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1. Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant

Author

Xiaoran Wang, Eirini Skourtanioti, Marion Benz, Julia Gresky, Jana Ilgner, Mary Lucas, Michael Morsch, Joris Peters, Nadja Pöllath, Harald Ringbauer, Petrus le Roux, Michael Schultz, Johannes Krause, Patrick Roberts, and Philipp W. Stockhammer

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Abstract

Growing reliance on animal and plant domestication in the Near East and beyond during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) (the ninth to eighth millennium BC) has often been associated with a “revolutionary” social transformation from mobility toward more sedentary lifestyles. We are able to yield nuanced insights into the process of the Neolithization in the Near East based on a bioarchaeological approach integrating isotopic and archaeogenetic analyses on the bone remains recovered from Nevalı Çori, a site occupied from the early PPNB in Turkey where some of the earliest evidence of animal and plant domestication emerged, and from Ba'ja, a typical late PPNB site in Jordan. In addition, we present the archaeological sequence of Nevalı Çori together with newly generated radiocarbon dates. Our results are based on strontium ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr), carbon, and oxygen (δ 18 O and δ 13 C carb ) isotopic analyses conducted on 28 human and 29 animal individuals from the site of Nevalı Çori. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr results indicate mobility and connection with the contemporaneous surrounding sites during the earlier PPNB prior to an apparent decline in this mobility at a time of growing reliance on domesticates. Genome-wide data from six human individuals from Nevalı Çori and Ba'ja demonstrate a diverse gene pool at Nevalı Çori that supports connectedness within the Fertile Crescent during the earlier phases of Neolithization and evidence of consanguineous union in the PPNB Ba'ja and the Iron Age Nevalı Çori.

Published
2023

2. Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence

Author

Johannes Krause, Gunnar U. Neumann, Stefanie Eisenmann, Petrus le Roux, Philipp W. Stockhammer, K. Aslıhan Yener, Sara Marzo, Cäcilia Freund, Guido Alberto Gnecchi Ruscone, Murat Akar, Rula Shafiq, Jana Ilgner, Patrick Roberts, Marcel Keller, Tara Ingman, Eirini Skourtanioti, Mary Lucas, Ingman, Tara, Eisenmann, S., Skourtanioti, E., Akar, M., Ilgner, J., Gnecchi Ruscone, G. A., le Roux, P., Shafiq, R., Neumann, G. U., Keller, M., Freund, C., Marzo, S., Lucas, M., Krause, J., Roberts, P., Yener, K. A., Stockhammer, P. W., and Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) / Koç Üniversitesi Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Topography, Teeth, Turkey, 300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology, Social Sciences, law.invention, Alte Geschichte, Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Archäologie, Adolescent, Archeology, Chemical composition, Chronology, DNA determination, DNA sequence, Genetic variability, Genome analysis, Geographic distribution, Geology, Human mobility, 0302 clinical medicine, Isotopes, law, Medicine and Health Sciences, Radiocarbon dating, Bronze, 610 Medicine & health, Science and technology, History, Ancient, Multidisciplinary, Middle East, Dental enamel, Genomics, Radioactive Carbon Dating, Chemistry, Geography, Archaeology, 2nd millennium BC, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Anatomy, Research Article, Valleys, Chemical Elements, Human Migration, Science, engineering.material, Research and Analysis Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Bronze Age, Other parts of ancient world (Antiquity) [R939], Genetics, Humans, Chemical Characterization, Isotope Analysis, Landforms, History of the ancient world to ca. 499 [T930], Biology and Life Sciences, Geomorphology, Prehistoric Archaeology [FVFG], 030104 developmental biology, Ancient DNA, Jaw, Strontium, Archaeological Dating, Earth Sciences, engineering, Period (geology), Digestive System, Head, Greece (Antiquity) [R938], 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The Middle and Late Bronze Age, a period roughly spanning the 2(nd) millennium BC (ca. 2000-1200 BC) in the Near East, is frequently referred to as the first 'international age', characterized by intense and far-reaching contacts between different entities from the eastern Mediterranean to the Near East and beyond. In a large-scale tandem study of stable isotopes and ancient DNA of individuals excavated at Tell Atchana (Alalakh, located in Hatay, Turkey), we explored the role of mobility at the capital of a regional kingdom, named Mukish during the Late Bronze Age, which spanned the Amuq Valley and some areas beyond. We generated strontium and oxygen isotope data from dental enamel for 53 individuals and 77 individuals, respectively, and added ancient DNA data of 10 newly sequenced individuals to a dataset of 27 individuals published in 2020. Additionally, we improved the DNA coverage of one individual from this 2020 dataset. The DNA data revealed a very homogeneous gene pool. This picture of an overwhelmingly local ancestry was consistent with the evidence of local upbringing in most of the individuals indicated by the isotopic data, where only five were found to be non-local. High levels of contact, trade, and exchange of ideas and goods in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, therefore, seem not to have translated into high levels of individual mobility detectable at Tell Atchana., European Union (EU); Horizon 2020; European Research Council (ERC); Research İnnovation Programme; ERC-2015-StG; FoodTransforms

Published
2022
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3. Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe

Author

Marie-France Deguilloux, Agata Hałuszko, Maïté Rivollat, Sandra Penske, J. S. Díaz, Michal Ernée, Eirini Skourtanioti, Miroslav Dobeš, Cosimo Posth, Mario Küßner, Stéphane Rottier, Gunnar U. Neumann, Emmanuel Ghesquière, Susanne Friederich, Yılmaz Selim Erdal, Adam Ben Rohrlach, Rana Özbal, Svend Hansen, Marcella Frangipane, Marcello A. Mannino, Ainash Childebayeva, Consuelo Roca de Togores Muñoz, Sabine Reinhold, Murat Akar, Wolfgang Haak, Alexander Herbig, Luka Papac, Yavor Boyadzhiev, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Vanessa Villalba-Mouco, Kamen Boyadzhiev, Johannes Krause, K. Aslıhan Yener, Mirosław Furmanek, Marieke Sophia van de Loosdrecht, Philipp W. Stockhammer, European Commission, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Adelaide, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Mustafa Kemal University, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], University of Wrocław [Poland] (UWr), State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum of Prehistory, Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Nantes Université (NU), German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Koç University, Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque), University of Cape Town, Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial [UPM, Spain] (DIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Universitat de València (UV), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III [Bonn, Germany], Universitätsklinikum Bonn (UKB), MARQ - Museo Arqueológico Provincial de Alicante (MARQ), Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] (LMU), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, University of South Australia [Adelaide], Max Planck Society Foundation CELLEX, French (ANR) French National Research Agency (ANR), German (DFG) Research Foundations under the INTERACT project German Research Foundation (DFG) [ANR17-FRAL-0010, DFG-HA-5407/4-1], European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union European Research Council (ERC) [771234-PALEoRIDER], Czech Academy of Sciences Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague Czech Academy of Sciences [RVO 67985912], Projekt DEAL, ANR-17-FRAL-0010,INTERACT,Interactions entre groupes humains en Europe de l'Ouest durant la transition Mésolithique-Néolithique: la double perspective des échanges biologiques et culturels(2017), Özbal, Rana (ORCID 0000-0001-6765-2765 & YÖK ID 55583), Rohrlach, A.B., Papac, L., Childebayeva, A., Rivollat, M., Villalba Mouco, V., Neumann, G.U., Penske, S., Skourtanioti, E., van de Loosdrecht, M., Akar, M., Boyadzhiev, K., Boyadzhiev, Y., Deguilloux, M.F., Dobes, M., Erdal, Y.S., Ernée, M., Frangipane, M., Furmanek, M., Friederich, S., Ghesquière, E., Ha?uszko, A., Hansen, S., Küßner, M., Mannino, M., Reinhold, S., Rottier, S., Salazar García, D.C., Diaz, J.S., Stockhammer, P.W., de Togores Muñoz, C.R., Yener, K.A., Posth, C., Krause, J., Herbig, A., Haak, W., College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Archeology and History of Art, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université de Nantes (UN)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Max Planck Society, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), German Research Foundation, European Research Council, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), and Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science

Subjects
Czech, SELECTION, Population genetics, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, early farmers, DIVERSITY, mitochondrial DNA, shotgun sequencing, Prehistòria, Haplogroup, German, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, DNA sequencing, Science and technology, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Horizon (archaeology), Critical event, Shotgun sequencing, chromosomal haplogroups, European research, STEPPE, Western europe, language, Medicine, Genetic Markers, Mitochondrial DNA, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, uniparentally-inherited markers, Science, Library science, Biology, Y chromosome, DNA, Mitochondrial, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Target enrichment, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Political science, Humans, media_common.cataloged_instance, ANCIENT DNA, Genetic Testing, European union, Alleles, 030304 developmental biology, MUTATION-RATE, Chromosomes, Human, Y, Saturation (genetic), History and Archaeology, Y-mappable capture assay, Ancient DNA, Neanderthals, Anatomically modern humans, language.human_language, Neolithic transition, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Evolutionary biology, GENOMIC HISTORY, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective. Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture assays such as the 1240 k, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield. Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the "mappable" regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240 k capture, YMCA significantly improves the mean coverage and number of sites covered on the NRY, increasing the number of Y-haplogroup informative SNPs, and allowing for the identification of previously undiscovered variants. To illustrate the power of YMCA, we show that the analysis of ancient Y-chromosome lineages can help to resolve Y-chromosomal haplogroups. As a case study, we focus on H2, a haplogroup associated with a critical event in European human history: the Neolithic transition. By disentangling the evolutionary history of this haplogroup, we further elucidate the two separate paths by which early farmers expanded from Anatolia and the Near East to western Europe., Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This study was funded by the Max Planck Society, the French (ANR) and German (DFG) Research Foundations under the INTERACT project (ANR-17-FRAL-0010, DFG-HA-5407/4-1, 2018-2021) to M.R. and W.H., the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant agreement no. 771234-PALEoRIDER to W.H., the award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences to M.E. and the project RVO 67985912 of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague to M.S.

Published
2021

4. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution

Author

Oleg Balanovsky, Lourdes Marquez-Morfin, Magdalena Zoledziewska, Susannah J. Salter, Cody E. Parker, Kirsten I. Bos, Kathrin Nägele, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Kerttu Majander, Vittorio Mazzarello, Cosimo Posth, Kurt W. Alt, Elmira Khussainova, Silvia Teresita Hernández Godoy, Richard Mortimer, Ayshin Ghalichi, Alexander Herbig, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, Leyla B. Djansugurova, Dmitry A. Stashenkov, Raiko Krauß, Mikhail S. Chaplygin, Tiago Ferraz, Patrick Semal, Eva Rosenstock, Michal Kostka, Yavor Boyadzhiev, Harald Meller, Petr Limburský, Mario Küßner, Tara Ingman, Maïté Rivollat, Eva Fernández-Domínguez, Rodrigo Barquera, Robin Skeates, Kamen Boyadzhiev, Denise Kühnert, Mirjana Roksandic, Adam Ben Rohrlach, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Alissa Mittnik, Yadira Chinique de Armas, Johannes Krause, Marie-France Deguilloux, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Rezeda I. Tukhbatova, Elizabeth Popescu, Lucy C. Salazar, Andrey A. Chizhevsky, Christopher Read, Hubert Steiner, Melanie Van Twest, Eveline Altena, Diana Iraíz Hernández-Zaragoza, Lyazzat Musralina, Megan Michel, Íñigo García-Martínez de Lagrán, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Katrien Van de Vijver, Alžbeta Danielisová, Rachel Clarke, Duncan Sayer, Bastien Llamas, Nikolaj Makarov, Alejandro Romero, Luka Papac, Alessandra Sperduti, Vladimir E. Maslov, Rafael Garrido-Pena, Gunnar U. Neumann, Arman Z. Beisenov, Zainolla Samashev, Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone, Päivi Onkamo, Eduardo Carmona Ballestero, Javier Jimenez-Echevarria, Valery Khartanovich, Manuel Rojo-Guerra, Fredrik Hallgren, Eirini Skourtanioti, Natalia Shishlina, Luca Lai, Petr Velemínský, Antti Sajantila, Peter C. Ramsl, Claudia Sagona, Susanne Friederich, Miroslav Dobeš, Marcel Keller, Francesco Cucca, Sabine Reinhold, Florian van Bömmel, Luc Amkreutz, Vittoria Schimmenti, Raphaela Stahl, Douglas Baird, Marina K. Karapetian, Kurt Rademaker, Stephan Schiffels, Sacha Kacki, Evelyn K. Guevara, Michael Francken, Christina Warinner, Kay Prüfer, Karen Giffin, Felix M. Key, Joscha Gretzinger, Alexey Kalmykov, Svetlana Shnaider, Sandra Penske, Antje Wissgott, Tiffiny A. Tung, Biaslan Ch. Atabiev, Philippe Lefranc, Elizabeth A. Nelson, Peter de Knijff, Vladimir Slavchev, Jessica Pearson, Yılmaz Selim Erdal, Louise Loe, Jan Nováček, Micaela Alvarez Calmet, José I. Royo-Guillén, Richard L. Burger, Kristiina Mannermaa, K. Aslıhan Yener, Maria Pfefferkorn, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Svend Hansen, Didier Binder, Michal Ernée, Maria A. Spyrou, Michal Feldman, Vladimir V. Kufterin, Murat Akar, Héctor Arcusa-Magallón, Andrej B. Belinskiy, Egor Kitov, Franziska Aron, Ron Hübler, Vanessa Villalba-Mouco, Sophie Beckett, Jessica Beckett, Arthur Kocher, Michael Schultz, Elena Batieva, Pilar Utrilla, Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez, Kristin von Heyking, Masnav Navruzbekov, Michaela Langová, Maria Paz Miguel de Ibáñez, Stéphane Rottier, Maria V. Dobrovolskaya, Sandra Lösch, Emma D. Zilivinskaya, Dmitry V. Vasilev, Gabriel García Atiénzar, Marcello A. Mannino, Wolfgang Haak, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Sylvie Saintot, Alice Lyons, Ken Massy, Elena Kaverzneva, Susanna Sabin, Carmen Alonso-Fernández, Anna F. Kochkina, Marieke Sophia van de Loosdrecht, Stefanie Eisenmann, Max Planck Society, European Commission, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, German Research Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Wenner-Gren Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Filología Griega y Filología Latina, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Prehistoria y Protohistoria, Grupo de Inmunología, Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Ingman, Tara, Kocher, A., Papac, L., Barquera, R., Key, FM., Spyrou, MA., Hubler, R., Rohrlach, AB., Aron, F., Stahl, R., Wissgott, A., van Bommel, F., Pfefferkorn, M., Mittnik, A., Villalba-Mouco, V., Neumann, GU., Rivollat, M., van de Loosdrecht, MS., Majander, K., Tukhbatova, RI., Musralina, L., Ghalichi, A., Penske, S., Sabin, S., Michel, M., Gretzinger, J., Nelson, EA., Ferraz, T., Nagele, K., Parker, C., Keller, M., Guevara, EK., Feldman, M., Eisenmann, S., Skourtanioti, E., Giffin, K., Gnecchi-Ruscone, GA., Friederich, S., Schimmenti, V., Khartanovich, V., Karapetian, MK., Chaplygin, MS., Kufterin, VV., Khokhlov, AA., Chizhevsky, AA., Stashenkov, DA., Kochkina, AF., Tejedor-Rodriguez, C., de Lagran, IGM., Arcusa-Magallon, H., Garrido-Pena, R., Royo-Guillen, JI., Novacek, J., Rottier, S., Kacki, S., Saintot, S., Kaverzneva, E., Belinskiy, AB., Veleminsky, P., Limbursky, P., Kostka, M., Loe, L., Popescu, E., Clarke, R., Lyons, A., Mortimer, R., Sajantila, A., de Armas, YC., Godoy, STH., Hernandez-Zaragoza, DI., Pearson, J., Binder, D., Lefranc, P., Kantorovich, AR., Maslov, VE., Lai, L., Zoledziewska, M., Beckett, JF., Langova, M., Atienzar, GG., Ibanez, MPD, Romero, A., Sperduti, A., Beckett, S., Salter, SJ., Zilivinskaya, ED., Vasil, DV., von Heyking, K., Burger, RL., Salazar, LC., Amkreutz, L., Navruzbekov, M., Rosenstock, E., Alonso-Fernandez, C., Slavchev, V., Kalmykov, AA., Atabiev, BC., Batieva, E, Calmet, MA., Llamas, B., Schultz, M., Krauss, R., Jimenez-Echevarria, J., Francken, M., Shnaider, S., de Knijff, P., Altena, E., Van de Vijver, K., Fehren-Schmitz, L., Tung, TA., Losch, S., Dobrovolskaya, M., Makarov, N., Read, C., Van Twest, M., Sagona, C., Ramsl, PC., Akar, M., Yener, KA., Ballestero, EC., Cucca, F., Mazzarello, V., Utrilla, P., Rademaker, K., Fernandez-Dominguez, E., Baird, D., Semal, P., Marquez-Morfin, L, Roksandic, M., Steiner, H., Salazar-Garcia, DC., Shishlina, N. Erdal, YS., Hallgren, F., Boyadzhiev, Y., Boyadzhiev, K., Kussner, M., Sayer, D., Onkamo, P., Skeates, R., Rojo-Guerra, M., Buzhilova, A., Khussainova, E., Djansugurova, LB., Beisenov, AZ., Samashev, Z., Massy, K., Mannino, M., Moiseyev, V., Mannermaa, K., Balanovsky, O., Deguilloux, MF., Reinhold, S., Hansen, S., Kitov, EP., Dobes, M., Ernee, M., Meller, H., Prufer, Kay., Warinner, C., Schiffels, S., Stockhammer, PW., Bos, K., Posth, C., Herbig, A., Haak, W., Krause, J., Kuhnert, D., and Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) / Koç Üniversitesi Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED)

Subjects
Phylogeographic history, Hepatitis B/history, 01 natural sciences, The Republic, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, German, Communicable Diseases, Emerging/history, Agency (sociology), Science and technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, History, Ancient, Phylogeny, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ancient DNA, European research, virus diseases, Genomics, Hepatitis B, 3. Good health, Europe, language, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Christian ministry, Paleogenomic analyses, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, 010506 paleontology, Hepatitis B virus, Asia, Hepatitis B virus/classification, European Continental Ancestry Group, Library science, Biología Celular, White People, Marie curie, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, American Natives, Asian People, Political science, Genomic data, media_common.cataloged_instance, Humans, Slovak, European union, American Indian or Alaska Native, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Genetic Variation, Paleontology, Prehistoria, A300, language.human_language, digestive system diseases, American natives, Americas, Asian continental ancestry group, Communicable diseases, Emerging, European continental ancestry group, Evolution, molecular, Genetic variation
Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic., The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung (“Paleobiochemistry”, to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).

Published
2021

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