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Urban communities are important places for residents' daily life and activities. This study determined the contamination, eco-health hazards, and influencing factors of certain carcinogenic toxic elements (CTEs) in resuspendable surface dust (RSD) of urban communities in Xi'an. The results indicated that the mean contents of As (12.7 mg kg−1), Cr (132.9 mg kg−1), Ni (33.5 mg kg−1), and Pb (112.6 mg kg−1) in the study areas were higher than their background values. The contamination level and eco-health risk were quantified based on the enrichment factor, Nemerow integrated enrichment factor, modified Nemerow integrated ecological risk index, and health risk estimation method, combined with Monte Carlo simulation. The overall pollution and ecological risk of CTEs in the RSD were moderate and low, respectively. CTEs in RSD have a high cancer risk to all residents (over-standard rate > 80%) and non-cancer risk to children (over-standard rate = 26.9%) in Xi'an. The major factors affecting the environmental risks of CTEs were traffic and residential activities. Vegetation distribution in the city reduced the environmental risks of CTEs in the RSD. Therefore, future management strategies should focus more on protecting children's health, increasing green spaces and public transportation, and maintaining the hygiene of urban communities. [Display omitted] • High levels of Cr, Pb, and Ni were found in community resuspendable surface dust. • Pb exhibited higher pollution and ecological risk than other elements. • The overall ecological risk of carcinogenic toxic elements was low. • The carcinogenic risk of carcinogenic toxic elements was at a high level. • Traffic and residents' activities were identified as priority human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination, hazard level and source of 10 widely concerned potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) Co, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Ba, and V in fine dust with particle size below 63 μm (FD63) were investigated to assess the environmental quality of college campuses and influencing factors. PTMs sources were qualitatively analyzed using statistical methods and quantitatively apportioned using positive matrix factorization. Probabilistic contamination degrees of PTMs were evaluated using enrichment factor and Nemerow integrated enrichment factor. Eco–health risk levels of content–oriented and source–oriented for PTMs were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Mean levels of Zn (643.8 mg kg−1), Pb (146.0 mg kg−1), Cr (145.9 mg kg−1), Cu (95.5 mg kg−1), and Ba (804.2 mg kg−1) in FD63 were significantly larger than soil background values. The possible sources of the concerned PTMs in FD63 were traffic non–exhaust emissions, natural source, mixed source (auto repair waste, paints and pigments) and traffic exhaust emissions, which accounted for 45.7%, 25.4%, 14.5% and 14.4% of total PTMs contents, respectively. Comprehensive contamination levels of PTMs were very high, mainly caused by Zn pollution and non–exhaust emissions. Combined ecological risk levels of PTMs were low and moderate, chiefly caused by Pb and traffic exhaust emissions. The non–cancer risks of the PTMs in FD63 to college students fell within safety level, while the carcinogenic PTMs in FD63 had a certain cancer risks to college students. The results of source–specific health risk assessment indicated that Cr and As were the priority PTMs, and the mixed source was the priority pollution source of PTMs in FD63 from college campuses, which should be paid attention to by the local government. • Elevated Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ba were found in fine dust from college campuses. • Potentially toxic metal(loid)s had a certain cancer risks to college students. • Vehicle-related sources were the main anthropogenic sources of elevated metals. • Mixed source was the priority pollution source. • Cr and As were the priority pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban road dust (URD) is a primary source of pollutants in urban environments. The contamination of heavy metals (HMs) in URD from urban area of Xingtai, a typical industrial city in China, was evaluated using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, and Nemerow integrated enrichment factor, along with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The HM sources in the URD were apportioned using positive matrix factorization (PMF). We employed a combination of PMF and MCS to estimate the probabilistic ecological-health risks of source-specific HMs in the URD and to identify priority sources and pollutants for HMs pollution control in the URD. Compared to the background values, the URD had elevated Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ba concentrations. The overall pollution levels and ecological risks of the HMs were heavy and moderate, respectively, and were mainly caused by Co. The potential carcinogenic risks posed by HMs in URD to residents, and their non-carcinogenic risks to children, cannot be overlooked. The HMs in the URD originated mainly from industrial, mixed, and atmospheric deposition sources, accounting for 28.8, 30.8, and 40.4% of the total HMs, respectively. Mixed and industrial sources were priority sources, and Co and Cr were priority control HMs in the URD. [Display omitted] • High concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ba were found in urban road dust. • The combined ecological risk of heavy metals in urban road dust was moderate. • The health risk of heavy metals in the dust was higher for children than for adults. • Mixed and industrial sources are priority sources of heavy metal pollution. • Co and Cr are priority control heavy metals in urban road dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]