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The majority of physiological processes and various other processes taking place in the body are closely related to changes in body temperature (Shellock & Prentince, 1985; Bennett, 1990). The temperature of the human body is constant throughout one’s life. It is approximately 37ºC and it constantly adjusts itself to changes in environment, relative air humidity, the level of radiation, atmosphere pressure and thermo isolation. During long-term physical load, in case of illness or in conditions of extreme body temperature may be in the range from 32ºC to 40ºC or even more (Wilmore & Costill, 2004). It could be hypothesized therefore that the muscle warmed prior to the load to be undertaken, when the leg is extended and flexed in the knee joint at high (500, 450o / s) and average (180o / s) speed depending on gender will increase muscle force and muscle capacity to a greater extent than the cooled muscle, but after lowering the temperature muscle resistance to fatigue will increase. Though considerable research has been done already certain questions still remain to be cleared up, namely: 1. how warming affects muscle fatigue and recovery of female knee extensors and flexors when the leg is being flexed and extended in the knee joint at the fixed 500o / s speed; 2. how muscle contraction function of female and male knee extensors and flexors depends on temperature when the leg is being flexed and extended in the knee joint at the fixed 450o / s and 180o / s peed. Though there... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti šildymo ir šaldymo poveikį raumens nuovargiui ir atsigavimui, priklausomai nuo lyties. Tiriamųjų kontingentą sudarė 19–23 metų moterys (n=10) (ūgis 166,4 ± 5,6 cm; kūno masė 56,2 ± 6,1 kg) ir 18–23 metų vyrai (n=10) (ūgis 177,8 ± 5,8 cm; kūno masė 78,2 ± 6,1 kg). Tiriamieji buvo testuoti izokinetiniu dinamometru. Registruotas maksimaliosios jėgos momentas (MJM). Buvo atliekami kontroliniai matavimai (3 kartus tiesiant ir lenkiant koją per kelio sąnarį fiksuotu 450o/s greičiu) prieš krūvį ir praėjus 10, 30, 60 min ir 24 h po jo. Izokinetinis krūvis – 50 blauzdos tiesimų ir lenkimų 450°/s greičiu, kai raumenys buvo įprastinės temperatūros (ĮTR), pašildyti (tiriamieji 45 min kojas laikė šiltoje vonioje, kurios vandens temperatūra buvo 44 ± 1°C) ir pašaldyti (tiriamieji du kartus po 15 min, darydami 10 min pertrauką, panardino kojas į šaltą vonią, kurios vandens temperatūra buvo 15 ± 1 °C). Vidinė raumens temperatūra (pradinė ir iš karto po raumens šildymo ir šaldymo) buvo matuojama adatiniu termometru. Kreatinkinazės (CK) aktyvumas kraujo serume buvo nustatomas prieš krūvį ir praėjus 24 h po jo. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad blauzdos tiesiamųjų ir lenkiamųjų raumenų MJM (50-o susitraukimo metu) statistiškai patikimai (p < 0,05) sumažėjo, palyginus su kontroline reikšme (prieš krūvį). Praėjus 10 ir 60 min po krūvio nustatytas reikšmingas (p < 0,05) moterų blauzdos lenkiamųjų ĮTR ir šaldytų raumenų bei šaldytų ir šildytų raumenų jėgos pokyčio skirtumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The aim of the present study was to establish the influence of muscle heating and cooling on knee flexors and extensors for males and females. Methods of the study. The participants of the study were 10 healthy male, age: 19—23 years; height — 177.8 ± 5.8; weight — 78.2 ± 6.1 and 10 female, age: 18—23 years; height — 166.4 ± 5.6; weight — 56.2 ± 6.1. The participants of the study were seated in isokinetic dynamometer. In the control panel the isokinetic regimen was selected. The type of concentric contraction is automatically established by the system exercising in this regimen. Control measuring prior to load and 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 24 h after it (3 times of leg extension and leg flexion in the knee joint at the fixed 450º / s speed); isokinetic load — 50 leg extensions and flexions in the knee joint at the fixed 450 º / s speed. Before and after muscles cooling or heating we measured muscles temperature with needle thermometer. Creatine kinase activity in blood serum was estimated 1 h prior to load and 24 h after it. The evaluated parameters were: peak torque (measured in N•m). Results and discussion. After individual analysis of values we have found that muscle heating or cooling before exercise didn’t decrease power in max speed of knee extensors and flexors for males and females. A comparison of CK activity in the blood serum of men’s and women’s muscles at control temperature (1 h prior to load) and at their usual temperature 24 h after load has revealed a... [to full text]

The majority of physiological processes and various other processes taking place in the body are closely related to changes in body temperature (Shellock & Prentince, 1985; Bennett, 1990). The temperature of the human body is constant throughout one’s life. It is approximately 37ºC and it constantly adjusts itself to changes in environment, relative air humidity, the level of radiation, atmosphere pressure and thermo isolation. During long-term physical load, in case of illness or in conditions of extreme body temperature may be in the range from 32ºC to 40ºC or even more (Wilmore & Costill, 2004). It could be hypothesized therefore that the muscle warmed prior to the load to be undertaken, when the leg is extended and flexed in the knee joint at high (500, 450o / s) and average (180o / s) speed depending on gender will increase muscle force and muscle capacity to a greater extent than the cooled muscle, but after lowering the temperature muscle resistance to fatigue will increase. Though considerable research has been done already certain questions still remain to be cleared up, namely: 1. how warming affects muscle fatigue and recovery of female knee extensors and flexors when the leg is being flexed and extended in the knee joint at the fixed 500o / s speed; 2. how muscle contraction function of female and male knee extensors and flexors depends on temperature when the leg is being flexed and extended in the knee joint at the fixed 450o / s and 180o / s peed. Though there is no agreement among scholars as to the real mechanism of delayed muscle damage and muscle pain still it has been established that, most frequently, muscle damage and muscle pain arise after performing eccentric exercise (Friden, 1984; Newham, 1988; Skurvydas, 1998; Kamandulis, 2005; Mickevičienė, 2005; Bulotienė, 2006). It is not clear, however, how muscle damage increases after performing concentric (isokinetic) load. The aim of the research done was to establish the effect of warming and cooling on muscle fatigue and recovery depending on gender and muscle contraction rate. The tasks set in the dissertation were as follows: • to establish the effect of warming on muscle fatigue and recovery of female knee extensors and flexors, when the leg is being flexed and extended in the knee joint at the fixed 500o / s speed; • to establish the dependency of muscle contraction function of female and male knee extensors and flexors on temperature when the leg is being flexed and extended in the knee joint at the fixed 450o / s speed; • to establish the depending of muscle contraction function of female and male knee extensors and flexors on temperature when the leg is being flexed and extended in the knee joint at the fixed 180o / s speed. The originality of the research: It is for the first time that the effect of passive warming and cooling on muscle contraction properties and muscle fatigue depending on gender and muscle contraction rate has been studied and explained.