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Interventions often fail to achieve long-term behavioral maintenance. Utilizing motivational and volitional strategies to promote behavioral maintenance factors may improve this. Using a full-factorial experiment, we tested the effects of three intervention components (focused on intrinsic motivation and identity, exercise preparation habit, and exercise instigation habit) on exercise participation over a year, among new users (N = 751; 91% identifying as female, 54% identifying as White race) of a global, online exercise class platform, run by Les Mills International Ltd, called LM+. We also tested the intervention components' theoretical mechanisms of action-habit formation, intrinsic motivation, identity, and self-efficacy. Multi-level models found some support for a main effect of the exercise preparation habit intervention component in promoting self-reported and objective exercise participation (behavioral outcomes measured via monthly surveys and the LM+ platform; mechanisms measured via monthly surveys)-in particular online exercise class frequency (fixed effect estimate = 0.84, p < 0.05, and = 0.12, p < 0.05, respectively). The preparation habit component also significantly increased preparation habit strength (0.30, p < 0.05) and instigation habit strength (0.33, p < 0.05). Other expected effects were nonsignificant. Helping individuals form an exercise preparation habit may facilitate initiating and maintaining exercise over time, in particular for attending online exercise classes, potentially through promoting greater preparation and exercise instigation habit strength., (© 2024 The Author(s). Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.)

Tourist risk perception is a theoretical topic of great interest, but few studies have specifically investigated vulnerable groups of people with chronic illnesses, chronic illnesses may be part of their daily lives, affecting individuals' health risk awareness and complicating travel decisions. This study is one of the first in the tourism field to explore risk perception and travel decision-making among chronically ill tourists. Adopting protection motivation theory as a guiding framework, 504 chronically ill tourists with different stages and types of illness were investigated to assess patients' perceived health risks and actual travel intentions in a quantitative method. It was found that the travel behavior and self-protective behavior of chronically ill tourists depended on the strength of risk perception, which was mainly influenced by perceived threat, response cost and self-efficacy. Further studies confirmed the role of risk perception as a mediator between PMT factors and decision-making behavior and the moderating effect of Plog psychological type. The study reveals the logic that shapes the decision-making behaviors of chronically ill tourists' travel and expands accessible tourism from creating enjoyable experiences to facilitating positive travel, and the findings can provide theoretical guidance for the design of destination experiences and encourage the exploration of travel behaviors of people with chronic illnesses., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Shandong Center Hospital of CAPF, informed consent was obtained from all respondents during the investigation, all methods of this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Introduction: The Dutch National Pharmacotherapy Assessment (DNPA) was introduced in 2013 to improve clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education. This study investigated final-year medical students' perceived motivation and level of preparation for the DNPA in different scenarios: mandatory vs. non-mandatory, and traditional high-stakes assessment programme vs. programmatic assessment programme., Methods: In this survey study, students from four Dutch medical schools participated. In two medical schools the DNPA is a mandatory assessment in a programmatic assessment programme, and in two schools it is a mandatory, high-stakes assessment in a traditional assessment programme. The questionnaire included six 5-point Likert-type questions, and one open-ended question., Results: A total of 142 final-year medical students completed the survey. Their overall satisfaction with and current preparation for the DNPA was good (both median scores were 4 out of 5), without differences between students with a traditional or programmatic assessment programme. The majority of the students said they would be more (or much more) motivated (62.7%) and prepared (59.2%) if the DNPA were a high-stakes assessment rather than a programmatic assessment; the non-mandatory or mandatory nature of the assessment would only modestly affect their motivation and preparation (62.7% of the students would be less or similar motivated, 74.6% less or similar prepared). Students opined that the DNPA should be given earlier in the curriculum, together with more dedicated CPT education., Conclusion: While students expressed a greater motivation and preparation when having a high-stakes assessment, and almost a similar motivation and preparation for mandatory and non-mandatory assessments, there were no notable differences in their current perceived motivation and preparation across medical schools with different assessment programmes. This suggests that students appreciate the importance of the DNPA assessment, being almost similarly motivated to prepare for the assessment regardless of whether it is mandatory or non-mandatory or a programmatic or high-stakes assessment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: All authors report financial support was provided by Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development. The project about the Dutch National Pharmacotherapy Assessment was supported by ZonMw, The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, grant number 836000950041. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aims to revise the emotion and motivation self-regulation questionnaire(EMSR-Q) and test its validity among Chinese middle school students. A total of 780 middle school students were selected for item analysis based on the classical test theory (CTT) and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) respectively and exploratory factor analysis. 615 middle school students were selected for confirmatory factor analysis and criterion validity test. The full sample was used for the reliability test. The results show that the Chinese version of EMSR-Q retains 19 items. The Pearson correlation coefficients and the corrected item-total correlation coefficients between each item and the total score of each dimension are greater than 0.4. The independent sample t-test for high and low groups was significant. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis support the second-order second-factor model of the English version of EMSR-Q. There are significant positive correlations between the dimension of the Chinese version of EMSR-Q and the dimensions of the relevant scale (p < 0.01). The internal consistency reliability coefficient ranged from 0.671 to 0.861 and the split-half reliability coefficients ranged from 0.726 to 0.809. The discrimination and difficulty of the 19 items are good, with the discrimination coefficients α of the items greater than 1.177 and the difficulty coefficient β range of the five options is within [-3,3]. The results show that the revised Chinese version of EMSR-Q indicators meets the psychometric requirements and can be used to measure the structure and characteristics of Chinese middle school students' emotion and motivation self-regulation. It can explore the possible influence of emotion and motivation self-regulation on academic development, which provides an important research tool for promoting the intervention research of emotion and motivation self-regulation, with a broad prospect of educational application., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tianjin Normal University. (No. 2024101601) and the study was in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki for recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects. Informed consents were obtained from all individual participants and their parents/legal guardians prior to their participation in the study. Consent for publication: No consent to publish was needed. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: This research aims to understand job incentives of health professionals who work in rural and remote areas, which could lead to the further development of policy proposals., Methods: The study design has been applied discrete choice experiment (DCE) to determine attribute preferences of: 1) doctors, dentists, and pharmacists, and 2) nurses and interdisciplinary teams. Four areas in northern Thailand were purposively selected. To determine the attributes and levels, a qualitative method was employed. An orthogonal array was adopted to produce 16 options for categorizing the employment preferences of each person. Conditional and mixed logit regressions were used to examine the major incentives influencing health workforce decision-making. In addition, willingness to pay (WTP) analysis according to beta coefficients from the regression models was performed., Results: The total number of participants in the first group was 34, and the latter group included 160 participants. Financial incentives, suitable accommodation, workload and job post in hometown were all significant criteria for both groups. Surprisingly, opportunity to continue study was not a significant consideration for doctors, dentists, or pharmacists to work in remote areas. When getting a 40% higher income than counterparts working in public hospitals in urban regions, the decision-making level among doctors, dentists and pharmacists influenced decisions by 4.2 times, while nurses and interdisciplinary teams were influenced twice as much. Regarding the WTP analysis, doctors, pharmacists, and dentists were willing to receive 8,126 (95% CI: 3,477; 15,442) Baht per month, and nurses and interdisciplinary teams were willing to receive 7,733 (95% CI: 4,926; 11,502) Baht per month to work more than 48 h per week. The results of mixed and conditional logit models were found consistently., Conclusion: Financial subsidies for all types of healthcare workers in rural and remote areas remain effective policies and need to be maintained. It is not merely a matter of national policy; hospital-level policies can change and contribute to resolving the problem of health personnel shortages. The short-term plan for retaining health staff would be to provide suitable, safe, and satisfying accommodations., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This research was reviewed by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Naresuan University (COA No. 036/2019 and IRB No. 1066/61) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, The Belmont Report, CIOMS Guideline and International Conference on Harmonization in Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP). The informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: The retention of qualified faculty in medical colleges is hindered by low salaries and inadequate faculty-to-student ratios, despite intrinsic motivators like job satisfaction playing a critical role in faculty motivation. This study aims to understand and address the specific motivating factors and constraints within Saudi Arabia's medical education sector., Methodology: A cross-sectional, validated online survey was conducted from November 2023 to January 2024 among physicians in Saudi Arabia's governmental and private sectors. Participants ranked teaching motivators and challenges using a Likert scale ranging from 5 (very important) to 1 (not very important). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test., Results: Of the 145 respondents, 62.1% were male, with a mean age of 38.2 years (SD = 8.9). Saudi nationals comprised 54.5% of the sample. Sharing knowledge (64%) and educating the next generation (63%) were the top motivators. Notably, student preparedness was crucial for 45.5%. In contrast, extrinsic factors like financial gain (20%) and recognition events (9.7%) ranked lowest. The main challenges were heavy clinical workload (31.3%) and lack of time (28%)., Conclusion: Preceptors were primarily motivated by intrinsic factors, with student preparedness being the most significant external factor. Time constraints and clinical workload were the major challenges to teaching. These insights can guide strategies to better support clinical educators., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study with application number (UJ-23-AKSPE-20) was approved by Bioethics Committee of Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Reference number HPA-02-J-094). Participant’s approval was accepted as their agreement to participate by filling out the survey. Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) first implemented the cash incentive of 2 percent in July 2019 and continued the scheme with some modifications amid the pandemic to enhance remittance inflows through formal channels and ensure macroeconomic stability in the country. This study examines the impact of the cash incentive introduced by the GoB to boost remittance inflow using the Interrupted Time Series (ITS) analysis along with the Chow test for structural stability. While ITS analysis has been employed by numerous studies in the healthcare sector, but this paper uses such analysis for the first time in any type of migration study in Bangladesh. We have used ITS as it is most effective in measuring the impact of policy interventions that are expected to act either quickly after an intervention or within a stipulated time frame. The study is also the first to examine the region wise efficacy of policy intervention in the country. Monthly Remittance Inflow data from July 2013 to December 2021 has been used for the analysis. Chow test results conclude that the policy intervention had a significant impact while the ITS analysis findings demonstrated that the cash intervention significantly increased both aggregated and region-specific remittance inflows, highlighting the significance of the action. The overall findings revealed that the introduction of cash incentive in July 2019 resulted in an immediate, sustained increase of 6.68 percent in remittance inflows, with a further increase of 0.25 percent every month. Region wise analysis shows that the impact was highest in the USA & UK region and lowest in the Middle Eastern region, which signifies issues related to prevalence of hundi market, skillset of migrant workers, average monthly salary, and remittance sending costs. Our research provides policymakers with significant information to implement customized policies that ensure macroeconomic stability by enhancing remittance inflows through formal channels., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Farabi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Research on student engagement has garnered significant interest from educators and practitioners because of its direct impact on academic success and achievement. Engaged students tend to perform better academically and exhibit fewer undesirable study behaviors, thereby enhancing academic outcomes., Objective: This systematic literature review consolidates research on the impact of perceived teacher support on student engagement in higher education. This study emphasizes the association between teacher support in improving students' academic performance, motivation, and retention. Furthermore, the review explores key theoretical frameworks, such as self-determination theory and social cognitive theory, alongside methodological tools such as measurement instruments and statistical analyses. The goal is to equip psychologists and educational researchers with insights into the relevant frameworks, tools, and methods for advancing future studies within the context of higher education., Methods: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. We conducted a comprehensive search for academic studies published in English within databases such as APA PsycNet, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCOHost, ProQuest, and PubMed to identify eligible studies published between 2014 and 2024., Results: A review of 13 selected articles revealed that both students' personal characteristics and school environment factors mediate and moderate the relationship between perceived teacher support and student engagement. The students' personal characteristics factors include self-efficacy, the fulfillment of psychological needs, and motivation, whereas school environment factors involve the learning environment and the quality of teacher-student and peer relationships. Our findings show a lack of studies prior to 2020, with most research conducted in China and limited contributions from Malaysia and Vietnam. The reviewed articles predominantly used cross-sectional quantitative designs and self-report questionnaires, employing statistical methods like path analysis and structural equation modeling. Theoretical frameworks on student engagement mostly followed Fredricks et al.'s model, while teacher support theories varied, with three main patterns identified: direct influence, mediation through basic psychological needs, and social cognitive perspectives. This review emphasizes the crucial role of teacher support in enhancing student engagement in higher education and urges further exploration in this under-researched area., Conclusion: In conclusion, this review underscores the significant role of teacher support in enhancing student engagement in higher education. It highlights key theoretical frameworks and research methodologies, offering valuable insights for future studies aimed at advancing teacher support and student engagement in this context., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a systematic review of the literature and does not involve human participants or primary data collection. Therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate were not needed. Consent for publication: Since this research is based on a review of previously published studies and does not include any individual data, consent for publication is not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Given the limitations associated with existing treatments for Attention Deficit/Hyperactive disorder (ADHD), Physical Activity (PA) has been considered as an adjunct therapeutic option. Previous research has generally found that PA reduces ADHD symptoms in children. However, much less research has explored the same effects in adults, and especially females, with ADHD. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between PA and ADHD in adults, and whether any relationship was moderated by proxy diagnostic ADHD group, as well as exploring the roles of motivation and forms of exercise. 268 participants completed an online survey measuring proxy ADHD diagnosis; ADHD symptomatology; PA level; forms of exercise performed, and motivation for exercise. In contrast to previous research performed with child participants (which frequently found significant negative correlations), there was no significant relationship between PA level and total ADHD symptomatology in adults, but there was a significant negative correlation between PA level and inattentive ADHD symptomatology. The strength of relationship between PA level and ADHD symptomatology did not differ based on ADHD proxy diagnostic grouping; PA level based on motivation type; or PA level based on total forms of exercise performed. However, it may be that clear relationships between PA and ADHD symptomatology are not easily identifiable in adult populations when only broad, nonspecific variables/measures are used (e.g., only measuring ADHD symptoms as a continuous total score, rather than considering inattentive/hyperactive symptoms separately). Therefore, greater differentiation between ADHD symptoms and subject characteristics (such as gender) might be required to better establish potential relationships and effects in this area, and better inform any potential PA based treatments., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Tucker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Introduction: There is limited research on applying theory to retention in complex intervention trials. To address this gap, this study aimed to qualitatively examine retention in the Bukhali randomised controlled trial, from the perspective of trial participants and staff, through the lens of self-determination theory (SDT). The Bukhali trial is part of the Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative in Soweto, South Africa, with young women., Methods: Nine focus group discussions were used to generate data from Bukhali trial staff (n=45, 23-64 years), and participants, including those currently enrolled (n=16, 25-31 years) and those who had withdrawn from the trial (n=20, 24-32 years). A codebook thematic approach was taken to data analysis; SDT was used to develop a conceptual model to analyse the data in context. The main themes identified were external influences on the trial, trial implementing environment, controlled motivation and intrinsic autonomous motivation., Results: Our findings highlighted the contextual issues influencing the trial, including participants' socioeconomic circumstances, and the presence or absence of social support, the trial complexity and participant burden. Issues related to controlled motivation comprised challenges of staying in contact, financial incentives and food, health services provided and other incentives. We also identified aspects of the trial supporting participants' psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness, which in turn contributed to their intrinsic autonomous motivation. These included participants' interest in the trial and its relevance to them; participants' sense of agency, meaning and purpose through their involvement; the building of their knowledge and awareness about their health; relating to other participants and the relationships built with staff and being treated well., Conclusion: SDT provides a helpful frame for a contextualised understanding of the complexity of retention of Bukhali trial participants (longitudinal study and intervention). These findings have relevance for trials in under-resourced settings., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Studying the emerging travel trends of City Walk is a beneficial activity for young groups. However, there is a lack of research and understanding regarding the motivation and mechanism behind these trends, both in theory and practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the motivation of persons who follow the travel trend of City Walk and evaluate how behavioral intentions are formed by exploring the link between motivation and behavioral intention using the self-determination theory, and social influence theory. Social influence, variety seeking, and self-identification were extrinsic and intrinsic motivations of behavioral intention. A quantitative purposive survey approach was employed, wherein 315 young individuals aged 18 to 40 were recruited to respond. The findings derived from the partial least squares structural equation modeling demonstrate that extrinsic incentives related to social influence, variety seeking, and health care have a considerable impact on behavioral intention, and to some extent influence self-identification. Self-identification has a mediating role in the relationship between health care and behavioral intention. By examining both theoretical and practical aspects, it seeks to provide useful theoretical insights and practical contributions to advance research and industry in the field of rural tourism., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Exergames have the potential to be used as physical-cognitive training tools. Although numerous studies investigated the physical and motivational effects of Exergaming, a comprehensive summary of training effects in healthy adults is still missing. This scoping review aims to identify available evidence and research gaps on absolute and relative effects of Exergame training on physical indicators (effectiveness) and motivation (attractiveness) compared to no or conventional training in healthy adults. A systematic literature search was performed in EBSCOhost, WoS CC, SURF, and Science Research for studies meeting the following criteria: a) randomized controlled trials with Exergames compared to conventional training and/ or no treatment; b) healthy adults (age: 18 to 64 years); c) Exergame training interventions; d) assessment of pre-post differences, primary outcomes: endurance, strength, flexibility, speed, balance, sensorimotor coordination, sports skills, player experience; secondary outcomes: adverse events, physical activity level, attitudes, and knowledge. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the PEDro Scale. Charted data were categorized according to the PICOS framework. Mean differences, 95% confidence intervals, and effect sizes (ES) were calculated for continuous outcomes. Evidence Maps were created to illustrate the estimated Risk of Bias, estimated effect, and sample sizes. Eighteen publications with 907 participants were included. The number of studies per outcome was low (2 to 9balance:). Studies on coordination and knowledge were lacking. No study analyzed the relative effects of speed training with Exergames. Absolute effects of Exergame training ranged from no to large effects. Significant ES were consistently found for skill training. Negative effects were found for individual parameters. Relative effects of Exergame training ranged from no to large effects (one exception). A moderate absolute effect favoring traditional training was found for skill training. The remaining results suggest that Exergaming elicited similar training effects compared to conventional training. A high variance of applied training, corresponding training parameters (FITT-VP), outcome measures, as well as methodological deficits and incomplete reporting were identified in included studies. Therefore, a lack of high-quality studies and reviews was identified. Future research should conduct high quality RCT studies analyzing the effectiveness and attractiveness in Exergames. In addition, more suitable, well-designed Exergames should be developed., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Hoffmann et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Introduction: Blood and blood products are essential for patients in need of transfusion therapy, especially those undergoing surgical procedures, childbirth and other injuries. In Cameroon, there is an annual deficit of over 270 000 pints of blood, with a coverage rate of only 17%. This qualitative study investigates the barriers and motivators to blood donation among Cameroonian adults, with the aim of better understanding community perceptions and practices., Methods: This ethnographic study was performed using a purposive sampling strategy. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with community members to understand perceptions and practices that serve as motivators and deterrents to blood donation in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically to identify emerging themes., Results: A total of 25 Cameroonian adults were interviewed. Some participants believed that donating blood is: (1) a humanitarian and life-saving gesture, (2) an act of social and religious responsibility and (3) a means for donors to access health services. Some people do not want to donate blood due to: (1) fear of needles, donor-site pain or possible ritualistic use of donated blood, (2) certain religious beliefs, such as those held by Jehovah's Witnesses, (3) local and cultural beliefs, (4) the perception that blood donation is a commercial activity for many health personnel and (5) lack of transparency from health personnel. The practice of free and voluntary donation, as well as donations specifically to family and friends, was common. Occasionally, requests for financial remuneration prior to blood donation also emerged., Conclusions: Community members displayed both favourable and unfavourable perceptions as well as both safe and risky practices related to blood donation. The positive aspects highlighted the potential for creating a supportive environment for blood donation, while the negative aspects presented the significant challenges facing the development of high-quality blood donation and transfusion services. Efforts to reduce apathy toward blood donation and expand the pool of regular, repeat donors must carefully address the diverse perceptions and practices identified in this study., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Background: Physical activity (PA) is a cornerstone in maintaining a healthy lifestyle as well as in the prevention and rehabilitation of non-communicable diseases (NCD). First analysis of PA showed lower activity rates in adults with NCD compared to the general population. To improve health monitoring and to address World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations to systematically identify and track efforts to reduce inequalities in PA participation, trend analysis of PA in adults with NCD was performed for the period 2014/15 to 2019/20 for Germany. Furthermore, motivational readiness for PA behavior change was analysed based on the transtheoretical model (TTM)., Methods: Based on two population-based cross-sectional health surveys (GEDA 2014/15-EHIS and GEDA 2019/20-EHIS) for Germany (N = 46,724), the prevalence of meeting WHO PA guidelines was analysed for adults with certain NCD compared to the general population. PA was assessed by self-report via the European Health Interview Survey- Physical Activity Questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ). Trend analyses and logistic regression models were performed to calculate disease specific Odds Ratios (OR) for fulfilment of PA recommendations. Motivational readiness for PA was assessed with the stages of change according to the TTM with data of GEDA 2014/15-EHIS., Results: Reporting any NCD is associated with lower fulfilment of health-enhancing aerobic PA in both surveys for almost all NCD, with lowest levels among adults reporting stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity and coronary heart disease. Sufficient muscle-strengthening was higher in adults with musculoskeletal diseases like osteoarthritis, lower back pain and neck pain compared to adults without these diseases. The prevalence of meeting WHO PA recommendations among adults with NCD remains at a low level. Sufficient health-enhancing aerobic PA tend to decrease in adults with NCD from 2014/15 to 2019/20, while sufficient muscle-strengthening increased in the same period. Motivational readiness for PA is lower for most adults with NCD, compared to the general adult population., Conclusion: Lower rates of WHO PA recommendation fulfilment is recognized for most NCD groups compared to the population without NCD for both surveys, but the proportion of adults with NCD who meet the WHO PA recommendations differ widely between NCD groups. A positive trend from 2014/15 to 2019/20 can only be seen for adults with osteoarthritis. Based on our findings the implementation of PA promotion particular with regards to motivational readiness and disease specific PA measures is strongly recommended to improve prevention and ambulatory health care for adults with NCD., Competing Interests: Declarations. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval and consent to participate: Participation in the study was voluntary. The participants were informed about the aims and the contents of the study and about data protection. Informed consent was given and documented by study staff member. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Charité– Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (GEDA 2019/20 - application number EA2/070/19)., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Learning beyond the classroom is important for holistic engagement in antimicrobial resistance(AMR) mitigation. Extracurricular interventions can catalyze multidisciplinary engagement and inspire innovative solutions. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and motivations influencing medical students' engagement in AMR Club initiatives at Busitema University, Uganda., Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Busitema University among undergraduate students pursuing Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, and Bachelor of Science in Anesthesia and Critical care. Data collection was performed using a semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire and administered to the participants The Bloom's cut-off method was used to analyse the knowledge of the participants, while bivariate analysis was conducted using the chi square test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with students' engagement in AMR club activities., Results: Of the 193 study participants, 71.5%(n) demonstrated sufficient knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as determined using Bloom's cutoff categories (≥60% classified as sufficient, <60% as insufficient), with an average knowledge score of 68.18% (SD ±16.12). Additionally, 90% of participants acknowledged the significance of incorporating AMR topics into their curriculum, while 87.5% emphasized the need for AMR training using a One Health approach. The major motivations for students to engage in extracurricular activities addressing AMR were peer influence (n = 42), university support (n = 35), and inspiration drawn from peer mentors' work (n = 35)., Conclusion: The students demonstrated a high level of knowledge and positive attitudes towards AMR but highlighted the need for further in-depth training. Participation in extra-curricular activities such as involvement in an AMR Club, was found to significantly influence students' engagement in AMR related interventions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Babuya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has a multifaceted role in healthy and disordered brains through its action on multiple subtypes of dopaminergic receptors. How the modulation of these receptors influences learning and motivation by altering intrinsic brain-wide networks remains unclear. Here, we performed parallel behavioral and resting-state functional MRI experiments after administration of two different DA receptor antagonists in male and female macaque monkeys. Systemic administration of SCH-23390 (D1 antagonist) slowed probabilistic learning when subjects had to learn new stimulus-reward associations and diminished functional connectivity (FC) in corticocortical and frontostriatal connections. In contrast, haloperidol (D2 antagonist) improved learning and broadly enhanced FC in cortical connections. Further comparisons between the effect of SCH-23390/haloperidol on behavioral and resting-state FC revealed specific cortical and subcortical networks associated with the cognitive and motivational effects of DA manipulation, respectively. Thus, we reveal distinct brain-wide networks that are associated with the dopaminergic control of learning and motivation via DA receptors., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2024 the authors.)

Depression is a common mental health issue affecting volunteers, which directly impacts the quality of services they provide. This study investigates the unique aspects of volunteer depression and analyzes the roles of volunteer credits, stigmatization, personality traits, and motivations in influencing depression levels. Data were collected from a survey of 822 volunteers from the Red Cross in Hubei Province, China. The results indicate that higher volunteer credits significantly reduced depression scores, while increased stigmatization was associated with higher depression levels. Personality traits such as agreeableness and conscientiousness helped mitigate the negative effects of stigmatization, while openness exacerbated its impact. Furthermore, volunteers driven by understanding and value expression were more susceptible to the adverse effects of stigmatization. The findings highlight the importance of improving volunteer mental health by enhancing team trust and reducing stigmatization. Although the large sample size strengthens the study, the cross-sectional design limits causal inference. Overall, the study underscores the importance of understanding personality traits and motivations in developing effective volunteer support measures, thereby enhancing service quality and community well-being., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the relevant ethics committee (Sunshine Mental Health Foundation Ethics Committee, CSJ-1–2022-222). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: All authors have given their consent for the publication of this manuscript. If applicable, all participants have provided consent for the publication of any associated data. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Investigating consumer food choice motivations is crucial for planning effective policies and targeted interventions. This study aimed to examine the food choice motivations and perceptions of healthy eating among adults in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to segment consumers based on their motivations., Methods: A web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in the UAE (n = 1209). An overall perception of healthy eating score was calculated based on the sum of the responses to the perception statements. Food motivation scores were calculated with a higher score indicating more influence of the food motivation group. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and K-means cluster analysis were used to identify and determine the optimal number of clusters. Differences between clusters were evaluated using an Independent sample t-test, One-Way ANOVA test, and Chi-square analysis., Results: Participants mostly agreed that a healthy diet should be balanced, varied, and complete (84.4%), that fruit and vegetables are essential to a practice of healthy eating (82.8%), and that they can eat everything as long as it is in small quantities (60.1%). Females, younger adults, those with higher education levels, and those with normal BMI tended to have a slightly more positive perception of a healthy diet than their counterparts (p < 0.05). Health motivation (mean = 3.43, SD ± 0.78) exhibited the highest influence on the participants' food choices, followed by emotional motivations (mean = 3.26, SD ± 0.68). Health-related motivations mainly influenced food choices among participants in both identified clusters but were notably more emphasised in Cluster 1. Cluster 1 demonstrated significantly higher mean scores in all other categories than Cluster 2 (p < 0.001). Cluster 1 encompasses more female participants than males, while Cluster 2 comprises a more significant proportion of males and individuals falling within higher income brackets (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: The results of the current study offer valuable insights into various crucial aspects that impact the decisions of individuals' food choices. Based on distinct motivational structures identified through cluster analysis, personalised approaches can encourage healthier dietary practices. A holistic approach acknowledging emotional, economic, environmental, alongside health-related factors is vital., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted following the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration on medical research on human subjects. Ethical approvals were obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Sharjah (UOS) (REC-23–03-22–01-S). No identification information was collected to assure confidentiality and anonymity of participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: High-performing primary care relies on effective interprofessional teams and provider payment arrangements. This study aims to examine the impact of provider remuneration mechanisms and intrinsic and extrinsic incentives in team-based primary care., Methods: This rapid scoping review assessed various provider payment models and incentives in team-based primary care. Statistical tests were not applicable in this review., Results: Fee-for-service models hindered team collaboration, while salaried and quality-based compensation models enhanced collaboration. Extrinsic incentives, such as pay-for-performance programs for physicians, showed mixed impacts on outcomes. Strong organizational cultures and leadership, resources, team meetings, training, clear protocols, and professional development opportunities facilitated teamwork. Intrinsic incentives like autonomy, mastery, and social purpose improved team performance and satisfaction., Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of a holistic approach to designing interprofessional primary care teams. It highlights the need for implementing non-fee-for-service provider payment models and team-based pay-for-performance incentives. Investments in teams should include health human resources and leadership, training, guidelines, and professional development opportunities. Implementing a performance measurement framework for teams and regular public reporting can foster mastery. Continuous research and evaluation are crucial to optimizing teamwork and healthcare delivery in primary care settings., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Since this study was a review and did not involve primary data collection from human participants, ethics approval and consent to participate were not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Importance: Prior studies found that financial incentives have small, positive direct effects in increasing COVID-19 vaccination rates, but unmeasured social spillovers (ie, changes in outcomes among untreated individuals who are socially exposed to policy beneficiaries) may diminish the overall effect of such policies., Objective: To assess the spillover effects of a COVID-19 vaccination financial incentive and assess whether incorporating estimates of spillover meaningfully affects broader evaluations of policy effectiveness., Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-level, address-cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted in November 2021. Participants were all adult (aged ≥18 years) residents of Ravensburg, Germany, who were randomly assigned to the treatment or control group. One resident in each address cluster was randomly selected to be an address-cluster representative. Address-cluster representatives in the treatment group received the treatment letter; all other cohabitants at that same address received the control letter. All individuals in addresses randomly assigned to the control group were mailed a control letter. Intention-to-treat data analysis was conducted from January 2022 to May 2024., Intervention: Control letters informed recipients about 7 upcoming free COVID-19 vaccination events. Treatment letters were identical to control letters, except they also offered €40 (US $41.46) for getting vaccinated at one of the events., Main Outcome and Measure: Primary and booster COVID-19 vaccination uptake was observed and recorded on site during the public vaccination events. Primary vaccinations were defined as either the first dose of a 1-dose vaccine or the first or second dose of a 2-doses vaccine. Boosters were defined as any dose after primary vaccination. Three types of commonly used treatment effects were analyzed: direct, spillover, and overall., Results: Among 41 548 Ravensburg residents (mean [SD] age, 49.96 [19.04] years; 51.3% female), 796 (1.9%) were vaccinated at 1 of the 7 public vaccination events. The direct, spillover, and overall effects of receiving a financial incentive on primary vaccinations were all nonsignificant. For booster vaccinations, the direct effect was negative but not statistically significant (-0.32 percentage points [95% CI, -0.77 to 0.14 percentage points]; P = .17), whereas the overall effect (-0.30 percentage points [95% CI, -0.51 to -0.09 percentage points]; P = .006) was significantly negative. The spillover effect was significantly negative (-0.29 percentage points [95% CI, -0.53 to -0.06 percentage points]; P = .01), but only for the first vaccination events., Conclusions and Relevance: This trial found null direct effects on COVID-19 vaccination uptake and negative effects on booster uptake among individuals who did not receive but were indirectly exposed to the financial incentives. The timing of this spillover suggests that cohabitants of financial incentive recipients postponed booster vaccination, thereby undermining the potential effectiveness of this policy., Trial Registration: ISRCTN identifier: ISRCTN59503725.

Background: Performance management (PM) systems in healthcare consist of many interacting interventions, such as contracts, scorecards and incentives. The diversity, complexity and poor description of PM interventions hampers replication in research, standardized comparative analysis and accumulation of evidence. Specifying PM systems and interventions in terms of their behaviour change techniques (BCTs) using standardized language can address these challenges and clarify the mechanisms linking system-level PM with individual behaviours., Methods: We conducted an analysis of BCTs in a PM system in Ontario, Canada using a modified behaviour change technique taxonomy (BCTT). We reviewed 64 documents, observed 15 meetings and conducted 4 semi-structured interviews with key informants to map the PM interventions on to the taxonomy., Results: We identified 54 BCTs spanning 13 taxonomy domains in the PM system. BCTs were concentrated in four domains: (1) goals and planning, (2) reward and threat, (3) feedback and monitoring and (4) identity. The BCTs coded most often included: (1) discrepancy between current behaviour and goal, (2) feedback on outcome(s) of behaviour, (3) social comparison and (4) social incentive/reward. These BCTs suggest that this PM system seeks to change behaviour primarily by directing programme attention to their current performance in relation to the target and in relation to other programs across the province, and by acknowledging good performance with praise or recognition. A total of five PM interventions accounted for 58% of identified BCTs - the scorecard, quarterly performance review reports, quarterly performance review meetings, escalation letter for poor or declining performance and the improvement action plan., Conclusions: The results provide a unique analytical and evaluative characterization of the PM system, revealing how a behaviour-change lens on health systems PM can support the (re)design, standardized comparison, and evaluation of PM systems in research and in practice., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study had ethics approval from the McMaster Research Ethics Board (MREB no. 2405). By choosing to participate in a voluntary interview, participants provided implied consent. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Psychologically traumatic childbirth leads to short and long-term negative impacts on a woman's health and impacts future reproductive decisions. Considering the importance of fertility growth and strengthening positive fertility motivations in …, this community-based study was conducted to investigate the relationship between traumatic childbirth history and positive and negative fertility motivations., Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 900 women of reproductive age. Sampling lasted from March 21 to September 23, 2023, using multi-stage and convenient sampling from health-treatment centers in …. History of pregnancy and childbirth, DSM-A criterion, and Miller's questionnaire were used to collect data. For data analysis, Python software was used for machine learning and elastic net analysis was conducted in a nested cross-validation framework., Results: Of the 900 women participating in this study, 387 reported a history of traumatic birth and 513 reported no history of traumatic birth. The positive and negative fertility motivations have a significant relationship with the previous history of traumatic childbirth. Elastic network modeling predicts using RMSE, MAE and R-squared that religious beliefs, married duration, and women's education have the greatest increasing effect on positive fertility motivation. Drug addiction, traumatic childbirth, and abortion history have the greatest effect on increasing negative fertility motivation., Conclusions: Positive and negative fertility motivations are significantly affected by the history of traumatic childbirth. Therefore, in countries that want to grow their population, preventing traumatic childbirth and providing counseling interventions should be placed in the priorities of maternal care., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This project was approved with the code (IR.MUMS.NURSE.REC.1401.117) in the ethics committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Consent for publication: None. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Inappropriate antibiotic use in (primary healthcare, PHC) settings fuels antimicrobial resistance (AMR), threatens patient safety and burdens healthcare systems. Patients' knowledge, attitudes, motivations and expectations play a crucial role in antibiotic use behaviour, especially in low-income and middle-income countries including South Africa. There is a need to ensure measures of antibiotic use, interventions and future guidance reflect cultural, community and demographic issues associated with patient views to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics and associated AMR. The objective of this scoping review is to identify key themes surrounding knowledge, attitudes, motivations and expectations among patients and community members regarding antimicrobial use in PHC settings especially in low-income and middle-income countries., Methods and Analysis: This scoping review employs a comprehensive search strategy across multiple electronic databases, including OVID, Medline, PubMed and CINHAL, to identify studies addressing patients or community members seeking care at PHC facilities and exploring key drivers of antimicrobial use. The Covidence web-based platform will be used for literature screening and data extraction and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist will assess the quality of qualitative papers. Anticipated results will provide an overview of the current evidence base, enabling identification of knowledge gaps. A narrative synthesis of findings will summarise key themes and patterns in patients' knowledge, attitudes, motivations and expectations related to antibiotic use across studies while considering methodological diversity and limitations., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval is not required for this scoping review. The findings of this scoping review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presentation at relevant conferences and workshops, and collaboration with policy-makers and healthcare stakeholders., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Drinking as a coping method in response to pain is a complex behaviour, involving multiple neural, motivational, and psychological factors. Among these factors, pain sensitivity and pain-related drinking motive can significantly promote alcohol use. In contrast, proactive avoidance - a beneficial strategy of initiating overt actions to avoid negative outcomes - reduces harmful consumption. Yet, these factors have not been assessed as potential predictors of future drinking behaviour. Here, in a longitudinal study we collected fMRI data in 50 drinkers who, at baseline, performed a probabilistic learning go/nogo task that involved proactive avoidance of painful electric shocks. Pain-related psychological measures and the neural correlates of proactive avoidance were examined in relation to participants' alcohol use and craving in the following 12 months. We found that deficits in proactive avoidance were associated with future drinking severity. Importantly, diminished activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) during proactive avoidance also predicted subsequent percentage of heavy drinking days. Using Bayesian network modelling, we established a potential pathway in which drinkers' heightened pain sensitivity led to greater pain-avoidance drinking motive and alcohol craving. Both craving and weakened dACC activation to proactive avoidance predicted higher levels of drinking during the follow-up period. Taken together, our study identified pain sensitivity, pain-avoidance drinking motive, and impaired proactive avoidance as predictors of future alcohol use severity. These findings highlight the roles of pain response, thus potentially informing interventions for individuals at risk of alcohol use disorders., (© 2025 The Author(s). Addiction Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)

Physical activity levels among early adolescents and their parents are insufficient for health benefits. Identifying modifiable determinants in parent-child dyads can inform future research and interventions. We tested a partial least squares path model based on the integrated behavior change model in insufficiently active Finnish parent-child dyads (n = 88), including measures of autonomous and controlled motivation, social cognition constructs (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control), intention, planning, and habits. Autonomous motivation predicted attitude in both samples, but only predicted subjective norms and perceived behavioral control in children. Attitude in turn predicted intention, planning, and habit, in the child sample, but only intention and planning in parents. Perceived behavioral control predicted intention and planning only in children, while subjective norm had minimal effects in either sample. Autonomous motivation and attitude consistently determined intention and planning for both parents and children, highlighting their importance in future research and interventions., (© 2025 The Author(s). Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study analyzed dental caries-related Facebook posts in Brazilian Portuguese to identify misinformation and predict user interaction factors. A sample of 500 posts (between August 2016 and August 2021), was obtained by CrowdTangle. Two independent and calibrated investigators (intraclass correlation coefficient varying from 0.80 to 0.98) characterized the posts based on their time of publication, author's profile, sentiment, aim of content, motivation, and facticity. Most posts (90.2%) originated from Brazil, and they were predominantly shared by business profiles (94.2%). Approximately 67.2% of these posts focused on preventive dental issues, driven by noncommercial interests in 88.8% of cases. Misinformation was present in 39.6% of the posts, particularly those with a positive sentiment and commercial motivation. Business profiles and positive sentiment were identified as predictive factors for higher post engagement. These findings highlight a significant proportion of dental caries-related posts containing misinformation, especially when associated with positive emotions and commercial motivation.

Background: Screen time is on the rise among youth, and as a result, cyberbullying victimization has become increasingly prevalent. While prior research has established a positive correlation between screen usage and cyberbullying victimization, a paucity of research has explored how motives for screen usage are associated with cyberbullying victimization and moderate the positive association between screen usage and cyberbullying victimization., Objective: The present study sought to address these research gaps by exploring the association between motives for screen usage and cyberbullying victimization and examining whether these motives moderate the association between screen time and cyberbullying., Participants and Setting: Data from 332 participants (mean age = 16.27 years; 25 % male) were collected in a longitudinal study. Participants were required to be aged 12-18, proficient in English, not currently in treatment for psychological issues, and own a smartphone., Methods: Participants installed a mobile sensing app to measure their screen usage over a four-week period objectively. Motives for screen usage were assessed using an adapted version of the Internet Motive Questionnaire for Adolescents. Cyberbullying experiences were self-reported during a follow-up assessment., Results: Coping (p < 0.01), conformity (p < 0.001), and enhancement motives (p < 0.05) were positively associated with cyberbullying victimization. Conformity motives moderated the relationship between screen time and victimization, with the association being strongest among youth with low conformity motives (p < 0.01)., Conclusions: These findings indicate that risky motives for screen usage are associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing cyberbullying victimization and that they moderate the association of screen time with cyberbullying., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to report., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The increasing need to address climate change has intensified efforts to promote green transportation options, such as cycling and public transit. Over the past few decades, gamification-the integration of game-like elements into non-game contexts to motivate and engage people in adopting new behaviors-has emerged as a strategy to encourage the use of sustainable transportation. This literature review examines how gamification has been used to drive the adoption of green transportation. Following the PRISMA methodology, 49 documents were initially screened, leading to a final selection of 14 papers. We analyze the stakeholders involved, the game elements, the external rewards (e.g., financial incentives), and persuasive strategies employed, and the overall effectiveness of these initiatives both in the short and in the long term. We also explore the relationship between game elements and persuasive approaches, offering insights into how they are related. Finally, we propose a research agenda that emphasizes the exploration of different game elements and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to designing gameful systems that promote sustainable behaviors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) often helps regulate affect, yet there is conflicting research on the immediate affective outcomes of pain and NSSI. People also engage in NSSI for intrapersonal and interpersonal reasons. It is unclear whether affective shifts post-pain task differentiate individuals with and without NSSI histories, and are influenced by interpersonal or intrapersonal motives for NSSI. The present study examined the effect of pain on affective shifts, and to investigate motives for NSSI as moderators., Methods: Participants were 134 women (n = 77 with recent/recurrent NSSI), that completed measures of NSSI and reported their positive and negative affect pre- and post-pain-task., Results: Our findings suggest that participants without a history of NSSI reported greater decreases in positive affect pre-to-post task. NSSI history did not predict fluctuations in negative affect after controlling for stress. Namely, at low levels of stress, participants reported greater decreases in negative affect following the pain task. Finally, interpersonal motives for NSSI predicted increased positive affect following the endurance of pain., Conclusion: Findings suggest that affect changes in response to pain may not be differentially associated with NSSI history; however, among people with a history of NSSI, interpersonal motives may predict changes in positive affect following a pain task., (© 2025 American Association of Suicidology.)

Aim: Decreased motivation has been found to be the strongest predictor of poor work or school functioning among individuals with psychosis. Since motivation decreases immediately following onset of psychosis, it may be an ideal potential target for intervention. The aim of this study was to explore the specific barriers and facilitators to motivation through experiences of those living with first episode psychosis., Method: A total of 40 individuals recently diagnosed with psychosis and receiving treatment within a coordinated specialty care program completed a semi-structured qualitative interview. Audio recordings were transcribed and independently coded by three reviewers., Results: Themes emerged regarding barriers to work and school motivation, such as challenging mental health symptoms, discouragement resulting from negative perceptions/experiences, mental health treatment/side effects, uncertainty about the future, pressure of expectations from others, financial and legal concerns, and fear of symptom recurrence. Similarly, participants described several motivational facilitators for work and school including the opinions of others, financial needs and desires, career aspirations, beneficial mental health treatment, positive attitudes about mental illness, desire for autonomy and desire for meaning in daily life., Discussion: Better understanding of the factors that drive motivation for work and school among those with first episode psychosis may facilitate identification of ways to optimise existing treatments and/or develop more targeted approaches., (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Gratitude confers a sense of indebtedness to repay the benefactor, which poses a limitation on one's autonomy-an aversive experience in individualist cultures. Yet, gratitude is frequently valued and expressed in individualist cultures such as the United States. One solution to this dilemma is that gratitude has different aspects: It confers a sense of obligation but also strengthens social relations. Thus, gratitude might be associated more strongly with indebtedness in cultural contexts where autonomy is less valued, but it might be associated with a desire to be close to others in cultural contexts where autonomy is more valued. We tested how motivations for being indebted, for connecting to others, and for a hedonic emotional balance predict both gratitude to God and interpersonal gratitude in samples from the United States, India, Israel, Poland, South Korea, and Turkey ( N = 2,093). Results revealed substantial cultural variation in how these correlates are associated with gratitude. We discuss how gratitude can inform cultural differences in how relationships are construed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Incentive salience theory both explains the directional component of motivation (in terms of cue attraction or "wanting") and its energetic component, as a function of the strength of cue attraction. This theory characterizes cue- and reward-triggered approach behavior. But it does not tell us how behavior can show enhanced vigor under reward uncertainty, when cues are inconsistent or resources hidden. Reinforcement theory is also ineffective in explaining enhanced vigor in case reward expectation is low or nil. This paper provides a neurobehavioral interpretation of effort in situations of adversity (which always include some uncertainty about outcomes) that is complementary to the attribution of incentive salience to environmental cues. It is argued that manageable environmental challenges activate an unconscious process of self-determination to achieve "wanted" actions. This unconscious process is referred to as incentive effort, which involves the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, noradrenaline, as well as striatal dopamine. Concretely, HPA-induced dopamine release would have the function to make effort-or effortful actions-"wanted" in a challenging context, in which the environmental cues are poorly predictive of reward-i.e., unattractive. Stress would only emerge in the presence of unmanageable challenges. It is hypothesized that incentive effort is the core psychological basis of will-and is, for this reason, termed "willing.", (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Excessive and insufficient physical exercise have both been associated with accelerated muscle function decline in boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), and optimal exercise remains unclear., Objective: This study explored participants' experiences with a one-year training program., Methods: Five semi-structured qualitative individual interviews and one focus group interview were conducted and analyzed using systematic text condensation., Results: Participants included boys with DMD who participated in the intervention study ( n  = 10), their relatives and/or assistants ( n  = 7). Four main themes emerged: 1) the crucial role of motivation to maintain training routines, 2) benefiting from exercise, but with a need for balancing it, 3) time management challenges, and 4) the training as a social arena and meeting place. The participants emphasized the importance of experiencing progress, basic skills and enjoyable training. Parents were reassured knowing the appropriate exercise intensity and technique. The boys needed flexibility and support to find a balance between exercise and other activities and described benefits from sharing experiences with each other., Conclusion: Clinical guidelines for physical exercise in DMD should encompass customization of exercise interventions supporting motivational factors, balance and social interaction, and identify competing commitments. Successful training programs may enhance quality of life and functionality for these boys.

The penetration of short-form content in daily life is undeniable. TikTok is one of the most popular and fastest-growing short-form video applications globally. This study examined the underlying motives for using TikTok and explored differences in psychological symptoms related to TikTok usage patterns (i.e., active vs. passive). A survey of 500 TikTok users identified six prominent reasons for engaging in TikTok. These are "information-seeking," "time-killing," "self-expression," "trend-seeking," "escapism," and "inspiration-seeking." In addition, the active use of TikTok was positively associated with dependency and addictive symptoms. The results contribute to the understanding of TikTok and other short-form videos by uncovering motives and demonstrating the distinguished outcomes of usage types.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are associated with functional impairments, yet little is known about their influence on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) motivation among women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Understanding how PTSD and MDD symptoms influence PrEP motivation is particularly important given survivors of IPV have an increased risk for HIV acquisition. The present study assessed the association between PrEP motivation with latent profiles of PTSD and MDD symptoms among women survivors of IPV. Data were collected from a sample of 285 women from Baltimore, MD, and New Haven, CT. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to identify distinct patterns of depressive and PTSD symptoms among women survivors of IPV. Binary logistic regression was performed to examine the association of profile membership on PrEP motivation. A six-profile solution was determined to best fit the data. Profiles were characterized by: Profile 1, very low depressive and very low PTSD symptoms (28.07%); Profile 2, average depressive symptoms and low (below the mean) PTSD symptoms (21.05%); Profile 3, high depressive symptoms and low (below the mean) PTSD symptoms (9.8%); Profile 4, moderate depressive symptoms and high PTSD symptoms (15.78%); Profile 5, high PTSD avoidance and average depressive symptoms (17.1%); Profile 6, high depressive and high PTSD symptoms (8%). We found that, the odds of being in Stage 3 of the PrEP Motivational Cascade (PrEParation; defined by having access to a medical provider to prescribe PrEP, be willing to take PrEP, and self-identifying as an appropriate candidate for PrEP) compared to Stage 1 of the PrEP Motivational Cascade (Precontemplation; defined by being eligible for PrEP, but not willing to take PrEP and/or not self-identifying as an appropriate candidate for PrEP) were lower for women assigned to the low depressive symptoms and low PTSD symptoms profile (Profile 1 of the LPA) compared to women in the high depressive symptoms and High PTSD symptoms profile (Profile 6 of the LPA, OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.06-0.76, p = 0.02). Women assigned to the low PTSD symptoms and average depressive symptoms profile (Profile 2 of the LPA) had lower odds of being in Stage 3 (PrEParation) compared to Stage 1 (Precontemplation) compared to women assigned to the high depressive symptoms and High PTSD symptoms profile (Profile 6 of the LPA, OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.07-0.92, p = 0.037). Women survivors of IPV with higher PTSD and MDD symptoms expressed greater motivation to engage in PrEP compared to women survivors with low PTSD and low MDD symptoms. Findings support the CDC's clinical PrEP recommendations to integrate depression screening into PrEP services, but there is a critical need to also include PTSD screening. Further, MDD and PTSD symptoms may present differential barriers to PrEP motivation among women survivors of IPV. Precision care could synchronize trauma-informed practices and mental health treatment to engage survivors in PrEP services., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors have not disclosed any competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This study examined participation and predictors of walking sports enjoyment among Australian adult walking sport participants. An online cross-sectional survey assessed walking sport participation, enjoyment, and barriers and motives to participation. Physical activity behavior and motivations were also assessed. The sample comprised 294 walking sport participants (M age  = 62.9 ± 10.5 years). Participants engaged in a variety of walking sports (e.g., football, netball, and basketball) and largely did so one occasion per week (for ≤3 h). Our findings suggest that typically walking sport participants are female (60.1%), aged ≥60 years (54.7%), in married/de facto relationships (73.4%), reside in higher socioeconomic status areas, and are sufficiently active (i.e., ≥150 min of activity per week; 91.0%). The most endorsed barrier to walking sport participation was physical health (19.7%), while fun/enjoyment (90.5%) was the most endorsed motive. The regression analyses showed that gender (being female; β = 0.17), older age (≥60 years; β = -0.21), and intrinsic motivation for physical activity (β = 0.23) were significant predictors of walking sport enjoyment. Ongoing efforts to ensure that walking sports are a positive experience for all are necessary. The provision of walking sport offerings that integrate elements (e.g., social connectedness) known to be of value to specific subpopulations may be important to fostering enjoyment., (© 2025 The Author(s). European Journal of Sport Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European College of Sport Science.)

Background and Aims: Alcohol use is prevalent among hepatology clinic patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). We explored factors associated with the importance and confidence dimensions of motivation to reduce drinking., Methods: Participants (N = 121) with unhealthy alcohol use (i.e., over NIH guidelines) receiving care in hepatology clinics from a safety-net hospital (SN, N = 54) and two Veterans Affairs Healthcare Systems (VA, N = 67) were enrolled in an alcohol intervention trial from March 2022 through October 2023. Baseline assessments included Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), COVID-19 stress; and measures of importance and confidence to decrease alcohol use (readiness rulers, scales of 1-10). Liver disease aetiology and severity were extracted from electronic health records. We performed multivariable linear regression models with forward selection to assess pre-specified variables' associations with importance and confidence., Results: The sample was 84% male, 40% Latino, 31% White, 18% Black and 11% other races; median age was 61 years. Median (Q1-Q3) AUDIT score was 16 (12-24), importance was 9 (6-10) and confidence was 8 (5-9). On multivariable analysis, VA site (vs. SN) participants had a 0.97-point lower importance score (p = 0.02); higher symptoms of depression (PHQ-8 score ≥ 10 vs. < 10) and AUDIT scores (for each point increase) were associated with higher importance score (estimates 1.2 and 0.08, p < 0.05, respectively). Liver disease aetiology and severity were not significantly associated with outcomes., Conclusions: Depression, alcohol problem severity and treatment site may influence motivation to reduce alcohol use and could inform future hepatology-based interventions., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Each year, a significant number of smartphones are retired, yet retained by consumers. These hibernating smartphones have the reuse potential for another lifecycle. Nonetheless, they often stay in storage for a long time and may ultimately face inadequate recovery. This study explores consumers' perceptions regarding the value of hibernating smartphones over time. It examines the influence of factors such as the duration of smartphone storage and monetary incentives on users' decision-making regarding the End-of-Hibernation (EoH). The findings demonstrate that, on average, participants perceive the value of a newly retired smartphone to be 28% higher than its market value. This perceived value increases to 83% after three years since the smartphone's retirement. Participants' tendency to keep a hibernating smartphone increases as the gap between the monetary incentive and their perceived value of the device increases. Conversely, the longer the smartphone stays in hibernation, the less inclined users are to keep it., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: The Chinese Basic Public Health Service has achieved certain results since its implementation. As direct providers, understanding the job satisfaction and its influencing factors among basic public health service practitioners is crucial for enhancing service quality and efficiency. This study examines levels of motivational factors and their contribution to job satisfaction among community health workers in China., Methods: A multistage sampling method was employed to measure socioeconomic and demographic status, motivational factors, and job satisfaction. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess key determinants of job satisfaction., Results: Regarding overall occupational characteristics, influencing factors of overall and external satisfaction were respondents with different job titles and different working years. Years of service in primary health institutions and different authorized types influence satisfaction across various dimensions, including working arrangement, interpersonal relationship, environment, promotion opportunities, organizational culture, system and policy, professional identity, social identity, and overall, internal, and external satisfaction. Professional title, interpersonal relationship, work arrangement, system and policy, occupational identity, and other dimensions have a positive impact on satisfaction., Conclusion: The overall job satisfaction of essential public health service practitioners is influenced by various factors. Healthcare managers should focus on improving job satisfaction among healthcare workers in low-resource settings. Establishing scientific and reasonable research on the incentive mechanism at grassroots medical institutions can help stabilize the team, enhance staff satisfaction and work performance, and optimize human resource utilization., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All study procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Southern Medical University (approval number 202132) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed of the purpose of this study and provided signed informed consent. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The prevailing viewpoint has long depicted employee time theft as inherently detrimental. However, this perspective may stem from a limited understanding of the underlying motives that drive such behavior. Time theft can paradoxically be motivated by neutral and even laudable intentions, such as promoting work efficiency, thus rendering it potentially beneficial and constructive. Across three mixed-methods studies, we explore the motives behind employee time theft, develop and validate an instrument to assess these motives, and examine how they differentially predict time theft behavior. Specifically, in Study 1, we use a qualitative method and identify 11 types of time theft motives. Study 2 embarks on the development of measures of these motives, subsequently validating their factor structure. Study 3 examines their incremental variance in predicting time theft behavior by controlling for personality and demographic variables. Overall, these studies reveal that employees' engagement in time theft can be driven not solely by self-oriented motives but also by others- and work-oriented motives. Further, each of these motives provides incremental value in understanding time theft behavior. Implications for both research and practice emanating from these findings are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: The decision to breastfeed can be complex due to the significant benefits of breastfeeding and the various barriers that mothers have to face. In this context, it is important to have adequate instruments that provide insight into a mother's motives for breastfeeding., Aim: Given the absence of instruments in this language, this study focuses on translating and validating the Breastfeeding Motivation Scale (BMS) in Spanish mothers., Method: After cultural adaptation and an item clarity assessment with a pilot sample (n = 28), exploratory factor analysis was conducted with a preliminary sample (n = 118). The main study involved 193 Spanish primiparous mothers, aged 24-48 (M = 34.5; SD = 4.2), recruited within two months postpartum, where confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, group comparisons, and validity measures were explored., Results: The findings (χ 2 =358.925, df=183, p<0.001, CFI=0.971, TLI=0.967, SRMR=0.079, and RMSEA=0.071 [90% CI: 0.060-0.081]) supported the existence of four motivational factors for breastfeeding: i) external and identified, ii) intrinsic, iii) integrated, and iv) introjected motivation. The four factors of the scale showed excellent internal consistency (ω o ranging from 0.77 to 0.92), as well as good convergent and discriminant validity regarding theoretically-related variables (breastfeeding self-efficacy, positive attitude towards breastfeeding, and postpartum depression). Additionally, the scale showed incremental validity with respect to breastfeeding self-efficacy, but not regarding postpartum depression., Discussion: The BMS evidenced good psychometric properties in Spanish primiparous mothers. The findings are discussed in the context of Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, also reviewing the study's limitations and implications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes can provide lifesaving information allowing for individualized cancer screening, prevention, and treatment. However, the determinants, both barriers and motivators, of genetic testing intention are not well described. A survey of barriers and motivators to genetic testing was emailed to adult patients eligible for genetic testing based on cancer diagnosis who previously have not had genetic testing (n = 201). Associations between barriers/motivators with testing intention and confidence were examined first by correlation followed by multivariable linear regression model holding constant potential covariates. Seven barrier items from two domains (logistics and genetic testing knowledge) were found to significantly negatively correlate with genetic testing intention. Unexpectedly, three barrier items had significant positive correlation with genetic testing intention; these were related to family worry (passing a condition on to future generations) and testing knowledge (needing more information on the genetic testing process and what it has to offer). Ten barrier items had significant negative correlation with confidence to get a genetic test and encompassed four domains: stigma, insurance/genetic discrimination, knowledge, and cost. All motivator items were associated with intention to get a genetic test, while none were associated with confidence. Multivariable analysis yielded six total barriers (five from the knowledge domain, one from cost domain) and two motivators (relieved to know and treatment impact) that were significantly associated with genetic testing intention or confidence when controlling for demographic characteristics. These findings indicate the need for tailored interventions to amplify motivating factors and counter-message barriers to enhance patient motivation and confidence to undergo testing., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Genetic Counseling published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of National Society of Genetic Counselors.)

Exercise and weight management is crucial in preventing postpartum depression and long-term obesity that carries the risk of chronic illness among postpartum women. Although communication devices, such as a smart wrist-worn wearable (SWW), can help users be more physically active, the extent to which postpartum women might benefit from this technology is unknown. We examined how SWWs promoted exercise and helped postpartum women return to pre-pregnancy weight. We tested a model based on the premise that a motivational device that prompts users to engage with it can establish healthy daily routines. An online survey of 309 postpartum women who were living in the United States and were current users of SWWs revealed that the device encouraged them to spend time completing workout goals. Technological affordances (i.e. customization, navigability, and interactivity) and subsequent user engagement with the device positively predicted total workout hours among postpartum women. We present practical implications for postpartum care programs and smart wearable developers.

Introduction: With a shift in orthodontics from a more traditional biomedical model toward a more biopsychosocial model, orthodontists must understand their patients' psychological condition. This study aimed to investigate treatment motivation, psychosocial impact from malocclusion, and perfectionism in children and adult orthodontic patients and to examine the relationships among these various factors., Methods: A total of 193 participants (114 children and 79 adults) were included. All participants completed a treatment motivation questionnaire, Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), and self-perceived Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Malocclusion severity was assessed using the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need by 1 orthodontist., Results: Statistically significant differences were found between children and adults regarding motivation concerning function, PIDAQ total, as well as subscores except for dental self-confidence (P <0.01) and subscores of FMPS, such as concerns over mistakes and parental expectations (P <0.05). The multiple regression analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between PIDAQ and age, gender, total FMPS, self-perceived Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, and motivation (P <0.01)., Conclusions: Adults anticipate greater improvement in oral function and experience greater negative psychosocial impact from malocclusion compared with children. Orthodontic patients with higher age, being female, high level of perfectionism, or negative self-perception of dental esthetics are associated with greater negative psychosocial impact from malocclusion. In addition, patients experiencing a greater negative psychosocial impact tend to have a strong motivation for orthodontic treatment., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To gain knowledge of the experiences and perceptions of using fitness apps by full-time wheelchair users with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to explore experiences and perceptions of using these apps in relation to barriers to and facilitators of physical activity (PA)., Materials and Methods: A qualitative design was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten manual wheelchair users with SCI. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis., Results: Four themes were developed: 1) App functionality and experience , 2) Enhancing motivation , 3) Precursors to engagement and 4) Knowledge gaps . Experience and perception were strongly influenced by app design, particularly the presence or absence of features tailored for wheelchair users. Many apps incorporated the use wearable or mountable sensors. Fitness apps were perceived to increase motivation, although, this had its limitations. Conversely, apps were reported to have limited influence on commonly reported barriers to PA. Furthermore, the data highlighted gaps in knowledge which created barriers to effective app use., Conclusions: Fitness apps were perceived to increase motivation to engage in PA in manual wheelchair users with SCI. However, more needs to be done to further develop app features for wheelchair users with SCI and to address remaining barriers to engagement.

We examined three proximal motives for sexual aggression (sexual persistence after a turn down): sexual arousal, power, and relationship. The MTurk sample consisted of 264 adults: 92 Millennial men (35%), 51 Millennial women (19%), 82 Gen X men (31%) and 39 Gen X women (15%). The motive data, measured by the Sexual Aggression Motive Assessment (SAMA), were unanalyzed data extracted from the authors' previous study of the Millennial shift, a phenomenon in which Millennial women, as compared to older generation women, showed higher levels of sexual aggression, while Millennial men, in comparison to older generation men, demonstrated lower levels of sexual aggression. For all respondents combined, the most chosen motive category was sexual arousal (95%), followed by relationship (49%), and then by power (18%) with 50% choosing two or more motive categories. Providing conceptual support for the Millennial shift, significantly more Millennial women than Gen X women chose motives of sexual arousal and power as reasons for perpetrating sexual aggression. An important finding for the relationship motive is that substantial numbers of both men and women engaged in sexual aggression because they felt that having sex would make the person like them.

Objective: This study aims to culturally adapt the 'Motivation and Attitudes Towards Changing Health (MATCH)' scale into Turkish and assess its reliability and validity within the Turkish population., Methods: The Turkish version of the MATCH questionnaire, designed to gauge patient motivation for initiating or sustaining behaviour changes, was created through translation and adaptation. A total of 305 patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses completed the questionnaire and scale to evaluate its validity and reliability., Results: The Turkish version of MATCH demonstrated strong internal consistency and reliability. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.737, with subdimensions ranging between 0.69 and 0.75. Notably, no item displayed a total correlation value below 0.40. Furthermore, test-retest analysis indicated high intraclass correlation coefficients. Consequently, no items were removed due to their consistently high reliability values among all nine items., Conclusion: The Turkish-adapted MATCH scale proves to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing motivational status within the Turkish population., (© 2024 The Author(s). International Journal of Nursing Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

The purpose of this study was to examine how individual openness to experience influences humor production and to explore the underlying psychological mechanisms of this relationship, specifically focusing on cognitive flexibility (the cognitive path) and ambiguity tolerance (the motivational path). To comprehensively evaluate individuals' humor production ability, Study 1 employed a subjective self-report questionnaire on sense of humor, while Study 2 used an objective humor dialogue generation task. The results of Study 1 indicated that openness to experience did not directly impact sense of humor; instead, the relationship between openness to experience and sense of humor was fully mediated by cognitive flexibility. In Study 2, findings showed that openness to experience positively predicted humor production ability, with ambiguity tolerance partially mediating this effect. These results suggest that individuals with higher levels of openness to experience have a greater capacity for generating humorous perspectives. Moreover, the study identified two psychological pathways-cognition and motivation-in the process of generating funny ideas. The specific pathway influenced by the measurement method used for humor production further highlights the importance of both cognitive flexibility and ambiguity tolerance in understanding how openness to experience contributes to humor production., (© 2024 The Author(s). PsyCh Journal published by Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Introduction: The state of solitude may be desirable and beneficial particularly for individuals who are highly sensitive and introverted., Methods: To test these predictions, we surveyed a nationally representative US sample of 301 adults and a sample of 99 undergraduates on their levels of sensory processing sensitivity and assessed introversion with the Big Five Inventory and the multifaceted STAR Introversion Scale. Participants then reported the frequency and duration of their volitional solitude, stress levels, and subjective well-being across 10 consecutive days., Results: Results revealed that Social Introversion and sensitivity significantly predicted higher motivations for solitude, both self-determined and not. Thinking Introversion also predicted higher self-determined solitude, but BFI introversion showed no relationship with either motivation. Social Introversion and sensitivity predicted higher frequency of solitude in daily life and longer duration of solitary episodes; BFI Introversion and Restrained Introversion showed the opposite pattern for both outcomes. Finally, stress was positively associated with daily solitude frequency, and in turn, solitude frequency was negatively associated with same-day well-being; there were no interaction effects with personality traits., Discussion: These findings suggest that introversion, as measured by the STAR Introversion Scale, and sensitivity contribute significantly to solitary motivation; however, solitude appears to be sought after by people in times of stress regardless of their scores on these traits., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Personality published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Emotion regulation is integral to well-being and adaptive behavior. Differing regulation strategies have important downstream consequences. Evidence suggests that reappraisal use can improve memory and reduce emotional reactivity to previously regulated stimuli. Reappraisal is cognitively demanding and dependent on prefrontal-based cognitive control processes typically enhanced by motivation. We recently demonstrated that motivational incentives increased reappraisal use and decreased negative affect during emotion regulation. It is currently unknown how incentive manipulations of emotion regulation affect later memory and affective response: some accounts suggest that motivation boosts memory relatively automatically, via dopamine input to hippocampus, whereas others suggest that motivated memory might depend on control allocation at encoding. In a 2-day online study, we examined how motivated emotion regulation relates to downstream memory and affect. Participants completed an emotion regulation task under baseline and incentive conditions, with recognition memory and affect examined ~ 24-hours later. Surprisingly, for stimuli encountered under incentive, memory decreased, challenging the hypothesis that motivational enhancements of memory occur automatically. Additionally, Day 2 affect did not significantly differ for stimuli encountered in baseline and incentive contexts, suggesting that incentive-related affective benefits were short-lived. In contrast, reappraisal predicted increased memory and reduced negative affect upon reencounter. These results suggest that incentive may have promoted global, potentially automatic changes in affect, independent from regulatory control processes that also could lead to affective change. Further characterization of these multiple pathways will be important for advancing a mechanistic understanding of emotion regulation and its consequences across motivational contexts., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval/Consent to participate/Consent to publish: This study protocol was approved by the University of Denver Institutional Research Board (Protocol 1501215). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation and consented to the publication of de-identified data resulting from the study. Open practices statement: Data and materials for the experiments reported here will be made available at https://osf.io/k5vf6/ upon publication. The study was not preregistered. Employment: A.J.A. is a graduate student at the University of Denver and K.S.C. is an Associate Professor at the University of Denver. Conflicts of interest: A.J.A. and K.S.C. claim that there is no conflict of interest in this project and that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (© 2024. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)