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Mpox-related ophthalmic disease has been reported as infrequent. We retrospectively describe the ocular manifestations present in 11 of 100 patients with confirmed mpox; 9 were people with HIV. We suggest that an ophthalmological evaluation should be performed in all patients with ocular symptoms or moderate and severe mpox disease., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Since May, 2022, a large global outbreak of human mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) has predominantly affected men who have sex with men. The strain responsible, Clade IIb, has mutated substantially from precursors originating from the 2017-18 outbreak in Nigeria. Immunity to smallpox, another orthopoxvirus, via previous infection or vaccination provides lifelong immunity. However, since the 2022 mpox outbreak, recent clusters were described in individuals with presumed immunity through recent infection or vaccination. We aim to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of mpox in individuals with past infection or vaccination to improve the understanding of this disease in the setting of previous immunity., Methods: In this global case series, international collaborators from nine countries provided data on individuals with PCR-confirmed mpox after documented previous infection or vaccination between May 11, 2022, and June 30, 2023. We excluded cases that could not confirm vaccination status or cases with partial immunisation or any doses received before the current multi-national mpox outbreak (cutoff date May 1, 2022). Data were collected via a case report spreadsheet that reported on dates of infection and vaccination, route of immunisation, demographic characteristics, clinical findings, HIV status, concomitant sexually transmitted infections, and markers of disease severity (mpox severity score system). We describe case epidemiology, clinical course, and mpox severity scores; all analyses were descriptive., Findings: We report mpox infections in 37 gay and bisexual men who have sex with men: seven individuals had mpox reinfections, 29 individuals had mpox infections that occurred after two appropriately spaced Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic vaccine courses, and one individual had an infection that met the criteria for both reinfection and infection after vaccination. The median age of individuals was 36 years (IQR 30-45; range 21-58). Those with natural immunity after initial infection had a shorter disease course with less mucosal disease upon reinfection than with their initial infection. Infections post-vaccination were characterised by few lesions, little mucosal disease, and minimal analgesia requirements; two people received oral tecovirimat. Overall, there were no deaths, no bacterial superinfections, and all individuals were managed in the ambulatory clinic with one hospital admission for a necrotising neck lesion., Interpretation: The epidemiology of people with mpox reinfection or infection post-vaccination was similar to other published cohorts during the 2022 outbreak-predominantly young, sexually active gay and bisexual men who have sex with men. Clinical features and outcomes of repeat infection and infection after vaccination appear to be less clinically severe than those described in 2022 case literature. Specifically, compared with the 2022 case series, these individuals in the present study had fewer confluent lesions, less mucosal involvement, reduced analgesia requirement, and fewer admissions. Natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity are not fully protective against mpox infection. However, in this small series both disease duration and severity appear to be reduced., Funding: None., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To describe risk factors for mortality and clinical characteristics in patients with mpox infection at a reference hospital in Mexico., Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted from September to December 2022 at Hospital de Infectología La Raza National Medical Center., Methods: Study participants were patients that met operational definition of confirmed case of mpox according to WHO criteria. Information was obtained through a case report form that included epidemiological, clinical, and biochemical information. The follow-up period was from initial evaluation for hospitalization until discharge due to clinical improvement or death. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants., Results: Seventy-two patients were included in the analysis, 64 of 72 (88.9%) were people with HIV (PWH). Of the total of patients 71 of 72 (98.6%) were male, with a median age of 32 years old [95% confidence interval (CI), interquartile range (IQR) 27-37]. Coinfection with sexually transmitted infections was reported in 30 of 72 (41.7%). The overall mortality was five of 72 (6.9%). The incidence of mortality rate in PWH was 6.3%. Median days from onset of symptoms to death from any cause during hospitalization was 50 days (95% CI, IQR 38-62). Risk factors for mpox mortality in the bivariate analysis were CD4 + cells count ≤100 cells/μl at the time of assessment RR 20 (95% CI, IQR 6.6-60.2) ( P  < 0.001), absence of antiretroviral therapy RR 6.6 (95% CI, IQR 3.6-12.1) ( P  = 0.001) and ≥50 skin lesions at presentation RR 6.4 (95% CI, IQR 2.6-15.7) ( P  = 0.011)., Conclusions: The clinical presentation between PWH and non-HIV patients was similar in this study, however, reported mortality was associated with advanced-HIV disease., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

On 13 May 2022, a familial cluster of two cases of monkeypox was reported in the United Kingdom (UK) by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). These cases had no relation to a case imported from Nigeria that was previously reported on 7 May 2022 in the UK. In the following days, several other European Union (EU) the Member States and other countries have reported cases of monkeypox not linked to travel to endemic countries. The report by the World Health Organization (WHO) until May 26, 2022, is of a total of 257 confirmed cases and 120 suspected cases, without any report of death. This outbreak involves 23 countries that are not endemic to the monkeypox virus. Latin America had no reported cases. We describe a case of imported monkeypox in Mexico City, Mexico., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest All authors report no conflicts of interest with this article., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)