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Gashanes, which were established to meet the lighting and heating needs of Dolmabahçe and Beylerbeyi Palaces, shared their surplus production with the outside to illuminate the surrounding districts. Thus, the lighting of Istanbul with gas started and the public lighting of its streets was first possible with gas. After the Dolmabahçe and Kuzguncuk gasworks established in the middle of the 19th century, Yedikule and Hasanpaşa Gashouses were put into service in the last quarter of the century. The use of gas in Istanbul, in its journey that has passed through many stages and reached a century and a half, experienced the biggest leap over the rate of increase in the number of subscribers after 1945, when Hasanpaşa and Yedikule Gasworks were nationalized, and entered a downward trend after 1965. The working range was determined between 1945-1967 after the nationalization, in which the use of coal gas was intense. Over the inter-year performance of the enterprise, the gas consumption of the society has been evaluated and the economic income-expenditure balance has been compared. It is aimed to determine the profit or loss of the gas company and to address the reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: For more than one hundred years, street lighting has been one of the most ubiquitous capital investments in public safety. Prior research on street lighting is largely limited to ecological studies of very small geographic areas, creating substantial challenges with respect to both causal identification and statistical power. We address limitations of the prior literature by studying a natural experiment created by short-term disruptions to municipal street lighting. Methods: We leverage a natural experiment created by the differential timing of the repair of nearly 300,000 street light outages in Chicago. By conditioning on street segment fixed effects and focusing on a short window of time around the repair of a street light outage, we can credibly rule out confounding factors due to area-specific time trends as well as street segment-level correlates of crime. Results: We find that outdoor nighttime crimes change very little on street segments affected by street light outages, but that outages cause crime to spill over to nearby street segments. Effects are largest for robberies and motor vehicle theft. Conclusions: Despite strong environmental and social characteristics that tend to tie crime to place, we observe that street light outages are sufficiently salient to disrupt longstanding patterns. While the impact of localized street light outages can reverberate throughout a community, the findings imply that improvements in lighting can be defeated by the displacement of crime to adjacent spaces and therefore do not necessarily suggest that localized investments in municipal street lighting will yield a large public safety dividend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates questions of 'designing for value change' via a ubiquitous, yet often takenfor- granted, technology -- streetlights. Smart city trends are spurring a new generation of streetlights, with lampposts being fitted with sensors, cameras and a host of other technologies aimed at monitoring and data collection. This has raised concerns about privacy, surveillance and power relations, arguably creating a changing value landscape for streetlights. However, the article will argue that, while smart streetlights may seem to instantiate a moment of value change, they in fact represent a continuity of values fundamental to the very foundations of public lighting. They embody a set of values -- and value tensions -- that can be traced back to the origins of modern public lighting in the seventeeth--eighteenth centuries. Moreover, urban nights occupy a liminal space at the boundaries of social order, which likewise informs streetlights' technical functions and symbolic meanings. Appreciating this continuity of values (and value tensions) is necessary for analysing the potential impacts of new innovations, as well as the value landscape that will inevitably shape their design and use. In adopting a historical perspective on a specific case study, as well as proposing the notion of value continuity, the article offers generalizable insights, as well as future research directions, for the theory and practice of designing for value change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lighting systems, as one of the biggest energy consumers on a global scale, are being upgraded based on innovative energy-saving (hereafter E-saving), energy-efficiency (E-efficiency), and energy-cost (E-cost) reduction schemes. According to research, among lighting systems, public lighting systems (PLSs) have significant potential for such energy projects. It can be realized through smart dimming, installing light-emitting diode (LED) luminaries, using renewable energy, etc. Accordingly, this work reviews the E-saving, E-efficiency, and E-cost reduction schemes for real-world PLSs by giving related techno-economic formulation. In this regard, smart control/dimming approaches via combined Internet of Things and wireless technologies, installing LED luminaires, optimal layout design, reactive power compensation, etc., are discussed by reporting the saving potentials, the payback period of the investment, and carbon reduction effects. Moreover, the use of renewable energy (including photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, pump- as -turbine systems, biomass plants, etc.) integrated with batteries to power PLSs is discussed by giving the E-cost reduction potential. Moreover, the pros/cons of previous works, the key findings of this review work, and recommendations for future works are outlined. This work shows future research directions, identifies high-potential energy projects for energy planners, and outlines the importance of renewable energy in making PLSs more environmentally friendly. Moreover, the role of energy policymakers' financial support in expediting the widespread enforcement of energy projects is outlined by studying the payback period of projects, which is about 5–7 years (on average 5.8 years, 6.9 years, 4.9 years, and 5.6 years for E-saving, E-efficiency, combined E-saving/E-efficiency, and E-cost reduction schemes, respectively). [Display omitted] • In-depth literature review of energy policies in real-world public lighting systems. • Current and critical solutions for energy saving and efficiency. • The role of renewable/battery systems in powering public lighting. • The importance of LED lighting and smart control in reducing carbon emissions. • Pros and cons of the previous works, and key findings of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to implement the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and the Progressive Web App (PWA) of the Internet of Things (IoT) based public street lighting system. The MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol is a protocol that runs on the TCP / IP stack and is specially designed for machine to machine that does not have a special address. Progressive web application (PWA) is a software creation method by combining regular websites with mobile & desktop applications. This research is a development from previous research on Automatic Public Street Lighting. The development carried out includes a communication system, monitoring of lighting conditions, and automation or manual control of lights. The results obtained are the ease of monitoring lamp conditions and early detection of lamp problems. These results are obtained from the data sent by each street light, in the form of lamp status data, voltage, and electric current, through Long Range (LoRa) communication to the gateway using a radio network. The gateway data is then sent to the broker via the internet using the MQTT protocol and control and monitoring street light conditions using the Real-time Website and a mobile device. This research's impact is that street lighting monitoring and maintenance can be carried out more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street lighting was first introduced into Ottoman cities in the second half of the nineteenth century. However, unlike in larger Ottoman cities, where coal gas was used, in Jerusalem it was kerosene that served as burning material, creating the distinct nocturnal reality that is here called the 'kerosene night'. This reality was the result and, simultaneously, one of the most glaring manifestations of Jerusalem's economic, administrative and infrastructural peripherality. Between the early 1890s and the First World War, kerosene allowed the Jerusalem municipality an affordable means to respond to inhabitants' expectations for more light. Both public expectations and municipal action were fanned by a discourse that associated street lighting with Enlightenment, order and progress. Yet, kerosene illumination also set the limits of nocturnal conviviality and frustrated the very expectations it kindled. Measured against larger metropoles, the relative darkness of Jerusalem heightened among residents feelings of provinciality and governmental neglect — feelings that the kerosene lamps, paradoxically, brought to light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practices of outdoor illumination have dramatically changed in the last decades as functional lighting has progressively given way to a more qualitative vision of light. Its traditional role for security purposes has been progressively matched by the use of illumination for city beautification. This is now a major consideration for new lighting strategies. As a result, a growing number of European cities explicitly include the development of nocturnal tourism among the objectives of their lighting policies. However, little attention has been paid by academic research to this growing trend. Focusing on the internationally renowned lighting project ‘Ruta de los Rios de Luz’, this research paper explores the use of lighting design for tourism purposes. Through interviews with individuals who played an important role in the project, the discussion below scrutinizes the lighting design decisions and the economic, environmental and political objectives that inspire the growing utilization of spectacular forms of illumination for tourism purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops the concept of ‘visionary infrastructure’, defined as infrastructure that provides visions of and begins to build more sustainable futures for local communities, through the case study of a solar-powered street lighting project in Highland Park, Michigan, near Detroit. After the local utility company repossessed most of the city’s streetlights, residents began building their own grassroots public lighting network. This infrastructure is visionary because it allows members of the largely African American community to determine precisely how their city is illuminated, and thus how seeing operates therein. By shifting control over the conditions of urban visuality from state and corporate officials to local residents, the lighting project intervenes in a long history of light on the street as a racialized tool of state surveillance and policing. And it shows how utility infrastructure can become a key site and mode of contemporary political resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial lights have become an integral and welcome part of our urban and peri-urban environments. However, recent research has highlighted the potentially negative ecological consequences of ubiquitous artificial light. In particular, insects, especially moths, are expected to be negatively impacted by the presence of artificial lights. Previous research with light traps has shown a male-biased attraction to light in moths., In this study, we sought to determine whether street lights could limit moth dispersal and whether there was any sex bias in attraction to light. More specifically, we aimed to determine sex-specific attraction radii for moths to street lights., We tested these hypotheses by collecting moths for 2 years at an experimental set-up. To estimate the attraction radii, we developed a Markov model and related it to the acquired data., Utilizing multinomial statistics, we found that attraction rates to lights in the middle of the matrix were substantially lower than predicted by the null hypothesis of equal attraction level (0·44 times). With the Markov model, we estimated that a corner light was 2·77 times more attractive than a wing light with an equivalentre attraction radius of c. 23 m around each light. We found neither sexual differences in the attraction rate nor in the attraction radius of males and females. Since we captured three times more males than females, we conclude that sex ratios are representative of operational sex ratios or of different flight activities., These results provide evidence for street lights to limit moth dispersal, and that they seem to act equally on male and female moths. Consequently, public lighting might divide a suitable landscape into many small habitats. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume (i) that public lighting near hedges and bushes or field margins reduces the quality of these important habitat structures and (ii) that public lighting may affect moth movement between patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, new relationships between the energy efficiency of street lighting systems, street width, and luminaire height were derived from the analysis of a large sample of outputs, generated with a software application widely used for lighting design. The result was a quadratic polynomial that perfectly fit the relationships obtained and whose coefficients characterize each type of luminaire. This greatly simplifies the design of lighting facilities because it only uses one equation, but at the same time, takes all necessary variables into account. The procedure maximized the energy efficiency of the street lighting systems, as far as conditions allowed, and greatly facilitated the calculation of the parameters of a basic lighting installation, according to CIE (International Commission on Illumination) recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was conducted of 275 pedestrians in a nocturnal urban environment in the city of Granada (Spain). The objective was to evaluate user perceptions of the impact of different kinds of public lighting on perceived safety from criminal actions and on general well-being (avoidance of stress, glare, headaches, etc.). As part of the study, average illuminance was also measured in each street to detect potential correlations between survey data, illumination levels, and color of light. The results of this study indicate that well illuminated streets (that is, where lighting is uniform) with higher illuminance levels, tend to make people feel safer and better. This marked preference for more light is now less of a drawback because modern LED lighting permits higher levels of illuminance with low electricity consumption. It was also found that, besides the lower economic and environmental impact of High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lighting, stemming from the significant reduction in light pollution, the results generally indicated a better performance of this kind of lighting. However, despite the fact that white light could lead to higher levels of light pollution, it seemed to make people feel safer. These facts should be seriously considered by lighting engineers, urban planners, and city administrators when making difficult decisions about the design of lighting installations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of Smart Cities, especially for Smart Street Lighting and Smart Mobility, the use of low-cost devices is considered an advantageous solution due to their easy availability, cost reduction and, consequently, technological and methodological development. However, this type of transducers shows many critical issues, e.g., in metrological and reliability terms, which can significantly compromise their functionality and safety. Such issue has a large relevance when temperature and humidity are cause of a rapid aging of sensors. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of accelerated aging in extreme climatic conditions on the performance of a control system, based on a low-cost ultrasonic distance sensor, for public-lighting management in Smart Cities. The presented architecture allows for the detection of vehicles, pedestrians and small animals and contains a dedicated algorithm, developed in an Edge/Cloud environment, that is able to display the acquired measurements to users connected on the web. The obtained results highlight that the effect of accelerated aging is to significantly reduce the linearity of the calibration curve of the sensor and, moreover, to exponentially increase the number of outliers and invalid measurements. These limitations can be overcome by developing an appropriate self-calibration strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological developments in municipal lighting are altering the spectral characteristics of artificially lit habitats. Little is yet known of the biological consequences of such changes, although a variety of animal behaviours are dependent on detecting the spectral signature of light reflected from objects. Using previously published wavelengths of peak visual pigment absorbance, we compared how four alternative street lamp technologies affect the visual abilities of 213 species of arachnid, insect, bird, reptile and mammal by producing different wavelength ranges of light to which they are visually sensitive. The proportion of the visually detectable region of the light spectrum emitted by each lamp was compared to provide an indication of how different technologies are likely to facilitate visually guided behaviours such as detecting objects in the environment. Compared to narrow spectrum lamps, broad spectrum technologies enable animals to detect objects that reflect light over more of the spectrum to which they are sensitive and, importantly, create greater disparities in this ability between major taxonomic groups. The introduction of broad spectrum street lamps could therefore alter the balance of species interactions in the artificially lit environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the benefits of improved street lights to households, associated with the replacement of low-pressure sodium orange/yellow street lights with high-pressure sodium white street lights. Improved street lighting provides higher luminosity, improved colour rendition and less light pollution into the night sky. Benefits include reductions in crime and road accidents, streetscape enhancements and increased amenity attributable to less light pollution. The benefit estimation uses a double-bounded discrete choice contingent valuation approach, incorporating a factor analytical procedure. Results reveal safety concerns as the main factor influencing willingness-to-pay and that considerable differences exist in willingness-to-pay between households in urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major systematic review on street lighting and crime, Home Office Research Study 251, suggests that claims for the effectiveness of lighting against crime are justified. The review at first sight appears to be an appropriate statistical synthesis of all studies on street lighting and crime across the world. However on close examination, the statistical claims and methods are unfounded. In three cases examined there is a clear conflict between the evidence and the reviewers' interpretation of this. One of the principal problems is easily seen. The time-series of the original data from the Bristol study shows no good evidence for the crime reduction benefit of lighting. However the review gives the result for the same data as being extremely statistically significant. It is suggested that such a difference between the newly lit and the control areas occurring purely by chance is less than one in a billion, but this is manifestly wrong. Two other component studies, Birmingham and Dudley, are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on a conference on the history of urban lighting, convened in Erkner, Germany, from June 20-21, 2013. Topics of discussion included lighting and light pollution in literature, nightlife in 19th-century Istanbul, Turkey, and economic aspects of street lighting in cities.

• An experiment was conducted involving the dimming of nearly 20,000 municipally owned street lights in a U.S. city of half a million inhabitants over ten nights in the spring of 2019. • The signal of the dimming tests was successfully observed in measurements of zenith night sky radiance obtained at various radii from the city center. • Observedzenith radiance changes of ≤ − 5 % during the tests imply that known street lights account for (26 ± 4)% • The results can be used to inform future optimization of the city's street lighting system to further reductions in skyglow while preserving public safety. Anthropogenic skyglow dominates views of the natural night sky in most urban settings, and the associated emission of artificial light at night (ALAN) into the environment of cities involves a number of known and suspected negative externalities. One approach to lowering consumption of ALAN in cities is dimming or extinguishing publicly owned outdoor lighting during overnight hours; however, there are few reports in the literature about the efficacy of these programs. Here we report the results of one of the largest municipal lighting dimming experiments to date, involving ~ 20,000 roadway luminaires owned and operated by the City of Tucson, Arizona, U.S. We analyzed both single-channel and spatially resolved ground-based measurements of broadband night sky radiance obtained during the tests, determining that the zenith sky brightness during the tests decreased by (− 5.4 ± 0.9)% near the city center and (− 3.6 ± 0.9)% at an adjacent suburban location on nights when the output of the street lighting system was dimmed from 90% of its full power draw to 30% after local midnight. Modeling these changes with a radiative transfer code yields results suggesting that street lights account for about (14 ± 1)% of light emissions resulting in skyglow seen over the city. A separate derivation from first principles implies that street lighting contributes only 2 − 3 % of light seen at the zenith over Tucson. We discuss this inconsistency and suggest routes for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increased astronomical observing activities at the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland, astronomers Mark Bailey and Apostolos Christou anticipated the need to minimise the growth of light pollution in the City. In 2003 January they produced a dark sky leaflet titled, "Light Pollution and the City of Armagh," to emphasise the detrimental environmental effects of poor lighting, and how to improve the general public's access to dark skies. Mark Bailey spoke to the Armagh City and District Council in the spring of 2003 to express his concern over the growing problem of light pollution in the City, owing to new buildings and commercial developments. With the Armagh Observatory now carrying out more observational astronomy, the issue was one of the long-term sustainability of this part of the Observatory's work.