1, 2006 and August 31, 2022 for in vitro and ex vivo studies that compared hand and rotary endodontic instrumentation to evaluate the RDT in primary molars. Articles published in English or which could be translated into English were searched. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risk of bias using the Revised, validated version of MINORS criteria. Results: Twelve studies were included in qualitative analysis. All included studies showed low risk of bias. Six studies showed more RDT with rotary instrumentation compared to manual instrumentation. Whereas, five studies showed variable results for RDT with manual and rotary instrumentation at different levels of root canals. One study showed no significant difference between manual and rotary instrumentation. In view of methodological heterogeneity of the findings, a meta-analysis was not conducted. Conclusion: High quality of evidence based on low risk of bias was found in all the included studies. Statistically, rotary instrumentation showed more RDT than manual instrumentation according to majority of studies. Despite the shortcomings of this systematic review, it is possible to infer that the use of rotary instrumentation provides more RDT and thus there is considerable conservation of tooth structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken for evaluating various hand instrumentation techniques with different instruments in the formation of smear layer. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy-five extracted mandibular molars were collected and were cut at cementoenamel junction. Afterward, the distal roots were separated. Working length was determined, and roots were divided into five equal groups with 35 roots in each group as follows: Group A: K-type files with conventional step-back technique, Group B: Canal Master U instrument with clockwise-counterclockwise rotation, Group C: Flex-R® files with clockwise-counterclockwise rotation, Group D: FlexoFiles® with conventional step-back technique, and Group E: Nickel titanium files with conventional step-back technique. Biomechanical preparation was done according to their respective groups. The teeth in various groups were scanned under scanning electron microscope and scoring was done. All the results were analyzed by SPSS software version 17.0. Results: Scanning electron microscopic results indicated that apparently there seems to be a significant difference in the scoring of the smear layer between each group at all the three levels, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant. Microleakage was present in all the samples. Nonsignificant results were obtained while comparing the microleakage in between different the groups. However, microleakage was highest in Group D. Conclusion: The amount of smear layer is maximum at the apical third and lesser in the middle third followed by the coronal third in all the groups. All the samples showed microleakage to a varying extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preparation of root canal system necessitates both enlargement and shaping of the complex root canal space together with disinfection of the easily accessible and hidden areas. The present article introduces a new manual root canal preparation technique and compares it with passive step-back and step-back regarding some items such as shaping efficacy, maintenance of working length and occurrence of procedural accidents. Methods and Materials: This canal preparation technique (Bolourchi Hybrid Technique-BHT) was compared with passive step-back and step-back root through preparation of 30 extracted human mandibular and maxillary molars. Three experienced endodontists evaluated the final radiographies for following items: 1) difficulty of the case 2) shaping efficacy 3) maintenance of working length 4) time of preparation. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Multiple comparisons were done using the Tukey's HSD. Results: Regarding shaping efficacy and maintenance of working length, BHT group showed significantly higher scores and scores for step-back group were significantly the lowest. The difference between BHT group and passive step-back on these items was not significant. No significant differences were found between the techniques in other assessed criteria except for occurrence of procedural accidents which was significantly higher in step-back group. Conclusion: Considering the advantages of this novel technique as well as its comparability to the present routine techniques, it can be considered as an available root preparation technique for teaching in dental schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]