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The idea of multifunctionality permeates European agricul-ture. Pastoralism is not spared and is valued as a vector ofenvironmental management of the mountainous areas. Mul-tifunctionality is nonetheless connected to entrepreneurialagriculture. Although entrepreneurship is disseminated inthe European agricultural sector, little is known about theentrepreneurial evolution within traditional mountain pasto-ralist communities. This ethnographic paper builds on thecase study of mountain sheep pastoralists in Braganza,Portugal, to augment this knowledge. It dives into thedynamics of production of sheep farming to uncover thecultural drivers of traditional pastoralism in NorthernPortugal. Results show that pastoralists are unresponsive tothe entrepreneurial narratives of multifunctionality as theyrespond to the occupational identity of shepherds in amoral economy of subsistence ethic. Pastoralists neverthe-less own a valuable environmental agency grounded in theircondition of rural dwellers. Tailored narratives to their sub-sistence ethic are then required to rapidly address and valo-rize this environmental agency as new fire regimes progressand traditional pastoralism stands at the brink of extinctionin Portugal. These results may ultimately contribute toglobal literature and policy making on pastoralism, multi-functionality and environment; worldwide pastoralist com-munities share holistically cultural features and convergenthistorical trajectories. The research has partially been supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the INTERREG SUDOE Programme in the frame of the project Open2Preserve (SOE2/P5/E0804). The funding source had no influence in the research, results interpretation, article preparation, and journal's selection for publication. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze agricultural transition periods in order to provide a new framework for agricultural development in Iran. Considering the foreseeable future, an innovative or knowledge-based economy will substitute the obsolete economy. In that respect, agriculture sector must adapt to these alternations in order to cope with the posed challenges. Multifunctional agriculture seems to be an enhanced alternative in which entrepreneurship is at the center of it. The results indicate that the focus of the Nation’s policies is on agricultural productivism, as well as the assertion of developmental programs that are toward the more involvement of post-productivism in decision-making. Though, the need for entertaining and establishing a more comprehensive conception on Iranian rural and agricultural thought and practice is sensible. It seems that Iran can also benefit from multifunctional agriculture toward sustainability and the production of healthy food. To move toward multifunctional agriculture, which is the same as entrepreneurial agriculture, at first, the economic theory, which is upheld, ought to be altered and taken toward an innovative economy. As a consequence, the agricultural system should also be changed and multifunctional agriculture should be considered while environmental considerations need to be enabled to achieve more entrepreneurial agriculture. To achieve this feat, agricultural education as an enabler of developing non-traditional attitude, entrepreneurial intentions, competencies, identities, and entrepreneurial experiences among young future farmers should not be ignored.