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Abstract Functionally graded beams (FGBs) have been studied extensively in literature to predict their static stability and dynamic behavior. In typical FGBs, each of material variation has significant influence on overall beams’ strength. This research utilized single and multi-objective optimization approaches to optimize the volume fraction distribution in the Timoshenko FGBs in order to maximize the fundamental frequency while minimizing mass and axial stresses. The FGBs with different ratios of material properties are considered. Several metaheuristic optimization techniques are utilized to address single and multi-objective problems. For validating purpose, computational optimization results are compared with those available in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]