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Deep-seated mudstone landslides are widely distributed in northwest China. The Zhengjiamo landslide occurred in 734 CE near Taijing, Tianshui region. It was triggered by the main shock of the historical Ms = 7.0734 CE earthquake. The earthquake also induced a wide range of landslides in this area, with hundreds of fatalities and many houses destroyed by landslide debris. Based on a detailed field survey, borehole data, and mapping, a detailed geological reconstruction of the slope was achieved and the geo-mechanical features of the claystone involved in the landslide were obtained. Using the Particle Flow Code to simulate the mechanism of the Zhengjiamo landslide, the features of the landslide dynamics were obtained using a 5-stage model. During the landslide process, the slip mass at the front and upper edges exhibited higher mobility than at the rear and bottom edges. Furthermore, the contact bond strength of the sliding body gradually weakened. The model indicates that the particle bond strength has a larger influence on the maximum runout distance and landslide debris morphology than the type of weak intercalated layers. The slip mass presented a rotational slide pattern and remained on the slip plane throughout the sliding process. Finally, the earthquake uplifted the slope toe, which prevented the slip mass from gliding. The modelled scenario provided a reasonably good fit to the actual topography, verifying the modelling results. After the historical earthquake, with the clay minerals swelling and shrinking under rainfall and efflorescence conditions, the structure of the soft rock changed, contributing to the weakening of the sliding rock mass. The landslide gradually crept and evolved to its current topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of a loess-mudstone landslide model to seismic activity is examined using centrifuge shaking table tests and 2D seismic input waves. The physical model of a dormant landslide is subjected to simulated seismic signals of different input amplitudes, and the dynamic response is analyzed in terms of relative peak ground acceleration (PGA), which is used to assess deformation and failure mechanisms of the slope. Relative PGA increases with increasing landslide height, reaching maximum values at the crest, while values at the toe are slightly larger than those in the middle of the slope. Relative PGA is the highest along the outer surface and weakest along the sliding surface. Horizontal values are generally larger than vertical values, and the amplitude of the seismic input strongly affects the landslide dynamic response. The PGA amplification factors increase considerably with increasing input amplitude, reaching maximum values at 0.3-0.4 g, and then decrease. The largest displacement is observed at the crest, while displacements in the middle part and at the toe increase steadily with higher input amplitudes, and displacement at the crest increases at a higher, irregular rate. Deformation is most apparent at the crest, developing from cracks into collapsed soil deposited at the toe. Local shallow sliding is observed along the landslide surface, and the dormant sliding body may generate displacement along the sliding surface caused by earthquake reactivation. A numerical model of the landslide provides results consistent with centrifuge model testing; both indicate similarity in seismically induced dynamic responses and failure characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]