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Detection of the virus is the primary factor to discover and block the occurrence and development of the virus epidemic. Here, an ultrasensitive paper-based virus molecular imprinting sensor is developed to detect two viruses simultaneously in which the detection limit of the influenza virus (H5N1) is 16.0 aM (9.63 × 10 3 particles/mL) while that of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is 129 fM (7.77 × 10 7 particles/mL). This paper-based sensor is low cost and is easy to cut, store, and carry. In addition, the visual semiquantitative detection of two viruses is achieved by using two aptamer-functionalized persistent luminescent nanoparticles as signal probes. These probes and the imprinted cavities on the paper-based material formed sandwich-type double recognition of the target viruses. This sensor has extremely high sensitivity to the H5N1 virus, which is of great value to solve the influenza epidemic with the most outbreaks in history, and also opens up a new way for the prevention and control of other virus epidemics. This cheap and portable visual sensor provides the possibility for self-service detection and can greatly reduce the pressure on medical staff and reduce the risk of virus infection caused by the concentration of people to be tested.

As an artificial biomimetic receptor, molecularly-imprinted polymer (MIP) has been widely used for the separation, enrichment and detection of various substances. However, due to the complexity of virus structure, huge volume and the existence of highly similar viruses, MIP shows unsatisfactory selectivity in virus detection. To overcome these issues, two kinds of virus nanoMIPs, just like a "cap", were synthesized by a solid-phase imprinting nanogel technique. The "cap" had no inner core and was much smaller than that of a conventional MIP, which was more favorable for mass transfer. Moreover, each "cap" could only combine with one target virus, which avoided the interference between large-volume virus molecules effectively. The two synthesized "caps" were mixed to construct a bifunctional MIP virus sensor for the simultaneous detection of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV). As expected, the selectivity factor (SF) for HBV detection reached 13.7, which was much higher than the reported virus MIP sensors (SF: 3-6), which was comparable to that of small molecular imprinting sensors. In addition, the high sensitivity toward HBV was 34.3 fM, and that of HAV was 27.1 pM. This method provides an idea for preparing high-selectivity biomacro-MIPs, as well as a method for the simultaneous detection of similar viruses with high sensitivity and selectivity. The recovery experiment of spiked serum showed that this method also has great practical application prospects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Fluorescence sensing is limited in practical applications owing to multiple autofluorescent substances in complex biological samples such as serum. In this paper, the luminescence decay effect of persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) was used to avoid the interference of autofluorescence in complex biological samples, and a non-autofluorescence molecularly imprinted polymer aptamer sensor (MIP-aptasensor) was designed to detect H5N1 virus. The proposed MIP-aptasensor consists of a magnetic MIP and aptamer-functionalized persistent luminescent nanoparticle Zn 2 GeO 4 :Mn 2+ -H5N1 aptamer (ZGO-H5N1 Apt). Upon simultaneous recognition of H5N1 virus, strong persistent luminescent signal changes were produced. Using the unique luminescent characteristics of PLNPs and the high selectivity of imprinted polymers and aptamers, the designed MIP-aptasensor effectively eliminates the autofluorescence background interference of serum samples and realizes the non-autofluorescence detection of H5N1 virus with high sensitivity (a limit of detection of 0.0128 HAU mL -1 , 1.16 fM) and selectivity (the imprinting factor for the target H5N1 virus was 6.72). This tool provides a strategy for the design of sensors and their application in complex biological samples.

Viral outbreaks have caused great disruptions to the economy and public health in recent years. The accurate detection of viruses is a key factor in controlling and overcoming epidemics. In this study, an ultrasensitive molecularly imprinted virus sensor was developed based on an "explosive" secondary amplification strategy. Magnetic particles coated with carbon quantum dots (Fe 3 O 4 @CDs) were used as carriers and fluorescent probes, while aptamers were introduced into the imprinting layer to enhance the specific recognition of the target virus enterovirus 71 (EV71). When EV71 was captured by the imprinted particles, the fluorescence of the CDs was quenched, especially after binding to the aptamer-modified ZIF-8 loaded with a large amount of phenolphthalein, thereby resulting in signal amplification. Then, when adjusting the pH of the solution to 12, the decomposition of ZIF-8 released phenolphthalein, which turned the solution red, leading to the second "explosive" amplification of the signal. Therefore, the detection of EV71 with ultrasensitivity was achieved, which allows for visual detection by the naked eye in the absence of any instruments. The detection limits for fluorescence and visualization detection were 8.33 fM and 2.08 pM, respectively. In addition, a satisfactory imprinting factor of 5.4 was achieved, and the detection time only needed 20 min. It is expected that this fluorescence-colorimetric dual-mode virus molecularly imprinted sensor will show excellent prospects in epidemic prevention and rapid clinical diagnosis.

The specific identification and detection of a virus are the critical factors to identify and control an epidemic situation. In this study, a novel photonic-magnetic responsive virus-molecularly imprinted photochemical sensor was constructed for recognition of enterovirus 71. As designed, the double-bond-modified magnetic metal organic framework and 4-(4'-acryloyloxyazo) benzoic acid were used as a magnetic carrier and light-responsive functional monomer, respectively. The structure of the recognition site of the virus-molecularly imprinted nanospheres can be photo-switched between two different structures to achieve rapid release and specific binding to the target virus. Additionally, the introduction of a magnetic core enables a rapid separation and recycling of imprinted particles. The device achieves a performance with high-specificity recognition (imprinting factor = 5.1) and an ultrahigh sensitivity with a detection limit of 9.5 × 10 -3 U/mL (3.9 fM). Moreover, it has good reproducibility and can be stored for as long as 6 months. Thus, the approach used in this work opens a new avenue for the construction of multiresponsive virus sensors.

Highly selective and highly efficient identification of large viruses has been a major obstacle in the field of virus detection. In this work, a novel sandwich resonance light scattering sensor was designed based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and aptamers for the first time. One of the recognition probes was obtained by molecular imprinting using environmentally friendly carbon spheres as carriers and the other by modification of the aptamer that can specifically recognize hepatitis B virus (HBV) on the surface of silicon spheres. In the presence of both probes, an MIP-HBV-aptamer sandwich structure was formed continuously in the system with the increase in HBV concentration, resulting in a strong resonance light scattering response. Finally, satisfactory selectivity and sensitivity were obtained, and the imprinting factor was as high as 7.56, which was higher than that reported in previous works of viral molecular imprinting sensor. In addition, it is of great significance to solve the problem of insufficient selectivity of traditional detection methods for macromolecular targets.

Boronate affinity molecularly imprinted materials have been widely used for the separation of glycoproteins under alkaline conditions that is not conducive to the structural stability of the protein. In this work, a kind of novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP/TBA/MOF@Fe 3 O 4 ) was prepared via grafting self-assembled molecular team of boronic acids on the surface of the magnetic metal-organic framework core. The teamed boronate affinity was formed by 2-mercaptoethylamine and 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid for specific separation of glycoproteins under physiological pH (pH 7.4). The obtained nanoparticles show high binding capacities (337.8 mg/g), fast adsorption equilibrium time (20 min), and good specificity (imprinting factor, 4.52) for glycoproteins under physiological pH. Furthermore, the prepared imprinted polymer still shows good adsorption capacity for glycoprotein after five times of repeated use, and its adsorption capacity only dropped by 4.7%. More importantly, the prepared nanoparticles have good potential to adsorb glycoproteins from real biological samples., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Molecularly imprinted polymer (HM@MIP) nanoprobes were designed form the pH-responsive polymer (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMA)) and MIL-101. This probe was applied to the selective determination of hepatitis A virus (HAV) through Resonance light scattering (RLS) technique. DMA adjusts pH of the system to facilitate the capture and release of virus by HM@MIPs as anticipated. And it results in the enhancement or weaken of RLS intensity. According to RLS intensity at 470 nm, a linear concentration of 0.02-2.0 nmol·L -1 and a limit of detection of 0.1 pmol·L -1 were obtained within 20 min. The excellent recoveries ranges from 88% to 107%, and it indicates the prominent ability of the HM@MIPs to determination HAV in human serum and their potential ability to determination virus in real applications. Graphical abstractPrinciple of preparation of the HM@MIPs and detection of virus.

Simultaneous detection of large viruses has been a great obstacle in the field of molecular imprinting. In this work, for the first time, a multifunctional molecularly imprinted sensor for single or simultaneous determination of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is provided. Visual detection was realized due to the color of green and red quantum dots that varied with the concentration of the target substance. The combination of hydrophilic monomers and metal chelation reduced the nonspecific binding and enhanced the specificity of adsorption. As a result, satisfactory selectivity and sensitivity were obtained for the detection of the two viruses, with imprinting factors of 3.70 and 3.35 for HAV and HBV, and limits of detection of 3.4 and 5.3 pmol/L, respectively, that were achieved within 20 min. The excellent recoveries during simultaneous detection and single detection modes indicate the prominent ability of the proposed sensor to detect HAV and HBV in human serum and the potential ability to simultaneously detect multiple viruses in real applications.

A magnetic surface molecularly imprinted-resonance light scattering sensor was developed for rapid and highly sensitive detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). To prepare the surface imprinted polymer, Fe 3 O 4 microspheres were selected as imprinting substrates which coated by silicon. Aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) as functional monomers for fixing template molecules JEV through a polymerization process of tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS). The target virus JEV could be captured by the imprinted particles fastly and selectively, resulting in an increase of the RLS intensity. The results of RLS analysis proved that the obtained imprinted nanoparticles exhibited excellent specific recognition ability and high selectivity for the template virus (JEV). Furthermore, the response time of the sensor is within 20 min, which is much shorter than the previous works. The sensor with convenient separation and the limit of detection was 1.3 pM. These experimental results show that the proposed strategy is expected to achieve rapid and sensitive detection of JEV in practical applications., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

As biomarkers of many diseases, glycoproteins are of great significance to clinical diagnostics. However, the determination of low abundant glycoproteins in complex biological samples without any pretreatment process is still a problem. In this study, a rapid and convenient separation method for highly efficient enrichment of glycoproteins is reported, based on pH double-responsive imprinted magnetic microspheres. Thin imprinted polymer shells were fabricated onto the surface of magnetic microspheres by free radical polymerization, using 2-(Dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate as pH-sensitive monomer, 4-vinylphenylbronic acid as boronate affinity monomer, and ovalbumin (OVA) as template molecule. Combining the advantages of pH-sensitive monomer and boronate affinity monomer, rapidly capture-release of OVA could be modulated by changing solution pH. Moreover, high absorption ability (81.2mg/g) was achieved within about 10min. This study provided responsible way to imprint glycoproteins and showed great potential for glycoprotein detection in clinical diagnostic., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The surface imprinting technique has been developed to overcome the mass-transfer difficulty, but the utilization ratio of template molecules in the imprinting procedure still remains a challengeable task to be improved. In this work, specifically designed surface-imprinted microspheres were prepared by a template-oriented method for enantioseparation of amlodipine besylate. Submicron mesoporous silica microspheres were surface-modified with double bonds, followed by polymerizing methacrylic acid to generate carboxyl modified mesoporous silica microspheres (PMAA@SiO 2 ). Afterwards, PMAA@SiO 2 was densely adsorbed with (S)-amlodipine molecules to immobilize template molecules through multiple hydrogen bonding interactions. Then surface molecular imprinting was carried out by cross-linking the carboxyl group of PMAA@SiO 2 with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. The surface-imprinted microspheres showed fast binding kinetics of only 20 min for equilibrium adsorption, and the saturation adsorption capacity reached 137 mg/g. The imprinted materials displayed appreciable chiral separation ability when used as column chromatography for enantioseparation of amlodipine from amlodipine besylate, and the enantiomeric excess of (S)-amlodipine reached 13.8% with only 2.3 cm column length by no extra chiral additives. Besides, the imprinted materials exhibited excellent reusability, and this allows the potential application for amplification production of amlodipine enantiomer., (© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

We described a novel resonance light scattering (RLS) sensor for the specific recognition of trace quantities of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV); the sensor was based on a mussel-inspired hepatitis molecularly imprinted polymer. As a recognition element, polydopamine (PDA)-coated totivirus-imprinted polymer was introduced on the surface of SiO 2 nanoparticles (virus-imprinted SiO 2 @PDA NPs) using an efficient one-step synthesis method. The target virus was selectively captured by the imprinted polymer films, thereby increasing the RLS intensity. A simple fluorescence spectrophotometer was employed to measure the changes in the intensity. The enhanced RLS intensity (∆I RLS ) was proportional to the concentration of HAV in the range of 0.04-6.0nmol∙L -1 , with a low limit of detection of 8.6pmol∙L -1 . The selectivity study confirmed that the resultant HAV-imprinted SiO 2 @PDA NPs possessed high selectivity for HAV. The sensor was successfully applied for the direct detection of additional HAV from a 20,000-fold dilution of human serum. The proposed strategy is simple, eco-friendly, highly selective, and sensitive., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A novel resonance light scattering sensor based on the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) technique was developed for specific recognition of the trace quantities of papain (Pap). In this sensor, as the specific recognition element, an excellent biocompatibility of protein-imprinted polymer without fluorescent materials was easily prepared, which based on the effective synthesis of mussel-inspired bionic polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2@PDA NPs). This recognition element could capture the target protein selectively, which led to the enhancement of resonance light scattering intensity with the increasing of the target protein concentration. The sensor was applied to determine Pap in the linear concentration range of 2.0-20.0 nM with a correlation coefficient r = 0.9966, and a low detection limit of 0.63 nM. The relative standard deviation for 14 nM of Pap was 1.02% (n = 7). In addition, the specificity study confirmed the resultant Pap-imprinted SiO2@PDA NPs had a high-selectivity to Pap, and the practical analytical performance was further examined by evaluating the detection of Pap in the dietary supplement with satisfactory results, with good recoveries of 97.5-105.3%., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: The design and fabrication of novel filter is a promising approach to realize the reduction of harmful substance in mainstream cigarette smoke. In our work, a kind of pyrene (PYR) imprinted polymer as a part of improved filter has been successfully synthesized for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mainstream cigarette smoke. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) showed an good affinity towards PYR with binding capacity (Q max) of 18.33mg/g. Accordingly, the MIPs were used as a solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the extraction and enrichment of PAHs in mixed samples to evaluate the selectivity about the MIPs. When the cellulose acetate (CA)-filter was replaced by a MIPs-filter, the amount of PAHs in the mainstream smoke was reduced by 63.6%. The application will provide technical support for the design of functional filters to reduce the harms brought by cigarette suction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared through thermal polymerization by using artemisinin as the template molecule, styrene as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. Evaluated by static, kinetic, and bonding capacity adsorption tests, the polymer exhibited a special selective rebinding to artemisinin. Scatchard analysis revealed that two different binding sites were formed in the polymers. The novel imprinted polymer was used as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the extraction of artemisinin fromArtemisia annua L., followed by HPLC-UV analysis. The maximum static adsorption capacity of the artemisinin-imprinted sorbent for artemisinin was 8.46 mg g−1.The application of artemisinin-imprinted polymers with high affinity and excellent selectivity toward artemisinin in SPE might offer a novel method for the enrichment and determination of the active ingredient in Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] A portable multi-color colorimetric molecular imprinting polymers sensor for specifically identifing H5N1 from various subtypes influenza A virus with high sensitivity (LOD = 11.6 fM) is constructed. The proposed sensor is cheap (RMB 0.286 Yuan), easy to store and carry, and the detection results can be exhibited by fluorescence, UV-Vis spectrum and naked eyes. • Portable molecularly imprinted sensor. • Ultra-sensitive detection of H5N1 (LOD, 11.6 fM). • Self-service detection of influenza H5N1 with naked eye. • Results presented by three-modes. • Low cost (RMB 0.286 Yuan each). At present, the ability to identify subtypes of influenza A virus (IAV) with high similarity in morphology, size, and surface structure is suffered from significant challenges. In this study, we report on the development of a portable, multi-color, colorimetric molecular imprinting polymer (MIP)-based sensor that can specifically identify H5N1. To construct this sensor, using H5N1 as a template, the MIPs was obtained on the Fe 3 O 4 @ quantum dots (QDs) prepared in advance. Then, the Fe3+@PDA∼ Apt probe, which was designed for specificity for H5N1, was prepared by modifying the H5N1 ∼ Apt on the surface of the pre-prepared Fe3+-embedded dopamine nanoparticles. A sandwich structure would be formed via the specific combination of MIPs, H5N1 and Fe3+@PDA ∼ Apt. During detection, the fluorescence of QDs quenched, achieving the first detection mode of viruses through the change of fluorescence intensity. Subsequently, Fe3+ in the solution was released, K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] and K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] were added to achieve a multi-color colorimetric detection sensor visible to the naked eyes. The third detection mode can be achieved by detecting the absorbance of the solution by ultraviolet–visible. The sensor was capable of differentiating the target H5N1 virus from other IAV subtypes with high specificity and sensitivity (LOD = 11.6 fM), and the detection of the virus could be enabled by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–vis spectrophotometry, and colorimetric indication three modes, to provide a reliable point-of-care detection method for ensuring the accurate treatment of patients with H5N1 infection. Importantly, the MIP-based sensor could conveniently achieve the self-service detection at a cost of only RMB in 0.28 yuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virus outbreaks frequently, and effective detection of the virus is the key step in the prevention and control of the epidemic. A highly specific gas-responsive molecular imprinting resonance light scattering sensor was designed, and applied to detect hepatitis B virus. In this strategy, the electrical properties of the amines in the imprinted cavity can be varied by switching N 2 /CO 2. As a result, the binding energy of the imprinted site and target virus significantly altered to achieve rapid binding and release under mild and safe conditions. The rebind virus can be efficiently removed in situ without any extra reagents or operations, which might damage the imprinting layer. Moreover, the changes in electrical properties also play an important role in identifying the specificity and sensitivity of the target virus. A satisfactory imprinting factor of 6.7 and detection limit of 1.9 pM were achieved. The cyclic experiments indicate that the gas response sensor has excellent stability and reproducibility and is easy to be recycled and reused. This strategy is expected to provide a new green method for the simple and rapid screening of viral infection and control of virus epidemic. A mild and safe gas-responsive molecular imprinting biosensor based on zeolite imidazole ester material (ZIF-8) for virus detection. [Display omitted] • Mild and safe gas responsive virus MIP biosensor without any extra reagents or operations. • The rapid binding and release of the target virus by switching between CO 2 and N 2. • The template elution easier (only 3 times), and the rebind virus could be effectively removed. • Biocompatible CO 2 as a response factor and a satisfactory imprinting factor of 6.7 and detection limit of 1.9 pM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]